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Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 1
MOROCCO
NATIONALLYDETERMINEDCONTRIBUTIONUNDERTHEUNFCCC
Introduction
Morocco’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is an improved version of the
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that Morocco presented to the
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange (UNFCCC)on June5,2015.
AlthoughMoroccoisresponsibleforonlyasmallshareoftheproblemofclimatechange,
itdevelopeditsNDCwiththeconvictionthattheglobalambitiontocountertheeffects
ofclimatechangecallsforacommitmentfromallpartieswithregardtomitigationand
adaptation, as well as means of implementation, cooperative approaches and
transparency.Asaresult,incompliancewithArticle3oftheParisAgreement,Morocco’s
NDC presents the kingdom’s efforts to combat climate change across all of the
aforementionedthemes.
Morocco’sNationalCircumstances
Located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, at the gates of Europe and
northern Africa, Morocco has always been a crossroads of civilizations. In recent
decades,Moroccohasexperiencedsubstantialeconomicandsocialdevelopmentwithin
the context of climate change that has an impact on all sectors. Consequently, the
pressure on natural resources has increased, affecting the resilience of forest
ecosystems and the agriculture sector, particularly because of water scarcity. Water
availabilitypercapitawasoverthreetimeshigherin1960(approximately2,600m3per
capitaperyear)thanitistoday(approximately700m3percapitaperyear).
Awareofthissituation,Moroccohasvoluntarilyandresolutelyengagedinaprocessto
combat global warming, progressively outlining its own vision while complying with
decisionstakencollectivelyattheinternationallevel.
Morocco’sVisiononClimateChange
Makeitsterritoryandcivilizationmoreresilienttoclimatechangewhileensuringarapidtransitiontoalow-carboneconomy.
Thispoliticalwillistodayembodiedbythekingdom’s2011Constitution,whichgaveitanew impetusby enshrining sustainable development as a right for all citizens, and byinstituting new instruments of democratic governance, a condition to achieving
sustainabledevelopment across the country.Thispoliticalwill is further enshrined in
the Framework Law on the National Charter for Environment and Sustainable
Development(NCESD),whichasserts“therightsanddutiesinherenttotheenvironment
andsustainabledevelopmentaccordedtonaturalandlegalpersonsandproclaimsthese
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 2
principles to be respected by the state, local authorities and public institutions and
businesses.”1 The operationalization of the charter was undertaken through the
preparation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD), whichwill
guide the actions of all public institutions and private actors in furthering social and
economicdevelopmentthatisbothsustainableanddynamic.
Morocco’sNDCfindsitsinstitutionalrootsintheNSSDandoutlinesavisionofMorocco
in 2030. As a result, the implementation of Morocco’s NDC is part of an integrated
approachthatgoesbeyondclimatechange,toinclude:
• Respect forhuman rights andgenderequality, as enshrined inMorocco’s2011
Constitution.
• SynergieswiththetwootherRioconventions,whichaimtorestore,respectand
maintainbiologicaldiversityandtheintegratedmanagementofwaterresources
and sustainable landmanagement in order to combat desertification and land
degradation.
• Alignment of actions related to climate change with the UN’s Sustainable
DevelopmentGoals(SDGs),especiallygoals1,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,and17.
• ImplementationoftheadvancedregionalizationprojectinMorocco,buildingon
integrated and participatory strategic land planning. This project will
substantially contribute to implementing Morocco’s NDC through a national
vision for landplanning that promotes regional potentials and resources along
withsolidaritybetweenregions.
Morocco has the conviction that significant and unprecedented engagement from
Moroccanactorsisrequired,notablythoseinthefinancialsectorwhohavetheabilityto
influenceinvestmentflowsandtheirpeersengagedininternationalfinance.
To promote this engagement from stakeholders at different levels, Morocco has
established the Moroccan Competence Centre for Climate Change (4C Maroc),2 a
capacity-buildingand information-sharingplatformonclimatechange.Theplatformis
availabletovariousstakeholdersandhasaregionalandAfricanoutreach.TheMosaïcc
portal3 was also established as a result of a partnership between national and
international institutions. The portal strives to build capacity around adaptation to
climate change in the agricultural, water and forestry sectors. The 4CMaroc and the
Mosaïccportalswillbethedriversofthisengagement.
1ThisisanunofficialtranslationoftheFrameworkLawforNationalCharterforEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment.2Seewww.4c.ma 3Seewww.changementclimatique.ma
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 3
DevelopmentProcess
Indeveloping itsNDC,Moroccoundertookabroad, two-yearstakeholderconsultation
process.Duringthisprocess,Moroccoreviewedthepoliciesandprogramsthatarebeing
implemented to combat global warming and determined how ambitious the country
wantstobeinitsNDC.
TheprocessfordevelopingitsINDCculminatedinanationalconference,heldonJune2,
2015, in Rabat and chaired by the head of government, to officially present the draft
INDC to allMoroccan stakeholders. Consultations held after the adoption of the Paris
Agreement strengthened the foundations of the NDC, and enabled a renewal of
stakeholder engagement by ensuring their full support for the implementation of the
commitmentsincludedinthepresentdocument.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 4
Morocco’sCommitment:KeyTakeaways
Morocco,movedby itsdeeplyheldconvictionsofcommonbutdifferentiated
responsibility,byitsbeliefinacommonhumandestinyanditscommitmentto
theprincipleofequity,strivestooutlinethepathtoaglobal,responsibleand
fairpledgeforthewell-beingofourplanet.
Owing to Morocco’s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change,
Morocco ought to first minimize the risks of these impacts and invest in
adaptation compared to mitigation actions. Morocco has made important
stridesinmattersofadaptationsinceitsindependencein1956.Between2005
and 2010, the kingdom dedicated 64 % of its total climate spending toadaptationefforts,avalueequivalentto9%ofitstotalinvestmentspending.
The proportion of Morocco’s national budget dedicated to adaptation is a
testimony to the scale of the challenge facingMoroccan society. Efforts will
havetoincreaseoverthecomingyearsanddecades.Asanexample,Morocco
forecasts that, between 2020 and 2030, the implementation of adaptation
programs will cost at aminimum USD 35 billion for the most vulnerablesectors,namelywater,forestryandagriculture.
Withregardstomitigation,Morocco’sGHGemissionreductiontargetswillbe
achieved through economy-wide actions. Coordination of mitigation targets
stemming fromall sectoral strategies and all actionplanswill fall under the
auspices of a low-carbon development strategy, which is currently being
drafted. Numerous sectors will be addressed by these plans and strategies,
namely energy, agriculture, transportation, water, waste, forestry, industry,
housingandinfrastructure.
MoroccocommitstoreducingitsGHGemissionsby42%belowbusiness-as-usual(BAU)levelsby2030.ThiscommitmentwillonlybemadepossibleifMorocco gains access to new sources of finance and to additional support
relativetosupportreceivedinrecentyears.Thiscommitmentleadstoatotal
reduction of 527 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e)
between2020and2030.ThetotalcosttoreachthisgoalisUSD50billion,of
which USD 24 billion would be conditional on international support made
available through new climate finance mechanisms, including the Green
ClimateFund(GCF).
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 5
MOROCCO
NATIONALLYDETERMINEDCONTRIBUTIONRELATIVETOMITIGATION
In terms of mitigation, Morocco has set a national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
reduction target of 42% below BAU emissions by 2030, which can only be reached
under the condition of benefitting from substantial support from the international
community.Moroccoalsocommitstoanunconditionalreductiontargetof17%below
BAUlevelsby2030, taking intoaccountreductions inAgriculture,Forestry,andOther
LandUse(AFOLU).
TheseGHGemissionreductiontargetswillbeachievedbymeasurestakeninallsectors
oftheeconomy.Coordinationofmitigationtargetsstemmingfromallsectoralstrategies
andallactionplanswill fallundertheauspicesofa low-carbondevelopmentstrategy,
whichiscurrentlybeingdrafted.Numeroussectorswillbetargetedbytheseplansand
strategies, namely energy, agriculture, transportation,water,waste, forestry, industry,
housingandinfrastructure.
Morocco’sGHGmitigationgoalsrelyinlargepartonanimportanttransformationofthe
country’senergysector.Thistransformationisdrivenbygreatpoliticalwill. Itaimsto
reducethecountry’sheavyrelianceonforeignenergysourcesandincreasetheshareof
renewable energy, while responding to growing demand for energy to ensure the
socioeconomic development and well-being of its citizens. The primary goals that
underliethisenergytransitionarethefollowing:
• Reachingover52%of installedelectricityproductioncapacity fromrenewable
sourcesby2030.
• Reducingenergyconsumptionby15%by2030.
• Substantiallyreducingpublicfossilfuelsubsidies,buildingonreformsalready
undertakeninrecentyears.
• Substantially increasing the use of natural gas, through infrastructure projects
allowingliquefiednaturalgasimports.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 6
MitigationTargets
UnconditionalTarget A17%reductioninGHGemissionsby2030comparedtoa
BAU scenario, with 4% coming from AFOLU actions.
WithoutAFOLUactions,thereductiontargetis13%.
ConditionalTarget An additional reduction of 25% achievable under certain
conditions,whichwould bring the total GHG reduction to
42%belowBAUemissionlevelsby2030,includingAFOLU
actions. Without AFOLU actions, the additional reduction
would be 21%, which would bring the conditional
reductiontargetto34%
FinancialNeedsand
Conditions
Meeting theoverall targetof42%requiresan investment
estimated at USD50billion between 2010 and 2030.
Meetingtheconditionalcomponentofthetarget,forwhich
costs are estimated to reachUSD24billion, is conditional
upon access to new sources of finance and to additional
support,comparedtothatreceivedoverthepastyears.
ExpectedTrajectory
For reference and planning purposes only, Figure1 and
Table1 present Morocco’s forecasts of the emissions
pathwaysassociatedwiththetargetspresented.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 7
Figure1.Emissionspathwaysofmitigationscenarios(withandwithoutAFOLU)
Table1.SummaryofMorocco’skeydataregardingthemitigationscenarios
MtCO2e 2010 2020 2025 2030 Total2020–2030
Emissions—BAU 93.9 121.6 142.7 170.8 1584.8
Emissions—UnconditionalScenario
(withAFOLU)
93.9 107.1 116.7 141.4 1326.9
Emissions—UnconditionalScenario
(withoutAFOLU)
93.9 111.3 122.5 148.7 1390.5
Emissions—Conditional
Scenario(withAFOLU)
93.9 97.2 91.6 98.9 1061.3
Emissions—Conditional
Scenario
(withoutAFOLU)
93.9 101.9 101.8 113.2 1172.1
ExpectedReductions—Unconditional
Scenario
(withAFOLU)
0.0 14.6 26.0 29.4 257.9
ExpectedReductions—Unconditional
Scenario
(withoutAFOLU)
0.0 10.3 20.3 22.1 194.3
ExpectedReductions—Conditional
Scenario
(withAFOLU)
0.0 24.4 51.1 71.9 523.5
ExpectedReductions—Conditional
Scenario
(withoutAFOLU)
0.0 19.7 40.9 57.5 412.7
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
MtC
O2e
year
ScenarioBAUUnconditionalscenariowithAFOLUConditionalscenariowithAFOLUUnconditionalscenariowithoutAFOLUConditionalscenariowithoutAFOLU
-13%
-17%
-34%
-42%
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 8
AssumptionsandMethodologicalApproaches
TypeofTargets Emission reductions from projected emissions for the
year2030,accordingtoaBAUscenario
Coverage Economy-wide
GasesCovered • Carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O)
• Fluorinatedgasesarenotcovered;theyarerarelyusedinMoroccoandtheiremissionsaremarginal
Sectorscovered • Electricityproduction• Housing(residentialandtertiary)• Agriculture• Industry• Transportation• Waste• Forestry
BAUScenario GHGemissionprojectionsfor2030,startingin2010,which
isthefirstyearof implementationoftheNationalPlanfor
theFight againstGlobalWarming.Projectionsdonot take
into account the mitigation measures and actions
implementedfrom2010.
MitigationScenarios GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010. The
unconditional mitigation scenario is based on the
implementation of 24 actions, including 9 AFOLU actions.
Theconditionalscenarioassumestheimplementationof31
additional actions over the period 2010–2030, including
11AFOLU actions (see Annex1). A 2030 GHG emissions
pathwaytakingintoaccounttheeliminationofpublicfossil
fuels subsidies has been carried out to consider potential
additionalGHGreductionscomingfromthesereforms.
GlobalWarming
Potential(GWP)
The GWP values used are those determined by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
according to Decision17/CP.8 of the UNFCCC, for the
preparationofnationalemissionsinventories:
• GWPCO2=1(byconvention)
• GWPCH4=21
• GWPN2O=310
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 9
Methodologyfor
EstimatingEmissions
The 2010 GHG emissions inventory, as well as BAU and
mitigation scenarios, were completed according to the
revised1996IPCCGuidelines.
The BAU and mitigation scenarios were developed based
on data from theNational StatisticsDirectory, on data on
sectorial activities and on economic, demographic and
sectoralprospectiveanalyses.
Methodologyfor
EstimatingEmissions
fromAgricultural,
Forestryandother
Land-UseSectors
Fortheagricultureandforestrysectors,onlyCO2storedin
biomasswastakenintoaccount.
For the agricultural sector, GHG emissions and CO2
sequesteredfromagroforestryprogramsanddevelopment
of rangelands included in the Morocco Green Plan (olive
cultivation, agroforestryof fruits, citrus, argon, fruit trees,
palmtrees,datetreesanddevelopmentofrangelands)are
takenintoaccount.
For the forestry sector and other land-use sectors, only
GHGemissionsandCO2sequesteredrelatedtoafforestation
and reforestation actions, to the development and
managementof silvopastoral plans, toprojects countering
silting,improvedhomecookstovesandthemanagementof
forestry climate risks (for example, wildfires and forest
health)aretakenintoaccount.
PlanningforImplementation
In recent years, Morocco has thoroughly reformed its institutional, legal and fiscal
frameworks to enable the transition to a green economy. A good example of a fiscal
reformisMorocco’sreductionofpublicsubsidiestoelectricityanddifferentpetroleum
products, such as industrial fuels and gasoline, amove that creates amore attractive
environment for investments in renewable energy and the rationing of energy
consumption.Inaddition,institutionalreformisunderway,which,forexample,expands
the mandate of the Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) to include the
developmentofallrenewableenergyfromallsources.
TheimplementationofMorocco’sNDCisbasedonseverallaws,strategiesandnational
action plans, including the low-carbon development strategy, which takes its targets
from the NDC, as well as clear and ambitious sectorial targets (see Table2). For
reference, Annex 1 presents the portfolio of actions used to estimate Morocco’s
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 10
mitigation Contribution by 2030 and those Morocco plans to implement under its
Contribution.Itfollowsthat55actions,ofwhich20areAFOLUactions,spanningacross
all sectors, have been identified to define the mitigation scenario that leads to the
conditionaltarget,asshowninFigures2and3.
Key sectoral strategies, along with their respective targets for the implementation of
Morocco’sContribution,areoutlinedinTable2.
Table2.KeySectorialStrategiesandTargetsfortheImplementationofMorocco’sMitigationContribution
Strategiesandactionplans
Targets
NationalEnergy
Strategy
• Provide 52% of the installed electrical power from
renewable sources, of which 20% is from solar energy,
20% is from wind energy and 12% is from hydraulic
energyby2030.
• Achieve 15% energy savings by 2030, compared to
currenttrends.
• Reduce energy consumption in buildings, industry and
transport by 12% by 2020 and 15% by 2030. The
breakdownofexpectedenergysavingspersectoris48%
for industry,23% for transport,19% for residential and
10%forservices.
• Install by 2030 an additional capacity of 3,900MW of
combined-cycle technology running on imported natural
gas.
• Supply major industries with imported and regazified
naturalgasbypipelines.
NationalLogistics
Strategy
• Reduce logistical costs from 20% to 15% by 2019 to
benefit consumers and promote operator competition
throughoptimizedmanagementleadingtohighersecurity
andthemaximizationofmerchandiseflows.
• Accelerate GDP growth rate by increasing value added
throughreducinglogisticcosts.
• Contribute to sustainable development by reducing
disruptions (e.g., reduction of the number of tonnes per
kilometer by 30% and reducing traffic density on
freewaysandwithincities).
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 11
National
Householdand
SimilarWaste
Program
• Mainstream household waste management master plans
andstandardizethemforallregionsandprovincesof the
kingdom.
• Improve the collection of householdwaste to achieve an
urban collection rate of 90% by 2020 and of 100% by
2030.
• Establish landfill and recycling centers for household
wasteforthebenefitofallurbanareasby2020.
• Rehabilitateorcloseallillegallandfillsby2020.
• Makethemanagementofthesectormoreprofessional.
• Develop chains of “sorting-recycling-recovering” with
sorting pilot projects to achieve a 20% rate for recycled
materialsby2020.
• Trainandraiseawarenessofstakeholdersonwasteissues.
NationalLiquid
Sanitationand
Wastewater
Treatment
Program
• Reachanoverallurbansewerageconnectionrateof75%
by2016,80%by2020and100%by2030.
• Reach a 50% volume of treatedwastewater by 2016, of
60%by2020andof100%by2030.
• Expand wastewater management to services and reuse
50%ofwastewaterinin-landcitiesby2020.
MoroccoGreen
Plan
• Modernize the agricultural sector to make it more
competitiveand integrated in theglobalmarket tocreate
wealthovertheentirevaluechain.
• Take into account the agricultural sector in all its
sociological and territorial components by incorporating
humandevelopmentobjectivesasakeyrequirement.
• Improve the promotion of natural resources and their
sustainablemanagement.
• Define the necessary policies to support sustainable
growth.
Preservationand
SustainableForest
Management
Strategy
• Developforestryandsurroundingareas.
• Finalizelanddemarcationandregistryofforestedareas.
• Complete the suckering, renewal or afforestation of
approximately 50,000 hectares per year, with a primary
focus on natural species and support for high-quality
forestresearchwhenrehabilitatingterritory.
• Protectwaterbasinsagainsterosionandsiltationofdams.
• Rehabilitateecosystemsandprotectandpromotenatural
areasaswellasendangeredspeciesasresources.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 12
UrbanPublic
Transit
Improvement
Program
• Implement large-scale public transit in major urban
centerspoweredbyrenewableenergy
• Create a USD 200 million support fund for urban road
transportation
• CreateaTaxiFleetRenewalProgram
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 13
Figure2.Distributionoftheexpectedmitigationeffortbysectortoachievetheoveralltarget(withAFOLU)
ElectricityProduction
42.1%
ResidentialandTertiary7.6%
Industry6.4%
Transportation9.5%
Waste13.0%
Agriculture9.7%
Forest11.6%
Distributionoftheeffortbetween2020and2030
ElectricityProduction
45.0%
ResidentialandTertiary8.3%
Industry7.9%
Transportation8.6%
Waste10.2%
Agriculture7.9%
Forest12.1%
Distributionoftheeffortin2030
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 14
Figure3.Distributionoftheexpectedmitigationeffortinenergygenerationandconsumptionforavarietyofpurposestoachievetheoveralltarget
OtherConsiderations
UseofMarket
Mechanisms
Moroccoconsiderstheestablishmentofinternationalmarket-
based mechanisms of primary importance, in order to
promote cooperation between parties with respect to their
mitigation contributions, as per Article6 of the Paris
Agreement.Themechanismsare vital in reducing total costs
for achieving the temperature target outlined in Article2 of
theParisAgreement.
Equityand
Ambition
Moroccoconsiders itsNDCtobeambitiousandfair forthree
mainreasons:
• Morocco makes, for the first time, a formal
commitment to limit thegrowthof itsGHGemissions,
despite representing only 0.2% of global GHG
emissionsin2010.
• Achieving the conditional target would mean that
Morocco’s per capita emissions would not exceed
2.6tCO2e in 2030, including AFOLU (3tCO2e per
capitawithoutAFOLUactions)andtheGHGintensityin
relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would
improveby4.1%overtheperiod2010–2030.
• Finally,Moroccomustfocusonminimizingtherisksof
ElectricityProduction
64.2%
Residentialand
Tertiary11.6%
Industry9.8%
Transportation14.4%
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 15
climate change impacts above and beyond mitigation
actions.Certaineconomicactivities,suchasagriculture,
fisheries, aquaculture, forestry and tourism, are
significantly vulnerable, as are certain ecosystems,
such as oases, the coastal zones and mountainous
areas.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 16
MOROCCO
ADAPTATIONCOMMUNICATION
Morocco’sVulnerabilitytoClimateChange
MoroccoisamongtheMediterraneanandAfricanregionsthathavebeenexposedtothe
impactsofclimatechangeforseveraldecadesnow.InMorocco, the impactsofclimate
changetaketheformofareductioninprecipitationandsnowcover,andageneralrise
intemperaturesacrossthecountry.
Historically, Morocco went through 20 years of drought in the past 70 years, which
means almost one third of that period. Studies show that in the future,Moroccowill
becomemorearidduetoadecreaseinprecipitation,aconcurrenttemperatureincrease,
andextremeweathereventsoccurringwithhigherfrequency.Projectionsshowthatthe
country’sdecreaseinprecipitationwillbetotheorderof20%ona2050-timehorizon,
with a greater impact in semi-arid plains. Morocco’s Third Communication to the
UNFCCC, submitted in 2016, offers an exhaustive status report of Morocco’s
vulnerabilitytoclimatechange,andoftheadaptationactionsunderway.
Morocco is very vulnerable to climate change, due to its geographical location, and is
pronetowaterscarcity,decliningagriculturalproduction,desertification, floodingand
rising sea levels. Thanks to the kingdom’s great efforts with regards to human
development,povertyinallformshaslargelybeeneradicatedinurbancentersandhas
beengreatlyreducedinruralareasduetoanincreaseinpeople’slivingstandardsand
efforts to reduce social disparities. However, these efforts are at risk of being
counteracted by climate change’s negative impacts on the domestic economy and
communities,includinginruralareas.Thus,forMorocco,adaptationtoclimatechangeis
thecornerstoneofanyprogramorpolicyonsustainabledevelopment.Someeconomic
sectorsorecosystemsaremoresensitivethanotherstoclimatechange,namelywater,
agriculture,fisheries,shorelines,forestryandhealth.Forothersectorsandecosystems,
ashortcomingofreadilyavailabledatameansthatitisnotcurrentlyavailabletoprovide
adetaileddescriptionoftheirsensitivities.WaterSectorVulnerabilityInMorocco,water sources entirely dependent onprecipitation are very vulnerable to
thespatialandtemporalclimatevariability,aswellasclimatechange.Sincethe1980s,
these sources have faced the negative impacts of climate change and an increase in
demand from resident and economic sectors, and have decreased substantially as a
result.Morocco is one of the countrieswith the smallest volume ofwater per capita.
Water potential is estimated to be 22billionm3 annually, orwater availability that is
less than 700m3/capita/year, for a population of 33.9million people. Despite a
considerable effort in the construction of hydraulic structures and access to
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 17
unconventionalresources,thisquantitycouldfallto500m3by2030duetotheimpacts
of climate change, population growth and a growth in economic activity. Forecasts
conducted on certain water basins indicate that water available to residents will
decrease to the level of water shortage by 2050. Water sector vulnerability will be
affected by the increasing costs of action, and the aging and deteriorating quality of
surface and underground resources. Conventional water resources will no longer be
enoughtofulfilltheneedsofthecitizensandofthevarioussocioeconomicsectors.Ithas
become necessary for Morocco to develop unconventional water resources (such as
water desalination, demineralization of brackish water, recycling treated wastewater
andharvestingrainwater).
VulnerabilityoftheAgriculturalSector
Theagricultural sector is a centralpartof theMoroccaneconomy,having contributed
more than 14% to national accounts and employed over 39% of the country’s labor
force between 2008 and 2013. A large part of lands used for agriculture are not
irrigated, making the sector vulnerable to climate change. Several years of droughts
spanning over the last decades have affected the agricultural sector’s main types of
crops—and thus theeconomy—andcommunity living standards, including in rural
areas. In addition, the geographic area where multiple arboreal species used for
arboriculture are found has shrunk as a result of increasing temperatures.Numerous
studies inMorocco have found that climate changewill substantially affect irrigation
capacitiesandcropyields,aswellasthegeographicareainwhichfruittreesandcrops
important for food security can grow. Climate change will hasten the degradation of
natural resources essential to agriculture, notably water, soils and agricultural
biodiversity. In addition, rangelands,which cover82%of the country’s arid land, are
already facing a degradation of plant breeding resources, as a result of both
anthropogenic and climate factors.This increasingdesertification ishaving anegative
impactonfeedstocklevels.Climatechangeisexpectedtoincreasethedesertificationof
these lands, and increase degradation and accelerate the loss of yields in fragile,
mountainousareas, inoasisecosystems,andargantrees,whicharealready indecline.
These ecosystems are vital to subsistence for at-risk populations, the protection of
naturalresourcesandthefightagainstdesertification.
VulnerabilityoftheMaritimeFisheriesSectorThemaritimefisheriessectorcontributesupto2.3%ofMorocco’sGDPanddirectlyor
indirectlyemploys660,000people. It sustains3millionpeopleandmakesup15%of
totalMoroccanexports,or59%ofagri-foodexports.Despiteimprecisepredictions,the
sectorisseenasoneofthemostvulnerabletoclimatechange.Thevulnerabilitystems
from“upwelling”zones(whichhaveahighfishdensity),sensitivitiestoclimatechange
andthelimitedeconomiccapacityoftheaffectedcommunities.Climatechangepresents
additionalchallenges,directandindirect,tooceanandcoastalecosystemsthatareoften
already made fragile by other anthropogenic effects. The consequences of climate
change,inadditiontohumanactivity,willaffectthedistributionandproductivityoffish
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 18
stocks,aswellasthestructureandproductivityofcertainecosystemsandtheirspecies’
populations. In Morocco, certain impacts of climate change, coupled with the
overexploitationoffisheriesresources,arealreadyvisibleintheshiftofmatingperiods,
themigrationanddisappearanceof certain species, the risingaverage temperatureof
marinewaters,thereductionofthenumberofdaysamenabletofishingduetoincreases
infloodingandstorms,andthereductionofpreviouslyveryabundantstocks.
VulnerabilityoftheCoastlineMorocco has 3,500km of coastline along the Atlantic and theMediterranean. Climate
changewill lead to an increase in flooding, the erosionof sand coastlines, and loosof
coastal biodiversity and marine submersion. Because the vast majority of industrial,
urban and tourist activity is clustered around coastal cities, climate change could
impede the country’s socioeconomic development and lead to consequential
environmental impacts in the absence of countervailingmeasures.Numerousbeaches
alongboththeMediterraneanandAtlanticshorelineshavealreadyfacedsevereerosion
orhaveentirelydisappeared,despitemeasures takenbypublicpowers. Sea-level rise
maysubmergehalfofthelandareaofbeachesby2050and72%oftheirareaby2100,
and187,400peoplecouldbeaffectedbyfloodingduetosea-levelrise.
VulnerabilityoftheForestrySectorForest ecosystems serve an important purpose for the country and the lives of
vulnerable populations. Theyplay a crucial role in the socioeconomic development of
rural andmountain areas, including someof themost remote areas of the country. A
greatanthropogenicstressisinducedontheseecosystems,astressthatMoroccostrives
to bring back to levels cognizant to their production capacity, through a participative
approachwithlocalcommunities.ForestecosystemsinMoroccoarealreadywitnessing
theimpactsofclimatechange,suchasthesporadicdecayofcertainMiddleAtlascedar
trees. Other imminent risks include more frequent and more severe wildfires, and
phytosanitary problems stemming from the emergence of new pests. Climate change
willhaveanimpactonhowvibrantanddynamicforestecosystemsare,ontheirability
to regenerate and to adapt to regular climate fluctuations, their biodiversity (both of
their faunaand flora), their consistency, and their spatialdistribution.Climate change
will also induce catastrophic impactson currentkeyecologicalbalancesknowing that
extremelycrucialorographicrangesmakeuppartsofthecountry’sgeography.Climate
change will increase the risk that the surface area of some forest ecosystems (cedar
trees,corkoak,cypresstrees,argantrees,andothers)shrinksandmakeswayforpre-
forest, steppes, and desert ecosystems, which will have concomitant impacts both in
termsofsocioeconomicdynamicsandintermslossesofecosystemservices.
VulnerabilityoftheHealthSectorVulnerability to climate change of the health sector is explained by the presence of
endemic illnesses such as malaria, schistosomiasis, typhoid and cholera, likely to be
made worse by climate change. Even though resources are dedicated to combat the
spread of these illnesses, resurgence as a result of the impacts of climate change is
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 19
possible. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), climate change would
increase deaths in Morocco by 250,000 annually between 2030 and 2050 due to
malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat-related stress. According climate change
scenarios, thevectorcapacityof thedengueviruswould increase from0.29 to0.33 in
2070relativetoareferencevalueof0.22.Diarrhealdeathsattributedtoclimatechange
inchildren15andunderwouldreach10.5%,or1,600deaths, in2030.Accordingtoa
highGHG emissions scenario, deaths in elderly populations as a result of heat should
reach 50 for every 100,000 people by 2080, based on an estimated baseline of five
deathsforevery100,000peoplebetween1961and1990.Theimpactsofclimatechange
onagriculturewillalsodisproportionally impact thosemostvulnerable tohungerand
malnutrition.
VulnerabilityoftheTourismSectorMorocco is world-class destination, owing to the riches of its heritage, its diverse
landscape and its proximity to Europe, as well as its accommodation, transport and
communications facilities. Tourism represents 12% of Morocco’s GDP, and is a
substantial contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction. In 2015,
approximatelyUSD6billioninrevenuesweregeneratedfromnon-residentswhovisited
Morocco,coveringfor32%ofthecountry’stradebalancedeficit.ThroughVision2020,
the tourism sector is striving to position Morocco as a benchmark with regards to
sustainabledevelopmentacrosstheMediterraneanshorelinesbytargetingthreeareas:
seaside resorts, culture and nature. Nonetheless, the tourism sector faces significant
challenges that are stemming from climate change. Mainly, the sector is anticipating
strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap,
degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme
weathereventsandnewdiseasesthatmayspreadduetorisingtemperatures.
Morocco’sVisiontoAddresstheRisksofClimateChangeImpacts
Preserveitsterritoryanditscivilizationinthemostappropriatemanner,effectivelyrespondingtothevulnerabilitiesofitsterritoryandimplementingan
adaptationpolicythatbuildsresilienceforallofitspopulationanditseconomicactorstofacethesevulnerabilities.
Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific
featuresoftheterritorialentities:mountainregions,thecoast,oases,agriculturalareas
and urban areas. Morocco’s ultimate objectives in addressing climate change, which
mustalsoresonatewiththeinternationalcommunity,are:
• Theprotectionofpopulations,througharisk-preventionmanagementapproach,
linked to the exodus of rural populations and its socioeconomic consequences,
particularly in the most vulnerable areas (coastal zones, mountainous areas,
regions with a high propensity for desertification, and oases). This approach
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 20
reliesonanobservation-and-researchsystemtobetterunderstandcurrentand
futureclimaterisks.
• The protection of natural heritage, biodiversity, forestry and fishery resources,
throughanecosystem-basedadaptationapproach.Moroccocommitstorestoring
ecosystems and strengthening their resilience, to combat soil erosion and
preventflooding.
• Theprotectionofclimate-sensitiveproductionsystems,suchasagricultureand
tourism, as well as high-risk infrastructure. Because water resources are the
most constraining factor to sustainable economic and social development in
Morocco,thekingdomhasrecentlydevelopeditsNationalWaterStrategy(NWS)
and its National Water Plan (NWP) with the aim to improve integrated and
appropriate water resource management, the development of unconventional
waterresources,preservationmethods,theprotectionagainstpollution,training,
scientificresearchandawarenessaroundthesethemes.
• The protection of the cultural heritage of the kingdom through education and
awareness actions, and efforts to preserve ancestral good practices in highly
vulnerablesectors,suchaswaterandagriculture.
ObjectivestoBuildResilience
Morocco’svisionforadaptationinvolvesseveralquantifiedsectorialgoalsfor2020and
2030,presentedinTable3.EventhoughMoroccoalreadyinvestsheavilyinadaptation,
reaching these targets will only be possible with significant support from the
internationalcommunityandcreditors.
Table3.MainAdaptationObjectives
ActionArea MainobjectivesAgriculture For2020:
• Switching from current irrigation systems to localized
irrigation systems over an area of 550,000hectares, forUSD
3.7billion.
• Developing the public-private partnerships to delegate
irrigationservices,including:
o Irrigating 15,000 hectares by desalinatingwater from
theChtoukaAitBahaplainforUSD300million
o Irrigating the coastal Azemmour-Bir Jdid area, over
3,200hectaresforUSD37million
• Hydro-agricultural infrastructure around dams over 160,000
hectares,foraglobalcostofUSD2.1billion.
• Coverageofriskagainstclimaticvariationsthroughmulti-risk
insuranceforcerealsandlegumescovering1millionhectares.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 21
For2030:
• Extensionofirrigationtonewagriculturalareas,over260,000
hectaresforanoverallinvestmentofUSD3billion.
• Equipping and modernizing irrigation systems over 290,000
hectaresforanoverallforecastedUSD2billion.
Water For2020:
• Substitution of water samples from overexploited
groundwater tables (85million m3 annually) with above-
groundwatersources.
• Artificial replenishment of groundwater tables by up to
180millionm3/year.
• Connectiontothewatertreatmentnetworkinurbanareasata
rateof75%by2016,and80%by2020.
• Wastewatertreatmentatarateof50%by2016and60%by
2020.
• Restructuring the full-service distribution sector at the
regionalleveltoreacharateof60%forindividualconnection
by2020.
For2030:
• Theconstructionofthreedamsperyearonaverageinorderto
reach25billion m3 in stocking capacity, which will require
overallinvestmentsforecastedatUSD2.7billion.
• Desalinization of seawater in order to reach a capacity of
500millionm3peryearforaforecastedcostofUSD15billion.
• Recycling of wastewater in order to reach a capacity of
325billionm3peryearforaforecastedcostofUSD3billion.
• Transferring 800millionm3 ofwater per year fromnorth to
southforanoverallinvestmentofUSD3billion.
• Improvingtheefficiencyofthedrinkingwaternetworkwitha
nationalaveragetargetof80%.
• Connectiontothewatertreatmentnetworkinurbanareasata
rateof100%.
• Various programs and actions aimed at preserving water
resources and natural habitats, and at improving the
management of extreme climate events, for an overall
investmentofUSD5.7billion.
• Connectiontothewatertreatmentnetworkinurbanareasata
rateof100%.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 22
Forests For2020:
• Thereplenishmentof200,000hectaresofforests.
For2030:
• Protecting 1,500,000 hectares against erosion, which will
includetheprioritizationof22basins,forUSD260million.
• Afforesting600,000hectaresforUSD46million.
Fisheries and
Aquaculture
For2020:
• Reacha95%rateoftradedspeciesmanagedsustainably;
• Reductionofdischargesby90%comparedtocurrentlevels;
• Establishment of a coastal observation network, equipped
with four oceanographic and meteorological buoys, and
expansionoftheenvironmentalandsanitarysurveillanceand
warningsystemalongthecoastlineto40observationzones;
• Reduction by 50% of the quantity of fishmeal created from
freshfish.
For2030:
• Establishmentofmarineprotectedareasrepresenting10%of
theExclusiveEconomicZone;
• Development of two hatcheries dedicated to restock five
endangeredcoastalspecies;
• Renewal and modernization of 30% of the fleets, including
withgreenervesselsequippedwithobservationsystems;
• Restoring50%ofdamagedmarinehabitats;
• Increasing by 50% the volume of sea products utilized and
marketed.
To achieve these goals, much planning has already been undertaken. Resilience to
climate change is included in the majority of strategies, policies, action plans and
programs,includingthemostimportant,presentedinTable4.
Table4.MainSectoralStrategiesEnablingtheImplementationofAdaptationObjectives
ActionArea Strategies,ActionPlans,ProgramsandInitiativesMultisectoral • NationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopment
• Morocco’sNationalStrategytoCombatGlobalWarming
• NationalStrategytoProtecttheEnvironment
• IntegratedManagementStrategyforCoastalAreas
• NationalStrategyforthePlanningandDevelopmentofOases
• NationalStrategyforIntegratedCoastalManagement
• NationalStrategyfortheConservationandSustainableUseof
BiologicalDiversity
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 23
• NationalStrategyforthePlanningandDevelopmentofMiddle
Atlas
• National Educative and Sensitization Strategy for the
EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment
• NationalPolicytoCombatGlobalWarming
• NationalPolicyfortheEnvironment
• StrategicActionPlan for thePreservationofCoastal andSea
BiodiversityintheMediterranean
• MoroccoGreenPlan
• ProgramfortheSustainableDevelopmentoftheHighAtlas
• ProgramfortheSustainableDevelopmentoftheAnti-Atlas
• NationalHumanDevelopmentInitiative
Agriculture • MoroccoGreenPlan:
o Conservation and Valuation Strategy of Genetic
ResourcesofCultivatedCrops
o NationalPlanforWaterSavingIrrigation
o National Plan for the Conversion ofMarginal Regions
AnnualCropsintoFruitTreesArboriculture
o DevelopmentStrategyforRuralandMountainAreas
o DevelopmentStrategyforOasisAreasandArgania
o National Program for the Development of PastoralAreas
Fisheries and
Aquaculture
• HalieutisPlan
o PlantoStrengthenNationalResearchonFisheries
o FisheriesDevelopmentPlans
o ProgramfortheCreationofMarineProtectedAreas
o ArtificialReefsFloodingProgram
o FishingEffortAdaptationandModernizationProgram
o NationalAquacultureDevelopmentPlan
o Program to Strengthen and Develop Fisheries and
MarketingInfrastructure
o Integrated Projects Program “Fisheries / On-land
PromotionofCatches”
o Plan for thePromotionof SeafoodCompetitiveness at
boththeNationalandInternationalLevels
Water • NationalWaterStrategy
• NationalWaterPlan
• DroughtManagementPlan
• GuidingPlansfortheIntegratedLayoutofWaterResources
• NationalPlanfortheProtectionAgainstFloods
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 24
• NationalLiquidSanitationProgram
• NationalRuralSanitationProgram
• NationalUsedWaterReutilizationProgram
Forests • NationalStrategyforHumidAreas
• NationalStrategyfortheMonitoringofForestHealth
• MasterPlantoCombatWildfires
• MasterPlanforReforestation
• NationalActionProgramtoCombatDesertification
• NationalWatershedMaintenancePlan
• MasterPlanforProtectedAreas
• NationalDevelopmentStrategyfortheDevelopmentofthe
AromaticandMedicinalPlantSector
Urbanism,
Infrastructure,
and
Managementof
Territory
• NationalCharterforTerritorialManagement
• NationalHarborStrategy
• NationalHouseholdandSimilarWasteProgram
• NationalOutlinefortheManagementoftheTerritory
• RegionalOutlinesfortheManagementoftheTerritory
• 2016-2015RoadwaySystemMaintenanceProgram
Tourism • Vision2020
Health • SectoralHealthStrategy
These strategies, plans, programs and initiatives set in motion numerous projects
improvingadaptationtoclimatechange.Inaddition,Moroccoiscurrentlyundergoinga
processtoelaborateitsNationalAdaptationPlan(NAP),andmorebroadlyitsNSSD,to
improveitsclimatechangeresilienceframework.
Morocco’sAdaptationFinanceNeeds
Adaptation needs will have significant budgetary implications for Morocco, for all
sectors of the economy, and for the protection of human and animal health. Over the
period2005–2010,Moroccodevoted64%ofallclimate-relatedspendinginthecountry
to adaptation, particularly in the water sector, which represents 9% of overall
investmentexpenditures.Morespecifically,investmentsplannedtoachievethedesired
targets in thewater, agriculturaland forestry sectorsareestimatedatUSD2.5billion.
Securingthenationalroadwaysystemagainstadditionalclimatechange-inducedfloods
wouldcost5%morethantraditionalmaintenancecosts.
This considerable share of the national expenditures budget dedicated to adaptation
demonstratesthemagnitudeofthechallengesfacingMoroccansociety.Andthisshareis
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 25
certain to rise over time. Morocco expects to dedicate at least 15% of its overall
investmentbudgetstoadapttotheimpactsofclimatechange.
Between 2020 and 2030, Morocco estimates that the cost of implementation of
adaptation projects for the water, forestry and agriculture sectors, the sectors most
vulnerabletoclimatechange,willataminimumreachUSD35billion.
Morocco is currently drafting its National Adaptation Plan, which will present and
quantifymeasures for theadaptation to climate change.Whileawaiting the finalplan,
nationalprioritiesinthisdomaincanbesummarizedassuch:
• Improving knowledge on climate change and the impacts of climate change,
especiallywithregardstothemostvulnerablestrategicsectors.
• Conservingwaterresourcesandsecuringwatersupplyforbotheconomicsectors
andhouseholdneeds.
• Strengthening foodsecuritythroughnaturalresourceconservation, intensifying
sustainable agriculturalpractices, reducingpoverty in rural areas, and tracking
stocksandpricesonfoodcommoditiesoninternationalmarkets.
• Conserving fragileecosystems:mountains,oases, theargantree,pastoral lands,
wetlandsandcoastalareas.
• Protectingcoastalareasfromrisingsealevelsinordertosafeguardhouseholds,
aswellasindustrialandurbaninfrastructure.
• Conserving forest resources by continuing reforestation efforts and fighting
wildfires.
• Strengthening adaptation of infrastructure against bad weather and future
weatherconditions.
• Improvinghealth and safety of thepopulation, animals and cropproduction to
protectfromtransmissibleillnessesthatthriveunderclimatechange.
• Continuing to improve the institutional and regulatorygovernance frameworks
addressing climate change, as well as ensuring policies are consistent across
sectors.
• Building capacity with regards to developing, financing, implementing and
monitoringclimatechangeadaptationprojectsattheinstitutionalandlocallevels
(public,privateandpartnerships).
• Promotingscientificresearch,researchanddevelopment, innovation,aswellas
technologyandknowledgetransfer.
• Developing early warning systems for climate events, and agro-meteorological
systemsforforecastingagriculturalproduction.
• Introducingacademiccurriculaspecializinginclimateriskandclimatechangein
trainingandlearninginstitutions.
In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to
implement these projects. Beyond financial support,Morocco expects to benefit from
technicalandinstitutionalcapacitybuilding,particularlyregardingthecreationofdata
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 26
andknowledgesharing. Italsoexpects tobenefit from legal, financialandengineering
support pertaining to designing and implementing projects at the regional and local
levels,aswellasforthemonitoringandevaluationoftheirsocioeconomicimpacts.
MonitoringandEvaluationSystemforAdaptationinMorocco
Moroccohasputinplaceasystemtomonitorandassessvulnerabilityandadaptationto
climate change that aims to provide the country’s regions with an institutional
mechanism to monitor climate sensitivities and results stemming from adaptation
actions,allthewhiletakinggenderissuesintoaccount.Thispilotprojectwasfirsttested
insouthernMoroccanregions.Theadoptionofthemonitoringandevaluationsystemby
other regions is planned for themedium term,with the implementation of a national
governancemechanismtooverseethemonitoringandevaluationsystem.
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 27
Annex1ThisannexpresentsMorocco’sportfolioofmitigationactions for2030andhasbeenused toestimate thekingdom’sNDCrelative tomitigation.Morocco’sunconditionaltargetwillbereachedthankstotheimplementationofsomeoftheseactions.Theannexisincludedfor thesakeof transparency in thisapproach,whichstrives toprovideasmuchclarityaspossible.TableA1providesanoverviewofactionsconsideredforimplementationaspartoftheNDC.
TableA1.ActionsConsideredtoEstimateMorocco’sMitigationContribution
Type Actions Description
ImplementationCostEstimates
(USDinmillions)
TotalEmissionReductionPotential2020–2030(MTCO2e)
UnconditionalActions
1.NationalWindPlanfor2020 Putinplacemultiplewindfarmsby2020 3,500 50.183
2.NationalSolarPlanfor2020
Putinplacethermodynamicconcentratedsolarpowerandphotovoltaicpowerplantsinmultipleareasby2020
9,000 42.557
3.NationalProgramforthePromotionofPhotovoltaic
Putinplacesolarplantsconnectedtothemedium-voltagegridtoreach1,000MWby2030 2,000 10.689
4.HydroelectricPowerPlantsby2030
Putinplacea350MWPumped-StoragePowerPlant(PSPP)attheAbdelmoumensite,300MWforanotherPPSPand125MWattheElMenzelhydroelectricfacility
730 12.354
5.Combined-CyclePlantsby2025
Importliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)anduseofLPGforelectricitygenerationincombinedcyclepowerplantstoreach3,550MWby2025 2,300 57.518
6.Energy-CertificationLabellingofRefrigerators
Developmentofenergy-uselabellingprogramforrefrigerators 100 1.461
7.Energy-EfficientBuildingWraps
ImplementationoftheCodeforThermalRegulationforHousinginMoroccoinresidentialandtertiaryhousing 18 1.229
8.EnergyEfficiencyin Developmentofanenergy-efficiencyprograminthetourismsector 86 1.229
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 28
theTourismSector including300,000low-energylightbulbs,300,000m2ofsolarwaterheatersandtheimplementationoftheCodeforThermalRegulationforHousinginMorocco
9.Low-CarbonCity Creationofamodel,low-carboncitycenteredonenergyefficiencyactions,transportandwastemanagement 165 1.232
10.PrivateWindFarms Implementationofprivatelyoperatedwindfarms 195 1.25511.IndustrialEnergyEfficiency Implementationofenergy-efficiencyactionsinindustrialfirms 200 0.965
12.ExtensionoftheRabatTram Extensionofthetram,aperfectoptiontotravelaroundRabat 157 0.465
13.ExtensionoftheCasablancaTram Extensionofthetram,aperfectoptiontotravelaroundCasablanca 1,600 5.915
14.LargeTaxiUpgradePlan
Upgradeoftheoutdatedlargetaxifleetinordertoreducetheirconsumption 650 6.073
15.OliveTreeProgramby2020
Plantingof447,000hectaresofolivetreesinareasthatareunfitforyear-roundcropstolimitsoilerosionandimprovesmallfarmers’income 1,209.5 13.669
16.FruitArboricultureProgram(excludingcitrusandolivetrees)by2020
Plantingof160,000hectaresoffruittreestoimproveanddiversifyfarmers’income,especiallyinfragilemountainareas 753 5.322
17.CitrusPlantingProgramby2020
Plantingof45,000hectaresofcitrustoimprovebothfarmers’revenuesandexportearnings 450 3.660
18.CactusPlantingProgramby2020
Revegetationofbareorerodedlandswith128,600hectaresofcactiindrylandstoenhancesmallholderfarmersandwomen’scooperativeincome 91 7.892
19.DatePalmTreePlantingprogramby2020
Planting3milliondatepalmtreestoenhanceoases’productivityrate,combatdesertificationandhelppreventtheexodusofyouthpeoplefromruralareas
353 0.420
20.NationalDevelopmentofRangelandsProgramandRegulationofTranshumantFlows:Firstphaseby2020
Developrangelandsinawaythatwillcombatdesertification,enhancelivestockfarmers’incomeandprotectbiodiversity 70 0.582
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 29
21.AfforestationandReforestationProgram2010–2030
Afforestationanddeforestationover40,000hectaresbetween2010and2030tocombatdeforestation,thelossofwaterresources,animal,plantandlandbiodiversity.Protectupstreamriverbasinsagainstsiltingandwatererosion
2,290 28.358
22.ProgramCombattingSilting2010–2030
Stabilizationofdunesbyplantingvegetationbetween2010and2030(500hectaresperyear)tocombatsiltinganddesertification 82.4 0.909
23.ManagementofForestryClimateRisk2010–2030
LaunchinMay2016ofaNationalCentreforClimateandForestryRiskManagement(wildfires,healthofforests):surfaceareaof1,536hectaresperyearbetween2010and2030
253 2.625
24.EnergyEfficiencyCook-StoveProgram2010–2030
Distributionof1,600cookstovesperyearbetween2010and2015,andof6,000cookstoveperyearbetween2016and2030toreduceforestfuelwoodconsumptionwhencomparedtotraditionalcookstoves,toprovideforcoastalsideinhabitants’cookingandheatingneeds
15 0.030
Total—UnconditionalActions 26,268 257.870
ConditionalActions
25.NationalWindPlanby2030 Extensionofaction#1of2,000MW 3,500 18.139
26.NationalSolarPlanby2030
Extensionofaction#2of2,000MWfromthermodynamicconcentratedsolarpowerandphotovoltaicpowerplants 9,000 13.605
27.Micro-HydroPowerPlantsby2030
Implementationofmultiplemicro-hydropowerplants,reachingacapacityof100MWby2030 250 5.70
28.Combined-CyclePowerPlantsby2030 Extensionofproject#5toreachacapacityof4,750MW 1,020 10.173
29.NationalDevelopmentPlanofSolarWaterHeaters
Developmentofthesolarthermalfieldtoreach1,700,000m2by2030 945 15.22
30.Low-energylightinginresidentialhousing Putting14,700,000low-energylightbulbsintheresidentialsector 18 13.932
31.InstallationsofPhotovoltaicPanels
Implementationofaprogramtopromotephotovoltaicpanelsconnectedtothelow-voltagegridwithatargetof1,000MWcby2030 2,020 4.145
32.PublicLightingEnergyEfficiencyProgram
ImplementingapubliclightingenergyefficiencyprograminlargeMoroccancities 310 0.719
33.NaturalGasinthe Importliquefiedpetroleumgastoincreaseitsshareintheindustrialsector 650 9.548
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 30
IndustrialSectorby2030
asasubstituteforfueloil,andtoimproveefficiencyandlocalenvironment
34.BiomassValorizationProgramforIndustry
Takingstock,organizingandvaluingthebiomasssectorinordertopromotebiomassuseinindustryasasubstituteforfueloil 565 10.705
35.ImplementationProgramofanEnergyandOutputManagementSystem(EOMS),andoftheISO50001standardinIndustry
CreationofanImplementationProgramofanEnergyandOutputManagementSystem(EOMS),andoftheISO50001standardinindustry 52 1.587
36.ProjectforEnergyRecoveryfromCompressorsbetween2021and2025.
Implementationofapilotprojectforenergyrecoveryfromaircompressorsin250industrialcompanies 6 3.995
37.PilotProjectonImplementationofCentralizedProductionofUtilitiesforanIntegratedIndustrialPark
Creationofapilotprojectontoimplementcentralizedproductionofutilitiesforanintegratedindustrialpark 72 2.457
38.FlyAshRepurposingwithinBuildingMaterialsIndustry
ImplementationofaFlyAshRecyclingProjectwithinthebuildingmaterialsindustry 0.0 2.973
39.PolyvinylChloride(PVC)RecyclingProject ImplementationofaPVCrecyclingproject 0.2 0.117
40.NationalStrategyonLogisticsDevelopment
Implementationoftheseactions:eco-drivingtrainingoftruckdrivers,installationofphotovoltaicparks,theimprovementofmaintenanceandtechnicalcontroloftransportvehiclesandamodalshiftfromroadtorail
350 35.122
41.UpgradeofUtilityVehicles20YearsandOlderbetween2025and2030
Upgradeutilityvehiclesof20yearsandoldertolowertheirfuelconsumption,between2025and2030 3 2.216
42.Mechanicalbiologicaltreatmentand
Recyclinghouseholdwastethroughco-incineration,mechanicalbiologicaltreatment.Thisprocessinvolvesthefollowingmanipulations:mechanical 1,440 58.811
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 31
co-incinerationofhouseholdwaste
sortingandcrushing,biologicaltreatmentwithaerobicdrying.
43.RecyclingofGHGEmissionsfromWastewaterTreatmentPlants
Biogascollectionfromwastewatertreatmentplants(WWTP)forelectricitygeneration 620 9.267
44.OliveTreeProgram2020–2030 Extensionofaction#15over232,000hectares 628 6.591
45.FruitArboricultureProgram(excludingcitrusandolivetrees)2020–2030
Extensionofaction#16over112,000hectares 527 3.471
46.CitrusPlantingProgram2020-2030 Extensionofaction#17over28,000hectares 280 2.118
47.ArganTreePlantingProgram2020-2030
Plantingofargantreeson38,000hectarestoenhancevulnerablecommunities’resiliencetoclimatechange,increasecarbonstorageinbiomassandsoils,andindirectlyreducetheindustrialandanthropogenicpressureonnaturalargantreeforests
112 0.613
48.CactusPlantingProgram2020-2030 Extensionofaction#18over66,162hectares 47 3.808
49.FruitTree-PlantingProgram2020–2030
Plantingof15,000hectaresoffruittreestoimproveanddiversifysmallfarmers’income 88 0.726
50.DatePalmTreePlantingProgramby2020–2030
Extensionofaction#19over1.5milliondatepalmtrees 177 0.195
51.NationalDevelopmentofRangelandsProgramandRegulationofTranshumantFlows2020–2030
Extensionofaction#20over300,000hectaresbetween2020and2030 60 0.463
52.AfforestationandReforestationProgram2020–2030
Extensionofaction#21toreach60,000hectaresperyear 573 25.090
Morocco–NationallyDeterminedContributiontotheUNFCCC 32
53.ProgramCombattingSilting2020–2030 Extensionofaction#22toreach800hectaresofvegetationperyear 25 0.735
54.ManagementofForestryClimateRisk2020–2030
Extensionofaction#23toreach2,304hectaresperyearinmanagedsurfacearea 63 3.345
55.EnergyEfficiencyCookStoveProgram2020–2030
Extensionofaction#24todistribute8,000cook-stovesperyear 3 0.023
Total—ConditionalActions 23,401 265.623Total—AllActions 49,669 523.493