more on pint

8/4/2019 More on Pint

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INDEPENDENT, Professional, Clear, jargon-free advice

Our goal is to provide our customers with the mobile phone technology needed in today's fast-moving wireless world.

We are experienced at combining cost-effective solutions with personalservice.Our fully stocked Mobile Phone shop is open 6 days a week ready for routinepurchases, urgent phone replacement, repairs & accessories.

For those of you who cant find the time to visit our shop, our experienced

sales representative is available for appointments at your premises.

Our staff can assess your current mobile phone usage, develop a plan

specifically designed for your company, and keep you up to date on newproduct lines.

We format and package

books so that you canread them on a javaenabled phone. Mostphones sold today are

java enabled - youprobably have one inyour pocket right now.

Our book reader programis integrated within eachdownloadable book.

Features of the

BooksInMyPhone bookreader program include:

Adjustable fontsize settings -make the lettersbigger or

smalleraccording toyour personalpreference.

Night-vision

mode - makesit easy to readin a dark room.

Chapternavigationnavigate the

book bychapter.

Pause & Auto-


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resumefunction -automatically

pauses andresumes toaccommodate

incoming calls. Auto-

bookmark -

you never haveto rememberwhere you're

up to in thebook.

We manually review andformat each of our booksso that they will present

well on a mobile/cellphone screen and delivera high quality readingexperience.

The books we provideare out of copyright in

the USA; and in mostcases Australia, Canada,the U.K., and many othercountries(1)

For commercialdistribution and/or

derivative or new worksplease contact us.

1 Copyright laws vary

from country to country.

Outside the USA the

copyright status will vary

from book to book. It is

your responsibility to

ensure that you do not

breach the copyright

laws that apply in your

country.

Enjoy!

The books offered here are either licensed underCreative Commonsor out of copyright in the USA and manyother countries including Australia, Canada, and the UK. Most of the books are out of copyright world wide,

check thecopyrightlaws that apply to your country prior to download. It is your responsibility to ensure that

you do not breach the copyright laws that apply to you. This is part of our Terms and Conditions of Use. Byusing this website or downloading a book, you are indicating that you acknowledge and accept our Terms and

Conditions of Use and the license under which the book is offered.

http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-

magazines-combined/
http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://creativecommons.org/


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A survey from eMarketer confirms what mosttech-obsessed folksalready know- people spend

as much time on their mobile phone as they do reading a newspaper and magazine combined.The survey reveals the average user spends 50 minutes a day using their mobile phone, 30

minutes reading a newspaper, and a mere 20 minutes reading a magazine.

Take a stroll through your local mall on a busy afternoon and you will see these survey results

played out on real life. Count all the people you see with their noses buried in a mobile phone

and compare it to the number of people you see with a newspaper or a magazine open in their

lap. Almost anyone with an eye for technology can see this trend, all this survey does is give us

some numbers for comparison.

While mobile usage has grown 28% year over year, it still trails radio listening, Internet usage,

and TV and video watching. People spend almost four and a half hours watching TV, over an

hour and a half listening to the radio, and only 50 minutes on their mobile phones. While theseabsolute figures suggest TV and radio are well entrenched in our daily lives, the year to year

trend paints a much different picture. Year over year, TV and video, radio, newspapers, and

magazines are all on the decline, while mobile and the Internet are making gains. Yes, the losses

in traditional media are small, but they are still losses and a possible sign of greater losses to

come.
http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/12/15/people-spend-as-much-time-on-mobile-as-newspapers-and-magazines-combined/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/06/1-in-3-high-school-students-want-the-iphone-as-their-next-device/


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It will be interesting to re-visit these numbers in the next few years when thesmartphone

adoption rategoes through the roof andtabletsare found on everybodys coffee table. Will TV

and radio still be the leaders? Speaking of tablets I wonder where the iPad fits into this survey. Is

it grouped into the mobile category or is it bundled into the general Internet category? Is it even

prevalent enough to make a difference in these results? Any thoughts?

[ViaTechCrunchand eMarketer]

About The Author

Kelly Hodgkins

Electronic paperFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Intelligent paper" redirects here. For interactive form, seeIntelligent form.

It has been suggested thatE inkbemergedinto this article or section. (Discuss)Proposed since February2011.

iLiade-book reader equipped with an electronic paper display. E-ink displays can be read even under bright sunlight since

they are reflective and use no backlighting.

Electronic paper, e-paper and electronic ink are a range ofdisplay technologywhich are designed

to mimic the appearance of ordinaryinkonpaper.[1]Unlike conventionalbacklitflat panel displays,

electronic paper displays reflect light like ordinary paper. Many of the technologies can hold static text

and images indefinitely without using electricity, while allowing images to be changed later. Flexible

electronic paper uses plastic substrates andplastic electronicsfor the display backplane.
http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_et_ombre_sur_un_bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_paper#Merger_proposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_formhttp://techcrunch.com/2010/12/15/time-mobile-newspapers/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/10/05/apple-ipad-sales/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/http://www.intomobile.com/2010/11/07/total-u-s-mobile-data-traffic-to-exceed-1-exabyte-billion-gigabytes-by-end-of-2010/


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Electronic paper is often considered to be more comfortable to read than conventional

displays.[2]This is due to the stable image, which has no need to be refreshed constantly, a wider

viewing angle, and that it reflects ambient light rather than emitting its own light. An ideal e-paper

display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade. Thecontrast ratioin

available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper, though newly-

developed displays are slightly better.[3]There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to

provide full-color ability.

Applications ofelectronic visual displaysinclude electronic pricing labels in retail shops, anddigital

signage,[4]time tables at bus stations,[5]electronic billboards,[6]mobile phone displays, ande-

readersable to display digital versions of books and e-paper magazines. Electronic paper should not

be confused withdigital paper, which is a pad to create handwritten digital documents with a digital

pen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-1


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Contents

[hide]

1 Technologies

o 1.1 Gyricon

o 1.2 Electrophoretic

1.2.1 Electrophoretic display

o 1.3 Electrowetting

1.3.1 Electrofluidic

o 1.4 Interferometric modulator

o 1.5 Other bistable displays

o 1.6 Other technologies

2 Disadvantages

3 Applications

o 3.1 Wristwatches

o 3.2 e-Books

o 3.3 Newspapers

o 3.4 Displays embedded in smart cards

o 3.5 Status displays

o 3.6 Mobile phones

o 3.7 Electronic shelf labels

o 3.8 Other

4 Display manufacturers

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

DisadvantagesElectronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate compared to other low-power display

technologies, such as LCD. This prevents producers from implementing sophisticated interactive

applications (using fast moving menus, mouse pointers or scrolling) like those which are possible

onmobile devices. An example of this limit is that a document cannot be smoothly zoomed without

either extreme blurring during the transition or a very slow zoom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Display_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electronic_shelf_labelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Status_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Displays_embedded_in_smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#e-Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Wristwatcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Disadvantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Other_bistable_displayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Interferometric_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrofluidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrowettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretic_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Electrophoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Gyriconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper


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An e-ink screen showing the "ghost" of a prior image

Another limit is that a shadow of an image may be visible after refreshing parts of the screen. Such

shadows are termed "ghost images", and the effect is termed "ghosting". This effect is reminiscent

ofscreen burn-inbut, unlike it, is solved after the screen is refreshed several times. Turning every

pixel white, then black, then white, helps normalize the contrast of the pixels. This is why several

devices with this technology "flash" the entire screen white and black when loading a new image.[citation

needed]

[edit]Applications

Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies

used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological

advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:

A method for encapsulation

An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation

Electronics to activate the ink

Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid materials. For flexible displays, the base requires a

thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerable wear, such as extremely thin plastic.

The method of how the inks are encapsulated and then applied to the substrate is what distinguishes

each company from others. These processes are complex and are carefully guarded industry secrets.

Nevertheless, making electronic paper promises to be less complex and costly than making

traditional LCDs.

There are many approaches to electronic paper, with many companies developing technology in this

area. Other technologies being applied to electronic paper include modifications ofliquid crystal

displays,electrochromicdisplays, and the electronic equivalent of anEtch A Sketchat Kyushu

University. Advantages of electronic paper includes low power usage (power is only drawn when the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-ink_ghost.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etch_A_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-in


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display is updated), flexibility and better readability than most displays. Electronic ink can be printed

on any surface, including walls, billboards, product labels and T-shirts. The ink's flexibility would also

make it possible to developrollable displaysfor electronic devices

e-Books

Main article:List of e-book readers

In 2004SonyreleasedLibri EBR-1000EPin Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic

paper display. In September 2006Sonyreleased the PRS-500Sony Readere-book reader in the

USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the Reader. In

November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC which incorporated a backlight and a

touchscreen.

In November 2006, theiRex iLiadwas ready for the consumer market. Consumers could initially

read e-Books in PDF and HTML formats, and in July 2007 support for the

popularMobipocketPRC format was added, but price was still a problem. With the introduction of

the competingCybook, prices have decreased almost 50%.

In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing theAmazon Kindle, an e-book reader with

an e-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released theKindle 2and in May 2009 the

largerKindle DXwas announced. In July 2010 the third generation Kindle was announced.[38]

In November 2009 Barnes and Noble launched theBarnes & Noble Nook, running

anAndroidoperating system. It differs from other big name readers in having a replaceable

battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.

[edit]Newspapers

In February 2006, theFlemishdailyDe Tijddistributed an electronic version of the paper to select

subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of theiRex iLiad. This was

the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing.

In September 2007, theFrenchdailyLes chosannounced the official launch of an electronic

version of the paper on a subscription basis. Two offers are available, combining a one year

subscription and a reading device. One interesting point of the offer is the choice of a light (176g)

reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or theiRex iLiad. Two different processing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tijdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_DXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_LIBRI%C3%A9_EBR-1000EPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollable_display


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platforms are used to deliver readable information of the daily, one based on the newly developed

GPP electronic ink platform fromGanaxa, and the other one developed internally by Les Echos.

Since January 2008, theDutchdailyNRC Handelsbladis distributed for theiRex iLiadreader

Communications in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about communications in India. For a more general coverage of media in India,

seeMedia of India.

TheRepublic of Indiapossesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the

country by Internet, telephone, telegraph, radio, and television. None of the telecommunications

forms are as prevalent or as advanced as those in modern Western countries, but the system

includes some of the most sophisticated technology in the world and constitutes a foundation for

further development of a modern network. Indian telecommunication industry is theworld's second-

largestin terms of number of subscribers, and the world's fastest growing market in terms of number

of new subscribers.[1][2][3][4]India had 851.70 million mobile phone subscribers at the end of June

2011.[5]The country hasthird highest numberof Internet users as of December 2010.[6]The primaryregulator of communications in India is theTelecom Regulatory Authority of India. It closely regulates

all of the industries mentioned below with the exception of newspapers and the Internet service

provider industry.

As the fastest growing telecommunications market in the world, India is projected to have 1.159 billion

mobile subscribers by 2013.[7][8][9][10]Several leading global consultancies estimate that India will

become the world's largest mobile phone market by subscriptions by 2013.[7][8]The industry is

expected to reach a size of 344,921crore(US$76.92 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 per

cent, and generate employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the sameperiod.[11]According to analysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and

for 7 million indirectly.[11]In 2008-09 the overall telecom equipments revenue in India stood at

136,833crore(US$30.51 billion) during the fiscal, as against 115,382crore(US$25.73 billion) a year

before.[12]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-et1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-Times-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-2005annual-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-informatm_india2013-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-trai_subnumbers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-telecom-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#cite_note-ind_budget-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRex_iLiadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsbladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganaxa&action=edit&redlink=1


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Contents

[hide]

1 Modern growth

2 History

o 2.1 Introduction of the telegraph

o 2.2 Introduction of the telephone

o 2.3 Further milestones and developments

2.3.1 Indian telecom sector: recent policies

3 Emergence as a major player

o 3.1 Privatization of telcommunications in India

o 3.2 Telecommunications Regulatory Environment in India

4 Revenue and growth

5 Telephone

o 5.1 Mobile telephones

o 5.2 Landlines

6 Internet

o 6.1 Broadband

o 6.2 Statistics

7 Broadcasting

8 Next generation networks

9 Mobile Number Portability (MNP)

10 International

o 10.1 Submarine cables

11 Telecom Training in India

12 Numbering scheme

o 12.1 Mobile

o 12.2 Landline

13 See also

14 References

15 External links

[edit]Modern growth
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A large population, low telephony penetration levels, and a rise in consumer spending power has

helped make India the fastest-growing telecom market in the world. The market's first operator was

the state-ownedBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), created by corporatization of theIndian

Telecommunication Service, a government unit formerly responsible for provision of telephony

services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policies were revised to allowprivate operators,

companies such asBharti Airtel,Reliance Communications,Tata Teleservices,Idea

Cellular,AircelandLoop Mobilehave entered the market (Bharti Airtel currently being the largest

telecom company in India). In the fiscal year 2008-09, rural India outpaced urban India in mobile

growth rate.

The total number oftelephonesin the country stands at 885.99 million, while the overall tele-density

has increased to 73.97% as of June 30, 2011.[5]Mobile telephony experiences growths at rates such

as 11.41 million subscribers a month, which were added in June 2011.[5]

[edit]History

Telecomin the real sense means the transfer of information between two distant points in space. The

popular meaning of telecom always involveselectrical signalsand as a result, people often exclude

postal or any other rawtelecommunicationmethods from its meaning. Therefore, the history of Indian

telecom can be started with the introduction oftelegraph.

[edit]Introduction of the telegraph

The Indian postal and telecom sectors saw a slow and uneasy start. In 1850, the first experimental

electric telegraph line was started betweenKolkataandDiamond Harbor. In 1851, it was opened for

the use of theBritish East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small

corner of the Public Works Department,[13]at that time.

Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata (then

Calcutta) andPeshawarin the north along withAgra,Mumbai(then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats,

andChennai(then Madras) in the south, as well asOotacamundandBangalorewas started in

November 1853.Dr.William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered thetelegraphandtelephonein India,

belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom

throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities wereopened to the public.

[edit]Introduction of the telephone

In 1880, twotelephone companiesnamely TheOriental Telephone CompanyLtd. and The Anglo-

Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached theGovernment of Indiato establishtelephone

exchangesin India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones
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was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the

Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to theOriental Telephone

CompanyLimited ofEnglandfor opening telephone exchanges

atCalcutta,Bombay,MadrasandAhmedabadand the first formal telephone service was established

in the country.[14]On the 28th January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of theGovernor General of

India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The

exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange", was opened at third floor of the building at 7,

Council House Street, with a total of 93 subscribers. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the

opening of a telephone exchange.

[edit]Further milestones and developments

A Mobile Phone Tower.

Pre-1902 -Cable telegraph

1902 - Firstwireless telegraphstation established betweenSagar IslandsandSandheads.

1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced inKanpur.

1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange installed inShimla.

1927 - Radio-telegraph system between theUKand India, withImperial Wireless Chainbeam

stations atKhadkiandDaund. Inaugurated byLord Irwinon 23 July by exchanging greetings

withKing George V.

1933 -Radiotelephonesystem inaugurated between the UK and India.

1953 -12 channel carrier systemintroduced.

1960 - Firstsubscriber trunk dialingroute commissioned betweenLucknowandKanpur.
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuttahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company


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1975 - FirstPCMsystem commissioned betweenMumbaiCity andAndheritelephone

exchanges.

1976 - Firstdigitalmicrowavejunction introduced.

1979 - Firstoptical fibresystem for local junction commissioned atPune.

1980 - Firstsatellite earth stationfor domestic communications established

atSikandarabad,U.P..

1983 - FirstanalogStored Program Control exchange fortrunk linescommissioned at Mumbai.

1984 -C-DOTestablished for indigenous development and production ofdigitalexchanges.

1995 - Firstmobile telephoneservice started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995

inDelhi.

1995 - Internet Introduced in India starting with Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune on 15

August 1995

While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during

theBritishperiod, the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000. Post

independence, growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol

rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in

1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in the

country.

While certain measures were taken to boost the telecom industry from time to time, (for example

introduction of thetelexservice in Mumbaiin 1953 and commissioning of the firstSubscriber trunk

diallingroute between Delhi and Kanpur and between Lucknow and Kanpur in 1960), the first waves

of change were set going bySam Pitrodain the eighties.[15]The real transformation in scenario came

with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy in 1994.[16]

[edit]Indian telecom sector: recent policies

All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.

A Communication Convergence Bill introduced in the Parliament on August 31, 2001 is presently

before the Standing Committee of Parliament on Telecom and IT.

National Long Distance Service (NLD) is opened for unrestricted entry.

The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to competition.

The basic services are open to competition.

In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four metros and thirteen

circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been permitted to provide all types of mobile

services including voice and non-voice messages, data services andPCOsutilizing any type of
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network equipment, including circuit and/or package switches that meet certain required

standards.

Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New Telecom Policy

(NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global Mobile Personal Communication by

Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice Mail/

Audiotex/ Unified Messaging Services.

Wireless Local Loop(WLL)has been introduced to provide telephone connections in urban, semi-

urban and rural areas promptly.

Two telecom PSUs, VSNL and HTL have been disinvested.

Steps are being taken to fulfill Universal Service Obligation (USO), funding, and administration.

A decision to permit Community Phone Service has been announced.

Multiple Fixed Service Providers (FSPs) licensing guidelines were announced.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been allowed to set up International Internet Gateways,

both Satellite and Landing stations for submarine optical fiber cables.

Two categories of infrastructure providers have been allowed to provide end-to-end bandwidth

and dark fiber, right of way, towers, duct space etc.

Guidelines have been issued by the Government to open up Internet telephony (IP).

[edit]Emergence as a major player

In 1975, theDepartment of Telecom(DoT) was separated fromIndian Post & Telecommunication

Accounts and Finance Service. DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until

1985 whenMahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the

telecom services ofDelhiandMumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the

Government for private investment as a part ofLiberalisation-Privatization-Globalizationpolicy.

Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from its operations wing.

TheGovernment of Indiacorporatised the operations wing of DoT on 1 October 2000 and named it

asBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL). Many private operators, such asReliance

Communications,Tata Indicom,Vodafone,Loop Mobile,Airtel,Ideaetc., successfully entered the

high potential Indian telecom market.

[edit]Privatization of telcommunications in India

The Indian government was composed of many factions (parties) which had different ideologies.

Some of them were willing to throw open the market to foreign players (the centrists) and others

wanted the government to regulate infrastructure and restrict the involvement of foreign players. Due

to this political background it was very difficult to bring about liberalization in telecommunications.
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When a bill was in parliament a majority vote had to be passed, and such a majority was difficult to

obtain, given to the number of parties having different ideologies.

Liberalization started in 1981 when Prime MinisterIndira Gandhisigned contracts withAlcatel CITof

France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines

per year. But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition. She invited Sam Pitroda a

US basedNon-resident Indian NRIto set up aCenter for Development of Telematics(C-DOT),

however the plan failed due to political reasons. During this period, after the assassination of Indira

Gandhi, under the leadership ofRajiv Gandhi, many public sector organizations were set up like

theDepartment of Telecommunications(DoT),VSNLandMTNL. Many technological developments

took place in this regime but still foreign players were not allowed to participate in the

telecommunications business.[17]

The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that the Narsimha Rao-led

government introduced the national telecommunications policy [NTP] in 1994 which brought changes

in the following areas: ownership, service and regulation of telecommunications infrastructure. They

were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom companies and

international players. But still complete ownership of facilities was restricted only to the government

owned organizations. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the total stake. The multi-nationals were

just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making.[17]

During this period, the World Bank andITUhad advised the Indian Government to liberalize long

distance services in order to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL; and to enable

competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and better the

economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalized the local services, taking the

opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance

business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for basic telephony

and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B and C depending on

the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids to one private company

per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular service two service providers

were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each provider. During all these

improvements, the government did face oppositions fromITI, DoT, MTNL, VSNL and other laborunions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles.[17]

After 1995 the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which reduced the

interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The DoT opposed this. The political

powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership ofAtal Bihari Vajpayeewas

more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalization policies. They split DoT in two- one policy maker
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and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed asBSNL. The proposal of raising the

stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political party and leftist

thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002,

the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to

private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL.[17]

This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. After

March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licenses to private

operators. The government further reduced license fees forcellular serviceproviders and increased

the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees

finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every commonmiddle classfamily in India

to afford a cell phone. Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India. The data reveals the real

potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.[18]

In March 2008 the totalGSMandCDMAmobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million,

which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year.[19]As the unbranded

Chinese cell phones which do not haveInternational Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI) numbers pose

a serious security risk to the country,Mobile network operatorstherefore planned to suspend the

usage of around 30 millionmobile phones(about 8 % of all mobiles in the country) by 30 April.[20]56

years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total

mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after a number of

proactive initiatives were taken by regulators and licensors, the total number of mobile subscribers

has increased greatly to 851.70 million subscribers as of June 30th 2011.[5]

India has opted for the use of both theGSM (global system for mobile communications)andCDMA

(code-division multiple access)technologies in themobilesector. In addition tolandlineand mobile

phones, some of the companies also provide theWLLservice. The mobile tariffs in India have also

become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of

US$0.15 only. In 2005 alone additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04

and 2004-05.[citation needed]

In June 2009, theGovernment of Indiabanned the import of severalmobile phonesmanufactured

inChinaciting concerns over quality and the lack ofIMEI's which make it difficult for authorities in

India to track the sale and use of such phones.[21]In April 2010, the Government was also reported to

be blocking Indian service providers from purchasing Chinese mobile technology citing concerns that

Chinese hackers could compromise the Indian telecommunications network during times of national

emergency. A series ofattackson Indian governmentwebsitesandcomputer networksby suspected

Chinese hackers has also made Indian regulators suspicious with regards to the import of potentially
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