mooring and anchoring
TRANSCRIPT
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NS302
Mooring and Anchoring
Procedures
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Mooring
Challenging evolution in which it is vital as
a conning officer or deck safety officer to
know the deck equipment, deck fittings, andproper use of mooring lines
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Learning Objectives
Describe the different type of deck equipment
Recite standard linehandling commands used in
anchoring evolutions Describe the safety precautions associated with
mooring and anchoring procedures
Outline the steps in preparing to anchor, includingthe events leading to anchoring, readying the
anchor and letting go the anchor
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Learning Objectives
Describe procedures for weighing anchor
List two methods for mooring to buoy
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Deck and Pier Fittings
consist of the following
Cleats Bitts
Bollards
Chocks Towing Pads
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Cleat - Consists of a double-ended pair of horns, usedfor securing a line or wire.
Bitts - Pair of heavy vertical
cylinders implanted on shipsdeck, used for makingfast lines led through chocks.
Bollard - Strong cylindrical
upright on a pier, about whicha moorin line is laced.
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CLEAT
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Cleat - Consists of a double-ended pair of horns, usedfor securing a line or wire.
Bitts - Pairs of heavy vertical
cylinders inplanted on shipsdeck, used for making
fast lines led through chocks.
Bollard - Strong cylindrical
upright on a pier, about whicha moorin line is laced.
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BITTS
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Cleat - Consists of a double-ended pair of horns, usedfor securing a line or wire.
Bitts - Pairs of heavy vertical
cylinders inplanted on shipsdeck, used for making
fast lines led through chocks.
Bollard - Strong cylindrical
upright on a pier, about whiche e of moorin line is laced.
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BOLLARD
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3 Types of Chocks
Chock- Heavy fitting with smooth surfaces
through which mooring lines are led.
Open Closed
RollerRollers help
reduce friction.
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Padeyemetal plate with an eye
attached to the deck to distribute a load
over a large area in which block is
attached
Towing pad - large pad eye of extrastrength used in towing operations
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Mooring lines are typically run through bits
on deck then through chocks to bollards on
pier
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Other Mooring Equipment
Capstan - Separate vertical machinery units or
part of the anchor windlass around which
lines are passed, commonly used inmooring and anchoring evolutions.
Capstan
Wildcat
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Anchor Windlass
Capstan
Wildcat
Each works as an independent unit
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Other Mooring Equipment
Rat guards
- Shields secured around mooring
lines to prevent rats from coming aboardships.
- Circular metal disk in halves lashedtogether by lines
- Concave side faces pier
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Other Mooring Equipment
Chafing gear - Canvas or other material placedaround mooring lines to prevent wear.
Fendersshock-absorbing device used tocushion the shock of contact between twoships or a ship and a pier
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Three types of fenders
pneumatic - most frequently used, inflatable
rubber barrel lowered from ship to point just
clear of water abeam cylindrical - available for immediate use on
forecastle/fantail
ball - manila ready for placement at anyother point of contact between side of ship
and pier
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Other Mooring Equipment
Camel - A large float or raft used to separate
ship from pier face in order to prevent
contact between pier and ships side*allow crew to paint sides of ship.
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Other Mooring Equipment
Dip the eye - When two mooring lines are placedover the same bollard, the second one is ledup through the eye of the first before beingput over the bollard. This allows either tobe cast off independently.
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Other Mooring Equipment
Heaving lines - lightweight lines thrown across
ship or pier to act as messenger for mooring line Bolo lines - nylon line with padded lead weight
attached at end thrown from ship to ship or ship topier
reach two times the distance
not affected by environmental conditions
hazardous to people on pier
Line-throwing gunseldom used as last resort
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Deck Related Equipment
Lifelines - Lines erected around the edgesof decks, referred to as follows:
Top- LifelineMiddle - Housing lineBottom - Foot rope
Snaking - Netting rigged between foot rope
and deck for safety of personnel
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Deck Related Equipment
Leadline - Marked line used to determine
water depth in fathoms.
Boatswains chair- Used for sending oneperson over-the-side*helmets and life preserver required
*hand-tended safety line tended from deck above
Jacobs ladder- Rope ladder w/wood rungs
rigged over the side for temporary use
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Deck Related Equipment
Pilots ladder- Flexible portable ladder, usuallyconstructed of metal, sturdier than aJacobs ladder.
Sea ladder - Rigid, portable ladder that maybe mounted and secured to the side of theship.
Accommodation ladder - Rigid, inclined ladder
rigged to the side of the ship to allowboarding of a moored or anchored ship.
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Mooring Lines
Mooring lines are the lines used to secure theship to a wharf, pier or another ship.
Definition of lines:Breast lines - Run at right angles from the ship,
control distance of ship from pier
Aft spring lines - Tend aft from ship, controlforward movement.Forward spring lines - Tend forward from the
ship, control aft movement
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Mooring LinesNumbering of lines:
#1 - Bow line #6 - Stern line
#2 - Aft bow spring line
#3 - Forward bow spring line#4 - Aft quarter spring line
#5 - Forward quarter spring line
1 3 4 5 62
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Mooring Line Terminology
Hawser - heavy line over 5 inches incircumference used for towing/mooring
Small stuff- fiber line less than 1 3/4 inches incircumference
Marline - two-strand, tarred hemp small stuff
Destroyers and smaller ships typically use 5-inch
or smaller mooring lines Larger ships may use 8-inch or 10-inch mooring
lines
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Mooring Line Terminology
Bight - a loop of line or chain
Bitter end - free end of a length of line,
wire, chain, or cable Eye - closed loop in the end of line
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Mooring Line Terminology
Mooring lines vary with size and
characteristic of ship
Two requirements;
Light as possible for ease of handling
Strong enough to take considerable strain
during a mooring evolution, heavy weather,
etc
Li h dli f M i E l i
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Linehandling for Mooring Evolution
Well in advance to linehandling evolution
mooring lines faked down fore and aft on deckeach near chock through which it will pass
end of eye is passed through chock and loop laid
back over lifeline Fenders are made ready to go
pass heaving lines to pierside linehandlers upon
order from conning officer
pierside linehandlers will place eye of each
mooring line over bollards
Li h dli f M i E l i
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Linehandling for Mooring Evolution
Lines handled with linehandlers or capstans
at the direction of the conn. Safety Officers
will monitor line strain with tattletale cords
light strain - tattletale is not under tension
moderate strain - tattletale is under moderate
tension
heavy strain - tattletale is taught and line is at
maximum working load
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Linehandling for Mooring Evolution
mooring lines should be secured to bitts withround turns (figure eight commonly used)
when ships position is secured, all lines will be
doubled up by sending a bight of each line to the
pier with heaving lines (dipping the eye)
mooring lines will be birdnested after doubling
all lines will be frapped rat guards will be placed on all mooring lines
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Linehandling for getting underway
from pier
Remove rat guards and frapping prior to seaand anchor detail
single up all lines with pierside linehandlers
when ordered by conn take in all lines when ordered and stow for
sea
M i Li
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Mooring Lines
DO NOT MIX MOORING LINE
Never mix lines of different constructions
or material . Each type of rope exhibits
different elongation characteristics and
mixing will result in an unequal load
sharing
M i Li
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Mooring Lines
Nylon replaced manila line:
Advantages: lasts longer
easier to maintain and handle
more resistant to weather,grease, oil
2.5 times stronger
stretches moreDisadvantages: lethal hazard if breaks
expensive
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Mooring Line Detail
Deck Safety Officer
Line Captains
Phone Talker
Corpsman
Gunnersmate
Anchor windlass detail (EN and EM)
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Standard Commands
to Line Handlers Orders relayed from conning officer to
forecastle phone talker
orders must be obeyed promptly
Lines referred to as numbers becausenumbers are shorter and more precise thannames
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Standard Commands
to Line Handlers
Stand by your lines
Send lines over
Take a strain
Slack line
Take line X to capstan/power
Heave around
Avast heaving
S d d C d
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Standard Commands
to Line Handlers
Hold X
Check X
Surge lines
Single up all lines
Double up all lines
Take in all lines
Cast off all lines
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Line Handling Safety Precautions never stand in bight of line
do not try and check line that is running out
rapidly by stepping on it
standing part is faked down to prevent
fouling in case of rapid movement
do not stand in direct line of pull of nylon
line or when applying heavy loads (snap
back zone)
Be in proper battle dress at all times while
handling lines
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Anchoring
ship held into position by anchor on sea
bottom
understanding for deck machinery andequipment available for evolution
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Ground Tackle
Collective term applied to all equipment
used in anchoring. Includes:
Anchor chain Connecting fittings
Anchor windlass
other gear used to
secure/house anchors
Anchoring Terminology
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Anchoring Terminology
Hawsepipeheavy casting in bow through which
anchor chain runs out and where anchor is securedwhen not in use
chain pipepipe in which chain runs from
windlass down to chain locker
chain locker - place where anchor chain stowed
anchor buoy - small float attached to anchor to
mark position
port/red, stbd/green
Line adjusted to 2-3 fathoms greater than
depth of water
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Anchoring Terminology
flukes - dig anchor portion in sea bottom
shank- vertical portion connecting flukes
and the top ring
crown - base of anchor
stock- prevents rolling of anchor on
bottom
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Anchoring Terminology
Anchors
Three types
Usually made of cast steel with forged steelfittings
Weight from 30-60,000 lbs
Edges of flukes are smooth to prevent damageto ships hull
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Anchors
Stockless
Navy
standard
LWT type
Lightweight
type
Mushroom
Permanent
Anchorages
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Stockless
most common
standard bow anchor for most combatant ships
ease of stowage and handling, lightweight
raises directly into hawsepipe
flukes pivot on shank and swing up to 45 degrees on
either side to permit anchor to dig into sea bottom
Disadvantage - tendency to disengage flukes by
gradually turning over
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Mushroom
used to anchor buoys, small boats, and
special barges
Lightweight type
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Lightweight type two types:
Northhill - small boat anchor
Danforth - small boats, stern anchors for landing craft
high holding power is comparable to stocklessanchor of two times its weight
sharpness of flukes enables it to dig in faster andeasier
reduced weight requires lighter, less costly gear tohandle
Disadvantage - difficulty breaking free from bottomat times
Anchor Chain
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Anchor Chain made of die-lock or high strength welded steel
stud links
studded - solid piece welded in center to eliminatedanger of chain kinking and pounding of links onadjacent links
size of link designated by its diameter ranging
from 3/4 to 4 3/4 inches chain comes in 15 fathom (90 feet) lengths called
shots connected to each other by specialdetachable links
constructed so they can be disassembled, allowing forshots to be removed/replaced Destroyerminimum length of 105 fathoms
Larger ship200+ fathoms in length
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Chain Measurement
1 shot = 15 fathoms
1 fathom = 6 feet
*chain measured in shotsconnected with detachable links
S i l h i fitti D h bl li k
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Special chain fittings = Detachable link
*C-shaped and connects two shots together
*different colors allow for quick determination of how muc
chain is paying out
A h Ch i M ki
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Detachable links and adjacent links are color coded to allow
for quick determination of how much chain is payed out Detachable links: Red, White, Blue, Red . . .
Adjacent links: # white links on either side = # of shot
Last link of adjacent links on each side will have # of wireturns indicating the # of the shot
Anchor Chain Markings
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Anchor Chain Markings
Shot # Color of # of White TurnsDetachable Adjacent ofLink Links Wire
1 (15 fathoms)
2 (30 fathoms)
3 (45 fathoms)4 (60 fathoms)
5 (75 fathoms)
6 (90 fathoms)
red 1 1
white 2 2
blue 3 3red 4 4
white 5 5
blue 6 6
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Scope of Chain15 fathoms
1 shot
30 fathoms 2 shots
45 fathoms 3 shots
60 fathoms 4 shots
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Scope of Chain
Next to Last Shot all yellow
Last Shot all red
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Scope of Chain
3rd shot: W/W/W/B/W/W/W
Second to last shot: entirely yellow
Last shot: entirely red
*Warning of approach of bitter end of chain
Chain Stopper
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Chain Stopper used to hold anchor taut in the hawsepipe
and hold anchor when its chain isdisconnected
consists of turnbuckle inserted in shortsection of chain with pelican hook attached
to one end and shackle to other Two stoppers per chain
housing stopper - stopper nearest hawespipe,bent to anchor chain when anchor is ready forsea
riding stopper - stoppers aft of housing stopper
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Shackle
Chain Stopper
Detachable Link
Turnbuckle
Pelican
Hook
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Anchor Windlass
Anchor Windlass
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Anchor Windlass machinery used to hoist the anchors
types horizontal - all machinery and controls located above deck
vertical - machinery and controls located both above and below
decks
Most combatants
components
capstan - line handling drum above a wildcat on a vertical
windlass used for handling lines when mooring
wildcat - drum located below capstan containing grooves that
engage chain links
locking handwheel - used to engage/disengage wildcat to/from
capstan
friction brake - mechanical brake that holds wildcat
Machine controlsallow for 5 positions (fast fwd, slow fwd,
stop, slow reverse, fast reverse)
Capstan
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HousingStopper
RidingStopper
Wildcat
Brake
Dead man switch
Capsta
Horizontal Capstan
Anchoring: Personnel involved and
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Anchoring: Personnel involved and
their Duties
1. Navigator - during pre-anchorage brief willdetermine:
a. Identify anchorage and approach track,
landmarksb. letting go circle/head and drop bearings
c. Depth of water at anchorage
d. Range of tide, current, wind direction and
speed
e. Type of bottom
f. Proposed track
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2. First Lieutenant - conduct inspection
of deck equipment
1st LT or Deck Safety Officer in charge
Assisted by ships BOSUN and senior BMs
Brief forecastle evolution
Designated BMs and SN at positions
Engineman (EN) and electrician (EM) present in
anchor windlass to take care of mechanical orelectronic failures
phone talker on 1JV w/ bridge to relay orders
3.Anchor detail -
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4. OOD - ensure anchor detail, navigation
detail, and helm safety officer on station
- keep CO informed
- control approach to anchorage by assisting
Conning officer
5. Piloting Teams will be set on Bridge and in
CIC
Anchorage PlotN
TR
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Anchorage Plot
100200
300
400
500
600
700
800
9001000
1200
1500
TR
004
HB004
Stack
TR
Tank
As ship nears anchorage,
gradually reduce speed
Ex: 1500 yds10 kts
1000 yds5 kts
500-300 ydsstop
Ship moving slowly when
anchor dropped
Techniques of Anchoring
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Techniques of Anchoring
Anchor is ready for letting go - report
from anchor detail to bridgeEngage wildcat and take strain on chain
riding stoppers removed
anchor walked out of hawsepipe using wildcatto ensure no hang-ups
remove all but 2-3 turns of mousing on lockingpin of pelican hook of housing stopper
wildcat disconnected and brake setchain locker checked for loose gear
Techniques of Anchoring
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Techniques of Anchoring Standby the anchor - report from bridge to
anchor detail
- brake partially released two seaman, one with sledge hammer, take station at
housing stopper
As ship passes through letting go circle, command
Let go the anchoris ordered from the bridge toanchor detail
one seaman will pull pin from housing stoppers pelicanhook and remove mousing
second seaman will knock bail off pelican hook withsledge hammer and clear
brake released causing chain to run out
Colors are shifted from mast to flagstaff and jackstaff
Techniques of Anchoring
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Techniques of Anchoringanchor buoy thrown ovbd/colors shifted
Attached to anchors fluke As buoy floats, its said to be watching
Once anchor hits bottom, noticeable slack in
speed of chain
Techniques of Anchoring
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Techniques of Anchoring Set the anchor - from bridge to anchor detail
brake is set flukes dig into sea bottom
motion of ship is stopped, indicating anchor is holding
once anchor is set, brake is released and chain is veered
(run out) to the desired scope (length) Pass the stoppers - from bridge to anchor detail
both riding and housing stoppers connected and strain
equalized
T h i f A h i
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Techniques of Anchoring
Desired scope of chain- much of the holding power of an anchor
derives from the amount of chain on the
bottom.- Rule of thumb: 5-7 times the depth of
water.
- A lesser amount of chain is put out atfirst to set the anchor.
- normally anchor in water < 20 fathoms
- > 20 requires walking out anchor
Techniques of Anchoring
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q g Anchor chain reports from anchor detail to
bridgeamount of chain veered based on color code
read at waters edge, hawsepipe or on deck
direction chain tends using clockwise reference
system relative to ships head
amount of strain on chain (light, mod, heavy)
EX: Sixty fathoms on deck, chain tends one
oclock, moderate strain
Anchor Watch
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Anchor Watch
Forecastle Watch - BM or SN making
anchor reports to bridge watch every 30
minutes to OOD
Bridge Watch - QM or OS taking visual
fixes every 15 minutes
may assign OOD depending on conditions
CIC - OS taking radar fixes every 15
minutes to compare with bridge visual fixes
Dragging Anchor
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Dragging Anchor consecutive fixes falling outside drag circle
chain alternately getting taut and goingslack
actions:
call CO, CDO, and NAV
veer additional chain
drop another anchor
alert engineroom in case of u/w
Techniques of Weighing
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q g gAnchor
Ready to heave in - report from anchor
detail to bridge
anchor detail manned and ready
anchor windlass energized and tested
wildcat engaged and take light strain on chain
brake is set and all stoppers but one
disconnectedGrapnel to retrieve buoy and hose to wash
sediment off chain and anchor standing by
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Techniques of Weighing
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q g gAnchor
heave around - report from bridge to
anchor detail
All stoppers cast off and start to retrieve anchor
Reports from Forecastle Detail
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Reports from Forecastle Detail
Anchor at short stay = just short of
breaking free of sea bottom
Chain is nearly vertical but flukes are not
broken out of ground
AT SHORT STAY
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Almost=
Length ofchain
Depthof
water
AT SHORT STAY
Reports from Forecastle Detail
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Reports from Forecastle Detail
Anchor up and down - flukes of anchor
have broken free but crown still rests on
bottom
UP AND DOWN
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UP AND DOWN
Reports from Forecastle Detail
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Reports from Forecastle Detail
Anchor aweigh - anchor is clear of
bottom and ship underway
AWEIGH
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AWEIGH
Reports from Forecastle Detail
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Reports from Forecastle Detail
Anchor is in sight, clear/fouled anchor
Anchor is first sighted when bringing it in
use hose to clean it off
Anchor clear of the water - anchor no
longer submerged
Anchor is housed - shank of anchor is in
hawsepipe and flukes are against ships side
Reports from Forecastle Detail
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Anchor is secured for sea - Brake set and stopperspassed. Strain equalized between the stoppers.
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Safety Precautions
Ensure anchor detail personnel on forecastle
are wearing goggles, hard hats, steel toed
shoes, pants tucked into socks Anchor is ready to let go, no one step over
chain
Personnel stand clear of chain pipe whenchain is paying out
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Mooring to a Buoy
Advantages:
safer in storm because buoy secured to bottom
smaller berths with shorter chain requirements Disadvantages:
requires putting small boat in water
more prep time and personnel needed
Mooring to a Buoy
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Mooring to a Buoy
1. Dip Rope Method - The buoy party
attaches the buoy wire, then passes the
messenger through the eye of the buoy
and attaches it to the dip rope. The diprope is connected to the end of the anchor
chain and by pulling on the messenger, the
anchor chain is pulled to the buoy.2. Trolley Method - A trolley is attached to the
buoy wire and used to ease the anchor
down to the buoy.
Dip Rope Method
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61Buoy Wire
Dip Rope Method
Dip Rope Method
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61
Dip Rope
MessengerBuoy Wire
Dip Rope Method
Dip Rope Method
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61
Dip Rope Method
Messenger
Buoy wire
Anchor
chain
Trolley Method
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61Trolley
Trolley Method