moringa oleifera – an underutilised tree with amazing versatility newton k. amaglo department of...
TRANSCRIPT
Moringa oleifera – an underutilised
tree with amazing versatility
Newton K. Amaglo
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
• Family - Moringaceae • Genus - Moringa • Common names - horseradish tree, drumstick tree, West India Ben • Number of species - 14 • Most important - Moringa oleifera, M. stenopetala • Origin - Sub-Himalayan tracts of the Indian subcontinent • Occurrence, cultivation - all over the tropics • Growth and Size - fast growing perennial tree, grows to 7-12m height
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa tree – general information
Multiple uses of Moringa
Human food
Water purification
Pharmaceutical products
Animal and fish feed
Green manure
Plant growth hormone
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa parts and their uses
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Cooking, cosmetics, and medicinal & Individual uses
Moringa parts and their uses
Oil
Meal
Minus Oil
Seeds Pods RootsLeaves
StemsTwigs
Kernel
Bark
Shells Animal feed
Water purification
-Human consumption-Medicinal uses
FuelMinus coagulants
Animal feed
Extracted meal
Growth factors
Dyes tannins, medicinal uses
Biogas production
Excellent pulp
Wood
Moringa in GhanaCurrently Moringa can be found in every part of the country
In Volta region, it is called Yevu-ti (The white man’s tree). It was introduced by the Germans during the second world war. It is being used mainly as live fence.
In Ashanti region, it is reported that the royal clan brought it on their return from the Sesheles Island*.
it is known by the name “Buid” In the upper west region, It is one of the traditional foods of
the Dagatis where it is known as “Onwukowo” (chew and drink water)
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
* Mrs Alice Kunadu Acheampong, 2004 Kumasi.
• Trials in Nicaragua haveshown that it is ideally suitedalso for more intensiveproduction
• Traditionally cultivated as a backyard plant• It can also be grown as a hedge
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Methods of Moringa culture
Nutrient/Component Yield
(tons/ha/yr)
Concentration
(% DM)
Dry matter 126
Protein 21.4 17.0
Sugar 12.6 10.0
Starch 10.0 7.9
Lipid 4.4 3.5
NDF 30.2 24.0
NSP, Ash, Others 47.4 37.6
Source: N. Foidl, personal communication; NSP-non-starch polysaccharides
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Production of nutrients from intensive
M. oleifera cultivation in Nicaragua
Moringa – a highly valued food in the
tropics
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Nutritional and energy content of Moringa
leaves from three regions (% in dry matter)
CP-crude protein, CL-crude lipid, NDF-neutral detergent fibre, ADF-acid detergent fibre,ADL-acid detergent lignin, GE-gross energy (MJ/kg)
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Y
Mineral Composition of M. oleifera
leaves from different origins
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Essential amino acid composition of M.oleifera leaves from different regions (g/16gN)
FAO/WHO (1990) reference pattern suggested for pre-school children (2-5 years old);acystine+ methionine; btyrosine+ phenylalanine
Intensive moringa leaf production Moringa can be grown intensively with yields of up to 650
metric tons of green matter per hectare. This compares very well to other green manure crops such as
Lablab beans, which yield up to 110 tons/hectare of green matter in pure stands.
The green matter is harvested when plants reach a height of 50cm or more (every 35-40 days), cut at a distance of 15-20cm above the ground.
Although losses of seedlings may be 20-30% in the first year, the vigorous regrowth of the remaining seedlings will produce 3 or 5 new shoots after each cutting. Up to nine harvest can be obtained annually.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Young Moringa Shoots
about 3 weeks old
Moringa Shoots Ready for first Harvest
Moringa Shoots Cut at 20cm high
India's ancient tradition of ayurveda says the leaves of the Moringa tree prevent 300 diseases.
Modern science confirms the basic idea.
Scientific research has proven that these humble leaves are in fact a powerhouse of nutritional value.
Gram for gram, Moringa leaves contain:
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa- Nutritional Content
More than half of all children’s death in the third world are due tomalnutrition interactive effects on disease*. In Ghana malnutrition isone of the leading causes of death among children < 1 to 14 years ofage**.
Moringa leaves could practically wipe out malnutrition on our planet. Experts agree that the long-term solution to malnutrition is theuse of foods rich in the essential nutrients often lacking inpeople's diets. Modern scientific research is proving thatMoringa leaves are one of the richest sources of such nutrients.Even Small amounts of the leaves could protect thousands ofPeople from suffering and death.People in several countries have found that Moringa leaves arequite acceptable to taste, especially when added to common foods.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa- Nutritional Content- Cont.
* ECHO development nodes 1997
** MOH report of health and disease analysis task team. Feb 2001
M. oleifera leaves have become a
recommended food supplement
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Classical supplement for catch-up
growth in malnourished children
Moringa leaf powder supplement
Whole milk powder – 110g
Sugar – 50g
Oil – 30g
Electrolyte/mineral – 20ml
Made up with water to 1000ml
Spoonful thrice daily (total 25g)
along with millet broth
Problem of availability and affordabilityin poor far flung areas
Available and affordable to all,spectacular results, improvement fromday 10
• Leaf powder now recommended in Africa and
Asia as a nutritional supplement for
–Lactating mothers
–Infants and children
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa – a nutritious vegetable to a
“functional food”
Photo: Lowell J. Fuglie, Church World Service
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Moringa shoots as green manure Using moringa as a green manure can significantly enrich
agricultural land. In this process,
the land is first tilled. Moringa seed is then planted 1-2 cm deep at a spacing of 10x10 cm or less.
After 25 days, the seedlings are plowed into the soil to a depth of 15cm.
The land is then prepared again for the crop desired.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Major secondary compounds in Moringa parts(DM basis)
*inverse of wt. of sample in g per ml of assay solution that caused agglutinationnd: not detectable
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Level of two bioactive flavonoids inMoringa leaves and extracts
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activityof Moringa leaf extracts and syntheticantioxidants
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Yield percent of different solventextracts from Moringa leaves
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Content of carotenoids and ascorbic acid inMoringa leaves from different regions (mg / kg DM)
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West Africa
Chemical composition of untreated andtreated kernels and shells of M. oleifera(% in DM)
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Content of carotenoids and ascorbic acid inMoringa leaves from different regions (mg / kg DM)
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Prof Dr Klaus Becker
Use of Moringa as animal feed
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
* From N. Foidl; Nicaragua, dry season
Effect of Moringa forage supplementation on body mass development in cattle*
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa seed extract (MSE) influences proteindigestion by rumen microbes
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa forage as supplement in fatteningdiets for pigs*
* From N. Foidl; Nicaragua
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Growth performance of tilapia fed dietscontaining Moringa leaves
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Liver retinol (vitamin A) enrichment intilapia fed Moringa leaves
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa as Livestock feed Cont.Care must be taken to avoid excessive protein intake.
Too much protein in pig feed will increase muscle development at expense of fat production.
In cattle feed too much protein can be fatal (from alteration of the nitrogen cycle.)
Nutrient value of Moringa leaves can be increased for swine and poultry through addition of an enzyme (phytase) to break down the phytases, leading to increased absorption of the phosphorus found in Moringa.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
With Moringa feed, milk production was 10liters/day.-Without Moringa feed, milk production was 7liters/day.
With Moringa feed, daily weight gain of beef cattle was 1200grams/day.-Without Moringa feed, daily weight gain of cattle was
900 grams/day.
The higher birth weight (3-5kg) can be problematic for small cattle.
It may be advisable to induce birth 10 days prematurely to avoid problems. Incidence of twin births also increased dramatically with Moringa feed: 3 per 20births as opposed to the usual average of 1:1000.
Moringa as Livestock feed Cont.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa leaf extract as plant growth hormone
The juice from fresh moringa leaves can be used to produce an effective plant growth hormone, increasing yields by 25%-30% for nearly any crop: onions, bell pepper, soya, maize sorghum, coffee tea, chili, melon…
One of the active substance is zeatin: a plant hormone from the Cytokinines group
This foliar spray should be used in addition to other fertilizers, watering and sound agricultural practices.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
How to make the spray
Make an extract by grinding young moringa shoots (not more than 40 days old) together with a bit of water (about one liter per 10kg fresh material). Filter the Solid out of the solution. The solid matter, which contain 12-14% protein, can be used as livestock feed.
Dilute the extract with water at a 1:32 ratio and spray directly onto plants. Apply about 25ml per plant (Store in a freezer if extract is not going to be used within five(5) hours).
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa leaf extract as plant growth hormone Cont.
Crop
Effect of the use of Crop yield with Crop yield
the Moringa hormone without hormone
hormone (kg/manzana) (kg/manzana)
Peanut (floor runner)
Soya bean CEA-CH 86
Corn NB-6
Sorghum H887-V2
Onion (sondeo)
Granex
Tomato (sondeo)
Larger flowers 3,750 2,954
Increased dry matter
Greater yield
Higher quality nuts
Larger flowers 2.182 1,591
Greater biomass
Greater yield
Greater yield 6,045 4,454
Greater yield 3,234 2,787
Increased weight of 2,954 2,591
Average bulb
Increased flowering - -
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Crop Effect of the use of Crop yield with Crop yield
the Moringa hormone without hormone
hormone (kg/manzana) (kg/manzana)
Santa Clara
Cantalope
Bell Pepper
Yolo Wonder
Coffee
Sugar Cane
Black Bean Dor-364
Fewer losses of 11592 8820
Flowers after polinisation (melon)** (melon)**
Higher percentage of sugar
and minerals
Increased dry matter 17,380 11,752
Increased fruit weight
Larger grain size 1,682 1,409
Higher quality bean formation (semi-cleaned) (semi-cleaned)
Greater number of shoots 82,400 77,320
Per Planting
Higher percentage of
sugar and minerals
Greater yield 1,125 945
Moringa leaf extract as plant growth hormone Cont.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Immature Pods as Vegetables Immature fruits are eaten as
vegetable and has export market value in European markets
The pods can also be processed into canned vegetables
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa seed oil ExtractionSeeds yield 38-40% of a non-drying oil, known as Ben Oil,
used in arts and lubricating watches
and other delicate machinery.
Oil is clear, sweet and odourless and never
becomes rancid. It is useful as cooking oil, bio-fuel for diesel
engines, the manufacture of perfumes
and hairdressings.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Moringa as Livestock feed
Moringa leaves constituting 40-50% of feed, milk yields for dairy cows and daily weight gain for beef cattle increased 30%. Birth weight, averaging 22kg for local Jersey cattle, increased by 3-5kg.
The high protein content of moringa leaves must be balanced with other energy food. Cattle feed consisting of 40-50% moringa leaves should be mixed with sugar cane, young elephant grass, sweet (young) sorghum plants, or whatever else is locally available.
The maximum protein and fiber content of livestock feed should be :Protein FiberLactating cow : 18% 26-30%Beef cow : 12-14% 36%Lactating sow : 16-18% 5-7%Meat pig : 12-14% 5-7%
Using moringa leaves as cattle feed (beef and milk), Swine feed and Poultry feed.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Use of Moringa as water purifiers inrural tropics
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Coliform removal by M. oleifera extractscompared to effect of alums on muncipalwastewater
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Water treatment
The milled kernelThe milled kernel with oil already extracted
Both are effective in treating water
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Water treatment Cont. The active ingredient (a polyelectrolyte) has
been isolated in the laboratory 100kg of moringa kernels will produce about
1kg of (almost pure electrolyte) The seed powder can also be used to harvest
algae from waste water The seed powder has been used in large
scale community water treatment
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Water treatment Cont.This is a community water treatment plant in Tanzania where 50% Alum and 50% Moringa seed powder have been used.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Water treatment Cont.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com
Multiple uses and future perspectives
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana-West AfricaE-mail : moringa@ luxmail.com