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FDA Regulation of Bioengineered Products for Human Use Getting Cutting-Edge Innovations to Patients NIH Biotechnology Seminar Series Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University Jason E Moore, MS, MBA, RAC Vice President, PLx Pharma Inc.

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Page 1: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

FDA Regulation of Bioengineered Products for Human Use

Getting Cutting-Edge Innovations to Patients

NIH Biotechnology Seminar Series Institute of Biosciences and BioengineeringRice University

Jason E Moore, MS, MBA, RACVice President, PLx Pharma Inc.

Page 2: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Improving and Extending Life• Bioengineers and life scientists ultimately want to positively affect human life– Safely and effectively treat diseases– Restore lost function from disease or injury– Diagnose or prevent disease (or determine genetic predisposition for disease)

– Extend life, improve quality of life

• And are developing a wide range of biotechnologies to accomplish this

Page 3: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Innovations Include• Proteins, including

– Monoclonal antibodies– Novel engineered proteins (including synthetic and recombinant versions)

– Cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, immuno‐modulators, and thrombolytics

– Proteins extracted from animals or microorganisms

• Stem cells and highly manipulated cells

• Vaccines, including therapeutic vaccines

• Bioengineered tissues and matrices

• Gene therapies• Cellular extracts

Page 4: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Pervasis Therapeutics ‐‐ VascugelTM• Confluent monolayers of allogeneic 

endothelial cells  established by seeding cells in culture onto “well‐characterized polymer matrix” (gelatin)

• Cells in the matrix, placed on the adventitia, secrete inhibitory products including: • transforming growth factor beta‐1 

(TGFβ‐1)• heparan sulfate • nitric oxide• tissue inhibitors of matrix 

metalloproteinases (TIMPs)• Compounds inhibit thrombosis, 

inflammation and proliferation of the cell layer underlying the endothelium

• Gelatin is absorbed

Page 5: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

To Improve Human Life… • We have to get our products into the clinic• And to do that, we have to understand the regulatory context and the steps to getting there

• Products described herein are regulated by FDA as…– Biologics– Drugs– Medical Devices

Page 6: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Biologics are Regulated by FDA• Food and Drug Administration

– Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)

– Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)– Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

Page 7: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Ambiguity and Complexity of Biologics• Regulatory definitions of 

“biologic” can be counterintuitive

• No simple, all encompassing definition exists

• Often defined by – Sources– Chemical properties– Immunogenicity– Macromolecular size or 

structure– How they function

• Complicated by historical designations (eg, insulin regulated as a drug)

• Requires a regulatory analysis to be sure

Page 8: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some (Legal) DefinitionsBiologic1,2

• Drug products derived from living sources1

• “…any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic  product or analogous product… 

• “that is intended for use in the diagnosis cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease.”

Drug3 (partial definition)• “…articles intended for use in 

the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals

• “articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals

• “articles intended for use as a component [of any of these]…”

1 Public Health Service Act (42 USC 262)2 Ropp, KL. “Just What is a Biologic Anyway?” FDA Consumer, Apr 2003.3 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (21 USC 321)

Page 9: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some Definitions (cont)• Note that source does not fully define whether or not a product is a biologic1

• But note that a biologic can also be a drug as defined under the FDCA2, which carries certain implications

• Defining the regulatory categorization of a given biologic can be complex and ambiguous

1 For example, although antibiotics and hormones such as insulin and hGH are traditionally obtained from living organisms, they are not regulated as biologics. 2 See FDCA , 21 USC 321, SEC 201 (g)(1)(B-D); CareToLive v. von Eschenbach, 525 F. Supp. 2d 952, 957 (S.D. Ohio 2007), for case law example.

Page 10: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some Definitions (cont)Medical Device1 (partial definition)• “…an instrument, 

apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part, or accessory, which is…– “intended for use in the 

diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or…

…prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or

– “intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, 

– “and which does not achieve its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals 

– “and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of its primary intended purposes.”1 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (21 USC 321)

Page 11: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

“Combination Products”• A combination product is comprised of any combination of a 

drug and a device (21 CFR 3.2(e))• There are four definitions of combination products defined  in the 

regulations:– A product comprised of two or more regulated components (eg, drug/device, 

biologic/device, drug/biologic, or drug/device/biologic)– Two or more separate products packaged together in a single package or as a 

unit and comprised of drug and device products, device and biological products, or biological and drug products

– A drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its investigational plan or proposed labeling, is intended only with an approved, individually specified drug, device or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication or effect… 

– Any investigational drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that, according to its propose labeling, is only for use with another individually specified investigational drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication or effect… 

Page 12: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Biologics are Regulated by FDA• Food and Drug Administration

– Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)

– Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)– Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

Page 13: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

CBER‐Regulated Biological Products• Gene therapy (viral vectored 

gene insertions)• Cell therapy (products composed 

of human or animal cells)• Monoclonal antibodies, growth 

factors, or other proteins when used solely as ex vivo reagents

• Vaccines, including therapeutic vaccines

• In vitro diagnostics used to screen donor blood, blood components and cellular products, and to diagnose treat and monitor people with infectious diseases

• Blood, blood components and related products (eg, clotting factors)

• Devices used in collection, processing, testing, manufacture and administration of licensed blood, blood components,  and cellular components

• Antitoxins, antivenins and venoms; toxins and toxoidsintended for immunization

• Plasma expanders• Allergen patch tests; allergenics

(extracts used for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of allergies)

Page 14: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

CBER‐Regulated Biological Products• Tissues: human cells or tissues 

intended for implantation, transplantation, infusion or transfer into a human recipient

• Xenotransplantation: transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of: – Live cells, tissues or organs from 

a nonhuman animal source; or – Human body fluids, cells, tissues, 

cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live, nonhuman animal cells, tissues or components

• But, note: CBER does NOT regulate vascularized human organs for transplantation (eg, liver, kidney, pancreas)– The Health Resources Services 

Administration (HRSA) oversees the transplantation of vascularized human organs

Page 15: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

CDER‐Regulated Biological Products“Specified”,  “well characterized”, and “therapeutic” biological products

• Monoclonal antibodies for in vivo use (monoclonals for in vitro use are with CBER)

• Cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, immunomodulators and thrombolytics

• Proteins intended for therapeutic use that are extracted from animals or microorganisms, including recombinant versions (except clotting factors)

• Other non‐vaccine therapeutic immunotherapies

Page 16: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

New Biologic/Drug Development2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

Development YearDISCOVERY

NONCLINICAL TESTING

FDA REVIEW & APPROVAL

PHASE 4

PHASE 1 20-30 Healthy Volunteers

PHASE 2 100-500 Patient Volunteers

PHASE 3 500-10,000 Patient Volunteers

NONCLINICAL TESTING

MANUFACTURING‐RELATED

Investigational New Drug

Application (IND)

Pre-IND Activities

Page 17: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

To Get to an IND• You must be able to 

– Define the product– Show that you know the 

identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of the product 

– Show that the product has sufficient stability for initial clinical trials

– Demonstrate that the product is reasonably safe via a package of nonclinical  (animal) studies

– Define at least one initial clinical trial design (protocol)

– If autologous, address logistics

• And submit an IND to the lead FDA center, per 21 CFR 312

• Key manufacturing, stability and nonclinical studies must be conducted under GMPand GLP quality standards, respectively

Page 18: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Selected Product‐Development Activities• “CMC”

– Formulation development– Process development– GMP manufacturing– Analytical methods development– Product stability

• Preclinical/Nonclinical– Pharmacology

• In vitro profiling• In vivo animal models• Safety pharmacology• Combination Pharmacology/ 

Toxicology Studies

– PK/ADME• In vitro metabolism• In vivo pharmacokinetics• Tissue distribution/mass balance

– Toxicology• In vitro screening• General Toxicology• Genetic Toxicology• Reproductive Toxicology

• Clinical– Protocol design and 

development– Clinical trial management

• Regulatory – Strategy development– IND Submission and 

Amendments– Milestone and ad hoc FDA 

meetings; other communications

– Compliance

Page 19: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

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Chemistry, Manufacturing &

Controls --“CMC”

Page 20: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Key Terms of Art“DRUG SUBSTANCE”• The active ingredient

– Biologically active moiety, molecule, or prodrug

• Monoclonal antibody• BRM, cytokine, other therapeutic protein

• Protein‐peptide complex• miRNA, siRNA• Oncolytic immunotherapy• Gene therapy (viral vector + genetic material)

• Cell therapy

“DRUG PRODUCT”• The formulated (and 

packaged) product that is actually used in the clinic, studied under an IND, the subject of a BLA (or NDA), intended for sale– Capsule– Vial– Pre‐filled syringe– Inhaler– Dropper bottle– Ointment

Page 21: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

GMP Manufacturing• Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) requirements apply to biologics if the biologic is also a drug

• Those regulations cover virtually all aspects of drug manufacturing – Organization and personnel– Buildings and facilities– Equipment– Control of product 

components– Control of containers and 

closures– Production and controls

– Packaging and label control– Holding and distribution– Laboratory controls– Records and reports– Returned and 

salvaged drugproducts

Page 22: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

“ISQPP”1• Identity: Must to be able to describe what is in your product; “fully” characterize

• Strength: How much of a dose or unit of therapy are you delivering?

• Quality: Must be manufactured under GMP quality standards in a registered facility

• Purity: Must be free of contaminants or material with unwanted characteristics

• Potency: What measure/assay describes potency/ biological activity? 

1 Or “safe, pure, and potent”; All biological products must meet prescribed requirements of safety, purity and potency for BLA approval (42 U.S.C. 262, Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, (FDC Act) (21 U.S.C. 321 et seq.); 21 CFR 601.2).

Page 23: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Manufacturing/Production Issues• Biologics are frequently…

– Complex macromolecules or mixtures

– Labile/unstable (vulnerable to heat)

– Difficult to fully characterize– Susceptible to contamination, 

difficult to sterilize– Tight control over production 

processes and facilities is essential for the product’s identity and consistency from batch to batch

– Autologous products that are processed and returned have logistical challenges

• Consider early– What are the sources of 

“active” materials (cells, proteins, tissues) and their controls?

– What other raw materials, reagents are used in production?

– What methods are available to assure potency and activity?

– Who will produce materials for clinical trials?

– In what form will the product be delivered to the clinic? 

– Are special tracking tools needed?

Page 24: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Manufacturing/Production Issues (cont)• Define Source Controls• Manufacturing Process 

Controls• Establish sensitive analytical 

methods to detect [cells, proteins] with undesiredcharacteristics

• Ensure sterility (bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma)

• Can protein, miRNA, siRNAbe completely sequenced/ conformationally defined? 

• Cell Issues– Morphologic evaluation– Unique biochemical markers– Gene and protein expression 

analysis– Cellular impurities profile– Identity:  HLA, other unique 

marker

• Potency… 

Page 25: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Strength/Potency1• “Potency, that is, the therapeutic activity of the drug product as indicated by appropriate laboratory tests or by adequately developed and controlled clinical data. . . .” (21 CFR 210.3(b)(16)(ii)). 

• Regulations stipulate that “[t]ests for potency shall consist of either in vitro or in vivo tests, or both, which have been specifically designed for each product so as to indicate its potency in a manner adequate to satisfy the interpretation of potency given by definition in § 600.3(s) of this chapter.” (21 CFR 610.10).

Page 26: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Strength/Potency (cont)• “Strength” and “potency” are sometimes used synonymously by regulators with respect to biologics1

• “The specific ability or capacity of the product, as indicated by appropriate laboratory tests or by adequately controlled clinical data obtained through the administration of the product in the manner intended, to effect a given result.”2

• The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the potency assay must demonstrate lot‐to‐lot consistency and stability of the product.3

1 See, for example, “Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products”, Draft Guidance for Industry, Oct 2008.2 21 CFR 600.3(s).3 21 CFR 211.165(a), (d), and (e); see section 351(a)(2)(C) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(a)(2)(C)).

Page 27: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

For Cell Therapies…• You will need to be able to: 

– Provide a detailed description of where and how the cell therapy product is manufactured

– Include all of the components and materials used during the manufacture of the cellular product, such as cells, cell bank systems, and any reagents or excipients

– Describe all procedures used during the manufacturing process

Examples of these procedures may include recovery and processing of tissues or cells, purification, and other preparation of cells, donor screening and testing, including final formulation of the product.

Page 28: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some Useful Guidance Documents• “Assay Development for Immunogenicity Testing of 

Therapeutic Proteins” – DRAFT Guidance for Industry (Dec 2009)

• “Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products” DRAFT Guidance for Industry (Oct 2008)

• “Considerations for Allogeneic Pancreatic Islet Cell Products” –Guidance for Industry (Sep 2009)

• “Guidance for Human Somatic Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy” – Guidance for Industry (March 1998)

• “Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)” – Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors (April 2008)

Page 29: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

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Nonclinical Testing

Page 30: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Why is Toxicology Testing for Any New Biologic Important?

• Provides information regarding the safety of single and/or repeated exposure– Toxicities related to the dose of product given– Toxicities related to the duration of product administration

– Identification of target organs for toxicities– Reversibility of toxicities

• after clearance of the biologic product• after development of neutralizing antibodies

Page 31: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Why is Toxicology Testing for Any New Biologic Important? (cont)

• Provides supportive data for an initial safe starting dose and subsequent dose‐escalation scheme

• Aids in determining a risk/benefit assessment for the proposed clinical studies

• Identifies potential endpoints for detecting toxicity and the clinical monitoring of those toxicities

• Guide in designing appropriate clinical trials

Page 32: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Nonclinical Testing – Types• Nonclinical toxicity studies fall into six areas:– Single‐dose acute toxicity testing

– Repeated‐dose toxicity testing

– Reproductive toxicity testing

– Genotoxicity testing– Carcinogenicity testing– Special studies

• Traditionally, some are part of initial IND submission, some are completed during clinical phase

Page 33: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Biologics are Different• Traditional toxicology packages for a new chemical entity can be quite different for biologicals– Animal model/system may be irrelevant – Immunogenicity is a major issue, as individual clinical responses can vary widely (including risk of death)

Page 34: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Immunogenicity• Clinical effects of patient immune responses to biologics can range from no effect to extreme, harmful effects 

• Development of valid, sensitive immune assays is a key aspect of product development

• IND applicants should implement preliminary validated assays early (preclinical and phase 1)

Page 35: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Immunogenicity (cont)• Animal models of immunogenicity: 

– Therapeutic proteins are frequently immunogenic in animals, but immunogenicity in animal models is not predictive of immunogenicity in humans

– However, such assessment may be useful to interpret nonclinical toxicology and pharmacology data

– And, these data may reveal potential antibody‐related toxicities that could be monitored in clinical trials

• Banking clinical samples may be wise during assay development

Page 36: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

More Nonclinical Testing Goals• Proof‐of‐concept

– Potential MOA– Establish pharmacologically 

effective dose(s)– Optimize ROA/dosing 

regimen– Rationale for species/model 

selection for further testing

• POC is part of regulatory benefit‐risk calculus for IND

• Safety of conducting clinical trial (benefit/ risk)– Dose and dosing– Potential target tissue(s) of 

toxicity/activity– Immunogenicity– Mutagenicity, teratogenicity, 

reproductive toxicity– Parameters to monitor 

clinically– Eligible patient population

• Clinically relevant product and study design

Page 37: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Nonclinical Studies• Reflect the proposed clinical indication as closely as possible

• Detect site‐dependent toxicities• Provide evidence to support therapeutic rationale• Considerations for choice of Animal Models 

– Immunosuppressed/immunodeficient animals – Site of administration – Absolute number of cells, percentage in the final product– Number of animals for statistically valid evaluation of potentially rare adverse events 

– Duration of study– Appropriate monitoring 37

Page 38: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some Useful Guidance Documents• ICH Guidances

– ICH S6: Preclinical Studies for Biotechnological Products– ICH M3: Timing of Pre‐clinical Studies in Relation to Clinical Trials– ICH S5a: Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products– ICH S2b: Standard Battery of Genotoxicity Testing

• “Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drug or Biologic Combinations” – Guidance for Industry (March 2006)

Page 39: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Some Further Resources• Points to Consider

– Points to Consider in the Manufacture and Testing of Monoclonal Antibody Products for Human Use ‐2/28/97

• www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/ptc_mab.pdf

– Points to Consider in the Manufacture and Testing of Therapeutic Products for Human Use Derived from Transgenic Animals – 1995

• www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/ptc_tga.txt

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40

Early Clinical Development

Page 41: Moore_FDA Reg of BioEng Products (Rice)(LI)

Clinical Questions/Issues• What general indications 

might be sought? • What is the standard of 

care? • What target population? • What clinical setting? • What likely duration of use? • What starting dose/dose 

escalation?• What endpoints are 

clinically relevant for clinical POC?

• What endpoints are clinically relevant for approval? 

• How will endpoint(s) be measured? (biomarkers, surrogates)

• What comparator/control is relevant?  (placebo, active)

• What size trial (enrollment) can show significant effect?

• Are effects likely to be clinically relevant?

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Objectives of Phase 1 Studies• Traditional

– Safety/tolerability– Pharmacokinetics– Dose selection (MTD)

• Biologics trials– Product characterization– Product delivery/ dosing/safety

– Proof of concept/ mechanism of action

– Patient selection (include biomarkers)

– Assessment parameters for toxicity

– Effectiveness parameters (early surrogates and modeling of relationships)

– Timing of assessments– Duration of observation

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Investigational Studies• Study must be reasonably safe

– Risk vs. benefits – First‐time‐in‐humans—most attention of all by FDA– Consider other trials, indications, similar products, risks of procedure;

• Assess drug exposure; duration of therapy; number of patients exposed; stopping rules and expected/acceptable toxicity; potential benefits; type of patients treated; minimization of risks to subjects; plans for later phases; supporting animal data, clinical data, in vitro data, manufacturing issues (e.g., product sterility, lot release data, etc.)

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[Some] Cell Therapy Questions to Ask• What cell type(s) will be used?• What is the source of the cell(s)?• How many cells are needed?• Are the cells implanted alone?...with a scaffold?• Are the cells modified?...now a ‘gene therapy’?• What is the proposed therapeutic action?• What is/are the biologically relevant animal species for your product ? 

• Are there potentially relevant animals models of disease/injury that can be used?

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[Some More] Cell Therapy Questions to Ask• What is the optimal method/route to deliver the product?

• What is the optimal timing for product administration relative to the onset of disease/ injury? 

• What happens to the cells in vivo following delivery?• Will repeat administration be needed? • What is the risk/benefit ratio for the intended patient population?

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Clinical Trial Design

• Rationale– Contrast established risk (teratoma) vs. intended clinical benefit (little experience)

– For first in man studies, justified by particularly strong preclinical proof‐of concept

• Appropriate trial design• Doses/dose escalation• Patient monitoring• Follow‐up

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Jason E. Moore, MS, MBA, [email protected]‐842‐1249

Thank you!!