Marc Ferre

• Voice-Print Analysis is a combination of both aural (listening) and spectrographic (instrumental) comparison of one or more known voices with an unknown voice for the purpose of identification or elimination.

• Used in many criminal cases

• A part of a larger branch of forensics analysis called acoustic analyses.

•It is said the technology is much like that of fingerprinting in that it creates a unique standard of comparison between subjects.

• Based on the concept that every voice is individually unique.

•size of vocal cavities•movement of speech muscles

• Viewed on spectograms

• Late 1940s•Voice Print Analysis was first developed at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey•Main purpose military intelligence

•Late 1960s•Technique adopted by Michigan State Police.•Modern-day use of technique adopted

AFIS

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

Jess Gambino

Automated Fingerprint Identification

the process of automatically matching one or many unknown fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints

primarily used by law enforcement agencies for criminal identification strategies

identifying a person suspected of committing a crime

linking a suspect to other unsolved crimes.

Background

1892: Argentina creates fingerprint system1896: Edward Henry develops prototype fingerprint classification system now used in U.S. & Europe

1900: Scotland Yard officially adopts Galton-Henry system

1903: NYPD starts to create fingerprint files of arrested people1996: Computerized searches of AFIS fingerprint database are implemented by the FBI

More Background

1999: AFIS is further refined to IAFISI = integrated

2007: largest AFIS repository in America is operated by the Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Visit Program

Contains over 63 million people’s fingerprints

IAFIS

National automated fingerprint identification and criminal history system

maintained by the FBI

largest biometric database in the world

Services

Law enforcement agencies can request a search in IAFIS to identify crime scene fingerprints obtained during criminal investigationsFor civil searches the FBI charges a small fee and the response time is slowerProvides:

automated fingerprint search capabilitieslatent searching capabilityelectronic image storageelectronic exchange of fingerprints and responses

Conclusion

The FBI has announced plans to replace IAFIS with a Next Generation Identification system

developed by Lockheed Martin

CODISEmil Gombos

What is CODIS?Combined DNA Index System

DNA database

Funded by FBI

1998

Computer system that stores DNA profiles from Federal, State, and Local crime labs

More CODISAn expansion of the Technical Working Group

on DNA Analysis Methods

Originally consisted of the Forensics Index and the Convicted Offender Index

Added the Arrestee Index, the Missing or Unidentified Persons Index, and the Missing Persons Reference Index.

CODIS BreakdownLDIS – Local DNA Index System

SDIS – State DNA Index System

NDIS – National DNA Index System

NumbersOver 9 million offender profiles

Over 300,000 forensic profiles

Has helped assist over 100,000 investigators

Le End

IBIS: Integrated Ballistics Identification SystemJames Larisch

Guns/Ballistic Significance

Guns have unique traces, like signatures

Barrel, firing pin, firing chamber, extractor, ejector, etc. leave traces on bullet/cartridge

Often these signatures must be compared

Find similar crimes, crimes committed by same people, gun registration, etc

In the Old Days…

Scientist would compare the ballistics found at crime scene to hundreds upon hundreds of ballistics on file

Comparison microscope

Insanely time-consuming

Inefficient

Automated Firearms Identification

1993: FBI, Mnemonics Systems Inc. – Drugfire

Cartridge Casings, eventually bullet imaging

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms built Integrated Ballistic Identification System based on platform by Forensic Technology WAI Inc.

1999: Drugfire is no longer used, IBIS standard for both

What does it do? (Wikipedia)

Ballistic Scanner: captures images of bullets and cartridges

Signature Extraction Unit: algorithm to detect unique signature

Data Storage: stores all collected data

Correlation Server: compares newly scanned data to database

Conclusion

IBIS is an incredibly useful, efficient

Major improvement

10 possible matches, 75%-95% accuracy

Used in almost all gun-crimes in US

Awesome

DNA Profiling

Some history…First reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys of

EnglandMade commercially available in 1987 with

the opening of a blood testing center

What is DNA Profiling?Also known as DNA testing, DNA typing,

genetic fingerprintingA technique used to aid in the identification

of individuals by their respective DNA profiles

Sets of numbers that reflect a persons DNA makeup

Can be used in parental identification and criminal investigation

The ProcessFirst begins with a reference sample (individuals

DNA found in blood, hair, saliva, etc.)Sample is analyzed using various methods to

create a unique profileRFLP AnalysisPCR AnalysisSTR AnalysisAmpFLPDNA Family Relationship AnalysisY-Chromosome AnalysisMitochondrial Analysis

Compared against another sample to determine genetic match

DNA DatabasesHold records of DNA profilesAs of 2007, the United States had over 5

million profilesCan be private but most are government

controlledIn the UK, police can keep profiles on

record even after an acquittalU.S. Patriot Act gives U.S access to

international databases

Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

DNA_profiling#Y-chromosome_analysishttp://science.howstuffworks.com/dna-

profiling.htm