moral part 2 - total

8/7/2019 Moral Part 2 - Total

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Genetic Engineering

Definition

Process & Causes

Advantage & Disadvantage Application

Criticism/Controversy

Method of Prevention


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DEFINITION

The science of altering and cloning genes to produce

a new trait in an organism or make biological

substances.

Direct human manipulation of an organisms genetic

material in a way that does not occur under natural

conditions.


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Gene Isolation

The Gene is chosen and isolated.

It is then inserted into a bacterial plasmid

Constructs

Constructs combines the Genes with other

elements.


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Gene Targeting

Used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a

gene, and introduce point mutations.

Transformation

-Transformation refers to the transfer ofmodified Genetic Material into an organism


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Selection

A selectable marker differentiates

transformed and untransformed cells.

Regeneration

Bacteria dont require this as, they aresingle cell organism.

In plants, tissue culture is done.


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Confirmation

A series of tests are done to confirm the

cell/organism with modified gene functions.


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Causes/Reasons of Genetic

Engineering

Human thirst for knowledge.

The advancement of IT


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Agricultural field

Increased crop productivity

Enhanced crop protection

Improvements in food processing

Improved nutritional value

Better flavour

Fresher produce


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Medicinal field

Designer babies

Somatic Gene therapy

Release of GM mosquitoes

Production of antibiotics

Xenotransplantation

DNA vaccines & Banana vaccines


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Eliminate harmful genes

Cure sterility

Detect a high risk pregnancy.

Deciphering the genetic code

Use of DNA in cases of rape

Eliminate wastes and diminish pollution


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A mouse with a human ear


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Bacteria can be engineered to eat oil

spills.


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Super humans.

Long life could lead to population problems.

Division between genetically engineered humans andthose that are normal.

Discrimination based on their genes

Costly.

ToxinsIn "the not-too-distant" future, where geneticengineering of humans is common and DNA

plays the primary role in determining social

class.


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Allergic reactions.

Loss of nutrition

Widespread Crop Failure

Imprecise Technology

Increased use of Herbicides

Ecology may be damaged


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Application


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1. MEDICAL FIELD

REQUIREMENT OF INSULIN FOR DIABETES PATIENTS

VACCINATION

HUMAN GENE THERAPY

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

DNA-PROCESSING NANO-COMPUTER .


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2. Agriculture

First generation crops - protection from insects

second generation of G. M. crops -improve yield

third generation consists of pharmaceutical crops - crops that

contain edible vaccines and other drugs

Examples:

(*) Soya bean; Herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria

inserted into soybean

(*) Corn;some from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, added

into plant genome.


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3. CLONING

Function : To multiply DNA fragments(used in GE)

Organism Cloning-Via SCNT(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

-used to create embryos for research


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Dolly

First mammal to be successfully cloned from adult cell. In

Scotland. She lived for six years and died in 2003.

Its death is still debated, some blame the cloning process

itself, some say its natural death(respiratory infection)

The evidence are inclined towards natural death.


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Other species that has been cloned

-Gaur(endangered species)

-Cattle-Rat

-Tadpole

-Horse

-Camel(2009)

-Cat(nicknamed CopyCat)


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Human Cloning

Big inspiration in science fiction like The 6th Day Human natural cloning : Identical Twins

Therapeutic human cloning is somewhat

accepted where adult cells are cloned formedicine purposes.

Reproductive cloning has not been carried out

and is a big matter of controversy and ethics.

Replacement cloning(theoretical) : Therapeutic +

Reproductive : Partial Brain Transplant


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4. XENOTRANSPLANTATION

Transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one speciesto another(pigs to humans).

If it works it can be the Treatment for end-stage organ failure.

Pigs organs are similar to human.

GE plays its role in minimising the risk of immune rejection.Theoretically, xenotransplantation meets with Immune

Rejection as the immune system sees the new organ as anexternal agent.

GE will be done to alter the gene codes so that the immunesystem recognises the organ as its own.

The closest relatives to humans ; primates like Baboon and

chimpanzees are also almost-perfect sources of organs.Chimpanzees are the best option

-similar sized organs

-Good blood type


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Application Example

-Glowing Monkeys

proved that foreign genes can be passed onto future generations.

First time using monkeys and successfully producing the second

generation offspring with fluorescent protein gene.


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Critics/ Controversy


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GE is unnatural GE is disruptive to the

genome

GEcrosses the

species barrier GEcrops can cross withwild relatives, creating

hybrid superweeds

SuccessfulGEcultivars

can lead to broad

regional monoculture

GEseeds are patented

and so use of their

seeds is restricted.

AGRICULTURE


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Usage of animals for GEis considered inhumane.

The idea of using a

cloned human forspare parts is immoral

and unethical

Ethics


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It is said that presence

of GMOs can disrupt afood chain

The insertion of GMseeds in the Seed Vault

is debated


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Judaism and Islamism

Prohibit consumption of

Pork, but for GE, some

Genes are taken from Pork


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What might be some

harmful effects on the

evolutionary process if

genetic engineering iswidely applied to

plants and animals?


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Can the definition of human be

applied to altered species

containing human genes?

WHY ARE PEOPLE SO

AGAINST CLONING?


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Different Environment &

Upbringing


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Measures taken to overcome Genetic

Engineering

Legislation against the usage of GM foods.

Educating people about the benefits and

disadvantages of GM products.


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Death caused by GE

Jesse Gelsinger - 18

First person diedin a clinical trial for

gene therapy at

the age of 18

died four dayslaterInjected with

vector carrying acorrected gene

Gelsinger joined aclinical trial at aimedto treat infants with

severe disease

Suffered a massiveimmune response


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IS GENETIC ENGINEERING

RIGHT OR WRONG???


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Future of Gen. Eng

If technology continue at its pace, or increasing.

What would the future of Gen. Eng be like?

W

ill your dog speak to you in the morning?Will your cat wake you up with a chickens crow?

moral part 2 - total

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