more earth science landforms earthquakes seismic waves shadow zone
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
More Earth Science
LandformsEarthquakesSeismic WavesShadow Zone
![Page 2: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Landforms
![Page 3: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mountains
• A mass of rock rising more than 600 meters above the surrounding land
• Relief vs. Elevation
![Page 4: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of Mountains
![Page 5: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fold Mountain
![Page 6: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fold Mountains
• Usually made mostly of sedimentary rock folded by compression forces
• These are the tallest and most common of all mountains
![Page 7: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Examples of Fold Mountains
Appalachian Mountains
![Page 8: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rocky Mountains
![Page 9: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Alps
![Page 10: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Himalaya Mountains
![Page 11: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fault-Block Mountain
![Page 12: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fault Block Mountain Ranges are cause by a series of normal faults
![Page 13: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Examples of Fault block Mountain
ranges
![Page 14: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA
![Page 15: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Grand Tetons, WY
![Page 16: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wasatch Mountains, Utah
![Page 17: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
When the Earth SHAKES
Earthquakes
![Page 18: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What causes earthquakes?
![Page 19: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes but most earthquakes are caused by FAULTING
• These are often called TECTONIC earthquakes
![Page 20: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Theory VS. Law• A THEORY is a logical idea that has
not been proven directly but it often can be proved mathematically
• It is a working set of rules that define a body of knowledge
• A LAW is observable and can be proven- to a point. Nothing is 100% sure in a Universe as vast as ours
![Page 21: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Elastic Rebound Theory
The Elastic Rebound Theory was first proposed by American geologist Harry Fielding Reid after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
![Page 22: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Elastic Rebound
• The sudden release of progressively stored strain in rocks, resulting in movement along a fault
• After the stress becomes too great, the rock layers break, vibrating back and forth until eventually coming to a rest
![Page 23: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• As the rock layers are shaking back and forth they send out waves of vibration called Seismic Waves
• “Seismic” always has to do with earthquake activity
![Page 26: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Seismic Waves are waves of vibration sent out in all
directions from the FOCUS
![Page 27: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• FocusThe point below the surface where the rock layers break and move
• EpicenterThe point on the surface, directly above the focus. Where the greatest damage usually occurs
![Page 28: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fault
Focus
Epicenter
Seismic Waves
![Page 29: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Measuring Earthquakes
![Page 30: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Charles Richter26 April 1900 –
30 September 1985
![Page 31: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Seismograph
A machine that measures earthquake (seismic) waves
![Page 32: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zhang Heng seismograph
is almost 2000 yrs old
![Page 33: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Early Seismograph
Operates on the principle of Newton’s First Law
![Page 34: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SeismogramThe recorded information of earthquake
waves
![Page 35: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Richter Scale is based on MAGNITUDE
Seismogram
![Page 36: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Each # is TEN TIMES larger than the # before it…
Magnitude 1
Magnitude 2
Magnitude 3
![Page 37: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pennies as an example:Mag. 1 = 1 pennyMag. 2 = 10 penniesMag 3 = 100 penniesMag. 4 = 1000 penniesMag. 5 = 10,000 penniesMag. 6 = 100,000 penniesMag. 7 = 1,000,000 penniesMag. 8 = 10,000,000 penniesMag. 9 = 100,000,000 penniesMag. 10 = 1,000,000,000 pennies(that’s $10 million in pennies!!)
![Page 38: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Richter Magnitudes Earthquake Effects
Less than 3.5 Generally not felt 3.5-5.4 Often felt, little
damageUnder 6.0 Slight damage to
buildings6.1-6.9 Destructive to about
100 km from epicenter7.0-7.9 Major earthquake.
Can cause serious damage8 or greater Large earthquake.
Serious damage for hundreds of km
![Page 39: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Anatomy of a basic wave
![Page 40: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Crest – the highest point on a wave (A, F)
• Trough – the lowest point on a wave (D, I)
• Amplitude – the distance between the midpoint & crest or trough
• Wavelength – distance between any two successive points on a wave
• Frequency - # of vibrations/ second (Hertz)
![Page 41: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Types of Seismic Waves
![Page 42: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Body Waves are waves that travel through the body of the earth
Surface waves only travel along the surface of earth
![Page 43: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Body Waves
![Page 44: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Primary WavesAKA P-Wave
• Type of Longitudinal Wave
• Causes back and forth motion
• Follows the same direction as the energy transfer
![Page 45: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
P-Waves
• Type of COMPRESSIONAL wave (like sound)
• Will travel through solid, liquid or gas• Travels at: • 7.8 – 8.5 kps in mantle• 7.2 kps in oceanic crust• 3.5 kps in continental crust
![Page 46: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Primary Wave•http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/seismic/surface.swf
![Page 47: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Secondary WaveAKA S-Wave
• Particle motion is perpendicular to direction of energy transfer
• Transverse or Shear Wave
• Will travel only through solids
• Travels 4 – 5 kps
![Page 48: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Secondary Wave•http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/seismic/surface.swf
![Page 49: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Surface Waves
![Page 50: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Two main types of surface waves:
• Love Wave
• Rayleigh Wave
• Recent evidence show s that L-Waves attenuate (gradually disappear) more slowly in older rock (eastern US) and more quickly in younger rock (western US)
![Page 51: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Love Wave•http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/seismic/surface.swf
![Page 52: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Love Waves
• Love Waves travel less than 4 kps
• Move side-to-side; like a snake
• Cause the most damage
![Page 53: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Seismic Waves
![Page 54: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Seismogram with the P-Wave, S-Wave and L-Wave
![Page 56: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Seismic Risk in the US
![Page 57: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Triangulation
![Page 58: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Refraction
![Page 59: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Refraction of seismic waves within the Earth
![Page 60: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Zone between about 105 degrees & 145 degreesis the Shadow Zone
![Page 61: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
105 degrees145 degrees
Focus
![Page 62: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Shadow Zone
![Page 63: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: More Earth Science Landforms Earthquakes Seismic Waves Shadow Zone](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649db35503460f94aa2e90/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
How Hawaiian Islands are formed