More Than Meets the More Than Meets the Eye:Eye:

SiddharthaSiddhartha, Part One, Part OneFeraco-EberleFeraco-Eberle

SFHPSFHP

22 September 200822 September 2008

Who is Siddhartha?Who is Siddhartha? Truly, not a single thing in all the world Truly, not a single thing in all the world

has so occupied my thoughts as this has so occupied my thoughts as this Self of mine, this riddle: that I am alive Self of mine, this riddle: that I am alive and that I am One, am different and and that I am One, am different and separate from all others, that I am separate from all others, that I am Siddhartha! And there is not a thing in Siddhartha! And there is not a thing in the world about which I know less than the world about which I know less than about myself!...I’ll be my own teacher, about myself!...I’ll be my own teacher, my own pupil. I’ll study myself – learn my own pupil. I’ll study myself – learn the secret that is Siddhartha.the secret that is Siddhartha.

- Page 31- Page 31

Why “Siddhartha”?Why “Siddhartha”? SiddharthaSiddhartha looks short, is looks short, is

written quietly, and features written quietly, and features only eight major charactersonly eight major characters

That said, it’s deceptively That said, it’s deceptively complex, and it explores complex, and it explores issues that cut across cultural issues that cut across cultural and generational lines…and generational lines…

……but before we can get to but before we can get to them, we need to start at the them, we need to start at the beginning – by answering the beginning – by answering the question abovequestion above

The answers will shed new The answers will shed new light on our characters, our light on our characters, our plot, and (hopefully) the plot, and (hopefully) the “secret that is Siddhartha”“secret that is Siddhartha”

What’s in a Name?What’s in a Name? What factors go into choosing a character’s What factors go into choosing a character’s

name?name? Symbolic/thematic meaning – The name’s Symbolic/thematic meaning – The name’s

sound or definition provides a hint or guideline sound or definition provides a hint or guideline to the character’s arc or personality, or to the character’s arc or personality, or underscores one or more of the author’s main underscores one or more of the author’s main messagesmessages

Example: Raskolnikov (based on the Russian word Example: Raskolnikov (based on the Russian word for “divided”) for “divided”)

Makes sense, considering he swings wildly between Makes sense, considering he swings wildly between extremes!extremes!

Example: Cady “Catty” Heron and her identity issuesExample: Cady “Catty” Heron and her identity issues Personal resonance – A character’s name has Personal resonance – A character’s name has

personal meaning to the authorpersonal meaning to the author Example: Janis Ian and “At Seventeen”Example: Janis Ian and “At Seventeen”

What’s in a Name? What’s in a Name? Part IIPart II

We’ll start by We’ll start by looking at the literal looking at the literal meaning of meaning of “Siddhartha”“Siddhartha” This allows us to This allows us to

discover its symbolic discover its symbolic importance!importance!

According to According to Wikipedia (always a Wikipedia (always a wonderful and wonderful and reliable source of reliable source of academic academic knowledge): knowledge): Sanskrit:Sanskrit:

A compound of “Sidd” A compound of “Sidd” can mean “fulfilled” or can mean “fulfilled” or “accomplished”“accomplished”

A compound of “artha” A compound of “artha” can mean “aim” or can mean “aim” or “wealth”“wealth”

Let’s Mash This Let’s Mash This UpUp Therefore, if you mash the two together, Therefore, if you mash the two together,

the literal meaning is “the wealth of the the literal meaning is “the wealth of the fulfilled aim”fulfilled aim” In other words, those who search correctly In other words, those who search correctly

and patiently will eventually find the object and patiently will eventually find the object of that search – whatever it may beof that search – whatever it may be

This begs the question: What’s at the end of This begs the question: What’s at the end of this search?this search?

The traditional stated meaning of The traditional stated meaning of “Siddhartha” has been modified a bit “Siddhartha” has been modified a bit from the literal mash-upfrom the literal mash-up It’s now “he who has achieved his aims,” or It’s now “he who has achieved his aims,” or

“he who is victorious.”“he who is victorious.”

NamesakesNamesakes If, as “Freakonomics” If, as “Freakonomics”

jokingly suggests, naming jokingly suggests, naming has some sort of impact has some sort of impact on our destiny – or if we on our destiny – or if we follow the follow the Crime and Crime and PunishmentPunishment approach – approach – Siddhartha’s name seems Siddhartha’s name seems to foreshadow a fortunate to foreshadow a fortunate futurefuture Literal mash-up or not, he Literal mash-up or not, he

seems likely to find what seems likely to find what he’s looking forhe’s looking for

Is the reason for the Is the reason for the name as simple as that?name as simple as that?

Come on…you know Come on…you know there has to be another there has to be another reason!reason!

Who Was Who Was Siddhartha?Siddhartha?

Multiple answers…Multiple answers… Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama

founded Buddhismfounded Buddhism ““Gotama” in the story Gotama” in the story

is the Buddha himself!is the Buddha himself! Yet “Siddhartha,” not Yet “Siddhartha,” not

“Gotama,” is the main “Gotama,” is the main character of Hesse’s character of Hesse’s texttext His name is incomplete His name is incomplete

– a first name without a – a first name without a lastlast

Who Was Gotama?Who Was Gotama? Why bother giving your character half a Why bother giving your character half a

name?name? Why bother naming your character Why bother naming your character

“Siddhartha” if he’s “Siddhartha” if he’s notnot the Buddha? the Buddha? Let’s be honest – at the end of the day, Let’s be honest – at the end of the day,

which guy is going to be leading the which guy is going to be leading the more impressive life? more impressive life?

Shouldn’t we be reading about that Shouldn’t we be reading about that guy?guy?

Why focus on the nobody?Why focus on the nobody?

What Does Gotama What Does Gotama Represent?Represent? In order to understand why “Siddhartha” In order to understand why “Siddhartha”

and “Gotama” are separated, it’s and “Gotama” are separated, it’s important to understand first who the important to understand first who the Buddha was, and why he was importantBuddha was, and why he was important

Firstly, Gautama/Gotama is a human Firstly, Gautama/Gotama is a human being, not a superhuman, deity, or being, not a superhuman, deity, or immortalimmortal The Buddha is not perceived as a god, The Buddha is not perceived as a god,

particularly not in a way analogous to particularly not in a way analogous to Christian worship of God and ChristChristian worship of God and Christ

Rather, Gotama is simply someone who Rather, Gotama is simply someone who finds what he set out to look for – a finds what he set out to look for – a greater spiritual truthgreater spiritual truth

A Role Model for All A Role Model for All AgesAges The idea that an individual The idea that an individual

could find true peace over could find true peace over the course of a normal the course of a normal lifespan is incredibly lifespan is incredibly inspirational to manyinspirational to many Represents spiritual Represents spiritual

fulfillment, which people can fulfillment, which people can search for over the course of search for over the course of a lifetime – and never find a lifetime – and never find

Just look at Mother TeresaJust look at Mother Teresa

Reject What You SeekReject What You Seek ““Gotama” has already achieved what Gotama” has already achieved what

Siddhartha seeks – obtained the knowledge Siddhartha seeks – obtained the knowledge and sense of peace that Siddhartha and sense of peace that Siddhartha craves craves Yet Siddhartha rejects the opportunity to learn from Yet Siddhartha rejects the opportunity to learn from

himhim He must discover what he seeks himself in order for He must discover what he seeks himself in order for

it to have personal meaning for himit to have personal meaning for him In many ways, Siddhartha represents a In many ways, Siddhartha represents a

fundamental contradictionfundamental contradiction He knows everything, yet he knows nothingHe knows everything, yet he knows nothing His is a spirit in crisisHis is a spirit in crisis

Siddhartha has no last name – lacks the Siddhartha has no last name – lacks the “Gautama” that history has attached to him – “Gautama” that history has attached to him – because he is an unfinished productbecause he is an unfinished product The implication, then, is that he will someday walk The implication, then, is that he will someday walk

Gautama’s path – but that the day is far awayGautama’s path – but that the day is far away

UnderstandingUnderstanding We’ve covered two important factors in We’ve covered two important factors in

Hesse’s choice for his main character’s nameHesse’s choice for his main character’s name The meaning of the word’s componentsThe meaning of the word’s components The importance of the “incompleteness”The importance of the “incompleteness”

Yet there is another reason for the name: a Yet there is another reason for the name: a parallel that Hesse recognized as he wroteparallel that Hesse recognized as he wrote

In order to understand that parallel, we need In order to understand that parallel, we need to cover some Buddhist fundamentals – to cover some Buddhist fundamentals – starting with the Three Universal Truthsstarting with the Three Universal Truths

The Three Universal The Three Universal TruthsTruths

Also known as the three signs of Also known as the three signs of existenceexistence

Anicca (impermanence)Anicca (impermanence) Anatta (impersonality, non-self)Anatta (impersonality, non-self) Dukkha (suffering)Dukkha (suffering)

Everything ChangesEverything Changes AniccaAnicca seems fairly self-explanatory seems fairly self-explanatory

However, the idea of essential transience doesn’t However, the idea of essential transience doesn’t necessitate throwing out the idea of permanencenecessitate throwing out the idea of permanence

It helps to think of the riverIt helps to think of the river The river will flow more slowly in wide, flat areas, The river will flow more slowly in wide, flat areas,

and will flow faster over rapids or downhilland will flow faster over rapids or downhill It gains speed depending on the season and It gains speed depending on the season and

rainfallrainfall In short, it exists in a state of permanent In short, it exists in a state of permanent

development and change, reacting to conditions development and change, reacting to conditions outside of its controloutside of its control

GotamaGotama Gotama’s life also proves helpfulGotama’s life also proves helpful

At birth, Siddhartha Gautama was predicted to At birth, Siddhartha Gautama was predicted to realize one of two destiniesrealize one of two destinies

Great kingGreat king Spiritual leaderSpiritual leader

His father, a king himself, was determined to His father, a king himself, was determined to prevent Siddhartha from becoming a religious prevent Siddhartha from becoming a religious leader, and shielded him from human sufferingleader, and shielded him from human suffering

At the age of twenty-nine, Siddhartha finally At the age of twenty-nine, Siddhartha finally went out into the world, and caught his first went out into the world, and caught his first glimpses of decline, sickness, and deathglimpses of decline, sickness, and death

This resulted in a profound change in his philosophyThis resulted in a profound change in his philosophy

……and There’s the and There’s the ParallelParallel Siddhartha walks the same path of the Buddha Siddhartha walks the same path of the Buddha

– the path to realization, to awareness of a – the path to realization, to awareness of a larger worldlarger world

By discovering pain outside of his sheltered By discovering pain outside of his sheltered world – just as Gotama did – Siddhartha will world – just as Gotama did – Siddhartha will grow more aware of interconnectedness, of the grow more aware of interconnectedness, of the essential unity of existenceessential unity of existence

This is one of the book’s fundamental ideasThis is one of the book’s fundamental ideas Everything changes, everything repeats, everything Everything changes, everything repeats, everything

is connectedis connected Clearly, the name wasn’t simply meant to Clearly, the name wasn’t simply meant to

foreshadow Siddhartha’s fateforeshadow Siddhartha’s fate It was also meant to recall his spiritual predecessorIt was also meant to recall his spiritual predecessor

Non-SelfNon-Self AnattaAnatta is a slightly more abstract is a slightly more abstract

conceptconcept Just remember that change is constantJust remember that change is constant

Because change is constant, we are Because change is constant, we are therefore subjected to constant changetherefore subjected to constant change

As a result, we must always change and As a result, we must always change and reactreact

This eliminates the need for a “core” selfThis eliminates the need for a “core” self

Another Helpful Another Helpful AnalogyAnalogy

The river always The river always exists, but does it exists, but does it always contain the always contain the same water?same water? You can never point You can never point

to the river and say, to the river and say, “That, there, is the “That, there, is the river” – because river” – because tomorrow, nothing tomorrow, nothing you pointed out will you pointed out will remainremain

All that remains is the All that remains is the bank of the river – the bank of the river – the shell surrounding that shell surrounding that which changeswhich changes

Suffer Never, Suffer Suffer Never, Suffer AlwaysAlways

Dukkha refers to all suffering, major or Dukkha refers to all suffering, major or minorminor

Suffering is constant in life because it Suffering is constant in life because it arises from our desire for the non-arises from our desire for the non-constantconstant We desire transient/impermanentWe desire transient/impermanent We miss something indefinableWe miss something indefinable

““If we suffer never/We won’t know if we If we suffer never/We won’t know if we are feeling good.”are feeling good.”

The Promise Ring, “Suffer Never”The Promise Ring, “Suffer Never”

The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths The Noble Truths provide additional The Noble Truths provide additional

perspective on dukkhaperspective on dukkha 1) Suffering exists1) Suffering exists 2) Suffering has a source – a cause for the 2) Suffering has a source – a cause for the

effecteffect Caused by human desireCaused by human desire

3) Suffering can be eliminated if we overcome 3) Suffering can be eliminated if we overcome our desiresour desires

Remember the ascetics?Remember the ascetics? 4)You can eliminate desire by following the 4)You can eliminate desire by following the

Eightfold PathEightfold Path ……but that lesson will need to wait for another but that lesson will need to wait for another

day.day.

Where We Left OffWhere We Left Off Last week, we covered the Three Last week, we covered the Three

Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths, Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Pathand the Eightfold Path

We’ll eventually study how each We’ll eventually study how each applies to applies to SiddharthaSiddhartha

For now, let’s review a few other For now, let’s review a few other concepts, and get started on some concepts, and get started on some chapter analysischapter analysis

A Couple Central A Couple Central QuestionsQuestions

By dedicating ourselves By dedicating ourselves entirely to an ideal, to entirely to an ideal, to the pursuit of one special the pursuit of one special thing, can we unlock the thing, can we unlock the potential within potential within ourselves to become ourselves to become something greater?something greater?

Can we transcend who Can we transcend who we are? Can we we are? Can we transcend who we want transcend who we want to be?to be?

BodhisattvaBodhisattva One who has achieved One who has achieved

enlightenmentenlightenment However, rather than However, rather than

attain nirvana, attain nirvana, bodhisattvas remain herebodhisattvas remain here Dedicate themselves to the Dedicate themselves to the

welfare of other living thingswelfare of other living things People pray to them for People pray to them for

helphelp We’ve already met two of We’ve already met two of

them at this point in the them at this point in the bookbook One is GautamaOne is Gautama Can you find the other?Can you find the other?

The Man Who Sold the The Man Who Sold the WorldWorld

Nirvana is the apexNirvana is the apex Represents the elimination of desireRepresents the elimination of desire

In turn, nirvana also brings serenity, In turn, nirvana also brings serenity, wisdom, and compassionwisdom, and compassion

Because desire is eliminated, suffering Because desire is eliminated, suffering is eliminatedis eliminated Without suffering, the samsara cycle is Without suffering, the samsara cycle is

brokenbroken

The WheelThe Wheel The samsara cycle represents The samsara cycle represents

birth and rebirth, the cycle of birth and rebirth, the cycle of existenceexistence

You enter, leave, and re-enter You enter, leave, and re-enter the material world (which the material world (which contains suffering) until you contains suffering) until you break freebreak free Hence, your existence here will Hence, your existence here will

be defined by suffering – unless be defined by suffering – unless you become more self-aware and you become more self-aware and take steps to reduce your pain!take steps to reduce your pain!

Nirvana breaks the cycleNirvana breaks the cycle Siddhartha Gautama, upon Siddhartha Gautama, upon

reaching nirvana, claimed he had reaching nirvana, claimed he had broken his Samsara cyclebroken his Samsara cycle

Don’t Be Fooled…Don’t Be Fooled… Maya vs. SatyamMaya vs. Satyam Maya: “The principle of ‘appearance,’ and the Maya: “The principle of ‘appearance,’ and the

illusory nature of the universe; what we see illusory nature of the universe; what we see around us is unreal, but Maya displays it as around us is unreal, but Maya displays it as real.”real.” Think of the MatrixThink of the Matrix

Satyam: “The real; that which abides and exists Satyam: “The real; that which abides and exists beyond Maya.”beyond Maya.” Think of life outside the Matrix Think of life outside the Matrix

You wish to see beyond the veilYou wish to see beyond the veil Acceptance of the veil means accepting your own Acceptance of the veil means accepting your own

blindness to the way things workblindness to the way things work This, in turn, prevents you from walking the path – This, in turn, prevents you from walking the path –

which means you will continue sufferingwhich means you will continue suffering

Everything You Do…Everything You Do… A related concept – one you’re probably more A related concept – one you’re probably more

familiar with – is karma.familiar with – is karma. Our decisions have real consequencesOur decisions have real consequences

We receive what we earn, for good or for ill – and it We receive what we earn, for good or for ill – and it lasts!lasts!

Helps determine the way the wheel spinsHelps determine the way the wheel spins Once again, nirvana breaks the cycleOnce again, nirvana breaks the cycle ““Everything you do/Comes back to you/Whatever Everything you do/Comes back to you/Whatever

it may be…/What you do as an angel/Or what you it may be…/What you do as an angel/Or what you do as a devil/The favor returns itself somehow.”do as a devil/The favor returns itself somehow.” 311, “Paradise”311, “Paradise”

OmOm The “word of words” can be defined in The “word of words” can be defined in

any number of waysany number of ways One useful way to think of Om is to One useful way to think of Om is to

understand that it represents unity, the understand that it represents unity, the “one-ness” of all things“one-ness” of all things This is why the Noble Eightfold Path places This is why the Noble Eightfold Path places

such high value on all living things – not just such high value on all living things – not just humanshumans

Siddhartha is able to “pronounce it Siddhartha is able to “pronounce it silently”silently” A true understanding of Om indicates A true understanding of Om indicates

enlightenmentenlightenment

Take ControlTake Control Control your circumstances through Control your circumstances through

understanding and dedicationunderstanding and dedication If you focus on understanding yourself, you will If you focus on understanding yourself, you will

be more aware of the consequences your be more aware of the consequences your actions causeactions cause Less likely to hurt others, or any living thingLess likely to hurt others, or any living thing Everything is connectedEverything is connected

If you try to do your best every day, your If you try to do your best every day, your dedication will eventually pay offdedication will eventually pay off

A Few More A Few More Questions…Questions…

How much control do you feel you How much control do you feel you have over your own happiness?have over your own happiness?

Do you consciously try to do things Do you consciously try to do things that satisfy you? that satisfy you?

Do you get too distracted or Do you get too distracted or overworked to focus on such overworked to focus on such matters?matters?

The Brahmin’s SonThe Brahmin’s Son Notice the title of the first Notice the title of the first

chapterchapter It’s another way of saying It’s another way of saying

“Siddhartha”“Siddhartha” Notice the title of the last Notice the title of the last

chapterchapter Remember, everything goes in Remember, everything goes in

a cycle…a cycle… Like a comet around the sun, Like a comet around the sun,

Govinda’s course carries him Govinda’s course carries him haphazardly through Siddhartha’s haphazardly through Siddhartha’s lifelife

We get a glimpse of him every so We get a glimpse of him every so often – and each one is importantoften – and each one is important

From the TopFrom the Top Notice the impermanence of every Notice the impermanence of every

detail of the first sentencedetail of the first sentence Shade (on a house – that which burns or Shade (on a house – that which burns or

crumbles)crumbles) Sunshine (by a river)Sunshine (by a river) Shade (partnered with sunshine; whenever Shade (partnered with sunshine; whenever

one disappears, so too does the other)one disappears, so too does the other) HandsomenessHandsomeness Growing upGrowing up

Right from the get-go, we’re introduced Right from the get-go, we’re introduced to some of our fundamental concepts – to some of our fundamental concepts – in this case, in this case, aniccaanicca

DukkhaDukkha Siddhartha seems to “have it all”Siddhartha seems to “have it all” Yet Siddhartha is unhappy; he suffersYet Siddhartha is unhappy; he suffers What is the source of “dukkha” here?What is the source of “dukkha” here?

Desire (of course! Desire is the source of all Desire (of course! Desire is the source of all suffering, remember?)suffering, remember?)

A better question: What does A better question: What does Siddhartha desire?Siddhartha desire? What are the questions that Siddhartha What are the questions that Siddhartha

asks – both the obvious ones, and the asks – both the obvious ones, and the unstated ones? unstated ones?

Are they similar to the questions you ask?Are they similar to the questions you ask?

The Wheel AgainThe Wheel Again Much of the reason for Siddhartha’s suffering is Much of the reason for Siddhartha’s suffering is

that he desires to break the cyclethat he desires to break the cycle Samsara cycleSamsara cycle Town cycleTown cycle

He laments that all of the wisdom that He laments that all of the wisdom that generations of Brahmins have gained has generations of Brahmins have gained has seemingly gone to wasteseemingly gone to waste

““There was wonderful wisdom in these verses; all There was wonderful wisdom in these verses; all the knowledge of the sages was told here in the knowledge of the sages was told here in enchanting language, pure as honey collected by enchanting language, pure as honey collected by the bees. No, this tremendous amount of the bees. No, this tremendous amount of knowledge, collected and preserved by knowledge, collected and preserved by successive generations of wise Brahmins could successive generations of wise Brahmins could not be easily overlooked. But where were the not be easily overlooked. But where were the Brahmins, the priests, the wise men, who were Brahmins, the priests, the wise men, who were successful not only in having this most profound successful not only in having this most profound knowledge, but in experiencing it?”knowledge, but in experiencing it?”

That’s All for Today…That’s All for Today…

More tomorrow!More tomorrow! Don’t forget Blog #4…or to read Don’t forget Blog #4…or to read

“Amongst the People!”“Amongst the People!”

Destinies LinkedDestinies Linked

Govinda (and, to a lesser extent, Govinda (and, to a lesser extent, Siddhartha’s father) ties his destiny Siddhartha’s father) ties his destiny to Siddharthato Siddhartha

Siddhartha shows no indication of Siddhartha shows no indication of caring about thiscaring about this

Some Important NamesSome Important Names SiddharthaSiddhartha

The main character in the storyThe main character in the story GovindaGovinda

Siddhartha’s childhood companionSiddhartha’s childhood companion GotamaGotama

An individual who has achieved nirvanaAn individual who has achieved nirvana VasudevaVasudeva

The ferryman who plays a bigger role near the endThe ferryman who plays a bigger role near the end KamaswamiKamaswami

A merchant who teaches Siddhartha the principles of A merchant who teaches Siddhartha the principles of businessbusiness

KamalaKamala The courtesan Siddhartha meets after leaving the The courtesan Siddhartha meets after leaving the

Samanas Samanas ……and more!and more!

Some Important Some Important ThemesThemes

LoveLove UnityUnity Generational DivideGenerational Divide PeacePeace SufferingSuffering SearchingSearching Enlightenment / Enlightenment /

KnowledgeKnowledge CyclesCycles IdentityIdentity PovertyPoverty Transformation / Transformation /

Transience / ChangeTransience / Change

TeachingTeaching ExcessExcess ControlControl CompromiseCompromise CompassionCompassion CrueltyCruelty ConsequencesConsequences Social StatusSocial Status RelationshipsRelationships IndependenceIndependence Sleeping / AwakeningSleeping / Awakening DefianceDefiance

Some Important Some Important SymbolsSymbols

The RiverThe River The OarThe Oar SnakeskinSnakeskin Songbird / Heron / Songbird / Heron /

BirdsBirds Forests / TreesForests / Trees The GazeThe Gaze The KissThe Kiss The HutThe Hut

Some Important Some Important QuestionsQuestions The Brahmin’s SonThe Brahmin’s Son

Why does Siddhartha leave home?Why does Siddhartha leave home? Who accompanies him? Who does Who accompanies him? Who does

he leave behind?he leave behind?

With the SamanasWith the Samanas What do the Samanas seek to What do the Samanas seek to

deprive themselves of, and what deprive themselves of, and what do they seek to eliminate? do they seek to eliminate?

Why are the Samanas “mistaken?”Why are the Samanas “mistaken?”

GotamaGotama Why do Govinda and Siddhartha Why do Govinda and Siddhartha

part ways?part ways? Why doesn’t Siddhartha stay with Why doesn’t Siddhartha stay with

Gotama?Gotama?

AwakeningAwakening What sort of epiphany does What sort of epiphany does

Siddhartha experience?Siddhartha experience?

KamalaKamala What does Kamala represent?What does Kamala represent? What steps does Siddhartha take to What steps does Siddhartha take to

win her affection? What do these win her affection? What do these changes indicate?changes indicate?

Why is it important that Siddhartha Why is it important that Siddhartha dreams about Govinda changing into dreams about Govinda changing into a woman?a woman?

Amongst the PeopleAmongst the People Which two “worlds” must Siddhartha Which two “worlds” must Siddhartha

inhabit during this phase of his life?inhabit during this phase of his life? Why does Siddhartha believe he and Why does Siddhartha believe he and

Kamala cannot love one another?Kamala cannot love one another?

SamsaraSamsara We see the samsara cycle expressed We see the samsara cycle expressed

very literally in this chapter. Can you very literally in this chapter. Can you identify the four stages?identify the four stages?

Why does Siddhartha treat so much Why does Siddhartha treat so much of life as a game?of life as a game?

What “traps” Siddhartha?What “traps” Siddhartha? What is the revelation at the end of What is the revelation at the end of

the chapter?the chapter?