more human genetics… biology. multiple alleles traits are the result of more than 3 or more types...
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More Human Genetics…Biology
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Multiple Alleles
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Multiple Alleles• Traits are the result of more
than 3 or more types of alleles• Example: blood typing• There are 3 different alleles
for blood type (A, B, & O)• A is dominant to O• B is dominant to O• A and B are codominant
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Multiple Alleles
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Rh Factor• Another gene for proteins
on the membrane of blood cells
• You have them (+) or you don’t (-)
• (+) is dominant to (-)
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Blood Transfusions• Type A = A antigens (proteins)• Type B = B antigens • Type AB = A & B antigens• Type O = No antigens• Blood can only be transferred to a
body of a person who's immune system will "recognize" it. • O is the universal donor • O blood has no antigens are that are
foreign to the body• AB is the universal recipient • Person with AB blood has both the A and B
antigens already in the body• Rh factor counts too!• (+) can receive (+) or (-)• (-) can only receive (-)• Ever see ER shows where doctors call for O
neg. blood?
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Sample Crosses1. Cross a man with type AB blood with a woman who is heterozygous for
type A blood• AB x AO• Geno: ¼ AA; ¼ AB; ¼ AO; 1/4 BO• Pheno: ½ type A; ¼ type B; ¼ type AB
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Sample Crosses2. Cross a man who is heterozygous for type A blood
with a woman who is heterozygous for type B blood.• AO x BO• Geno: ¼ AB; ¼ BO; ¼ AO; ¼ OO• Pheno: ¼ type AB; ¼ type B; ¼ type A; ¼ type O
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Sex-Linked Traits
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Sex-linked Traits• A gene that is found only
on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome• Examples:• Colorblindness• Hemophilia• Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy• Male Pattern Baldness
Female Male
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Sex-linked Traits• More common in men because they only have one X chromosome• Females need to have the gene on both X’s to have the trait• Females that are heterozygous for the trait are carriers• Carriers appear normal but can pass the trait to their offspring
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Colorblindness• Recessive gene (b) on X
chromosome• Condition in which certain
colors cannot be distinguished • Red/Green color blindness is
most common (about 99%)• Causes problems in
distinguishing reds and greens• No treatment• Life is normal
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Hemophilia• Recessive gene (h) on the X
chromosome• Bleeding disorder in which the
blood does not clot normally • Persons with hemophilia may bleed
for a longer time than others after an injury or accident • They also may bleed internally,
especially in the joints• Live life cautiously, receive
treatments to help blood clot normally
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy• Recessive gene (d) on the X chromosome• Rapidly-worsening muscle weakness that starts in the legs and
pelvis, and later affects the whole body• No cure • Treatment is aimed at control of symptoms to maximize the
quality of life • Death usually occurs by age 25
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Sample Crosses
1. Cross a normal man with a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia• XHY x XHXh
• Geno: ¼ XHXH; ¼ XHXh; ¼ XHY; ¼ XhY• Pheno: ½ females will be
normal; ½ females will be carriers; ½ males will be normal; ½ males will be hemophiliacs
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Sample Crosses2. Cross a colorblind male with
a female who is a carrier for colorblindness.• XbY x XBXb
• Geno: ¼ XBXb; ¼ XbXb; ¼ XBY; ¼ XbY• Pheno: ½ females will be
colorblind; ½ females will be carriers; ½ males will be normal; ½ males will be colorblind