morphology: cross-linguistic variation linguistics 200 spring 2002

Morphology: Morphology: Cross-linguistic variationCross-linguistic variation

Linguistics 200Linguistics 200

Spring 2002Spring 2002

Morphological competenceMorphological competence

Which words are possible/impossible?Which words are possible/impossible? What are the properties of words--how can What are the properties of words--how can

they be used?they be used? How are new words created? What is the How are new words created? What is the

structure of existing words?structure of existing words?

Some more word formation typesSome more word formation types

SimultaneousSimultaneous ReduplicationReduplication AblautAblaut AffixationAffixation

InfixationInfixation Portmanteau morphemesPortmanteau morphemes Position class morphologyPosition class morphology

Arabic verbal morphology: Arabic verbal morphology: ‘write’‘write’

perfectiveperfective imperfectiveimperfective participleparticiple

activeactive passivepassive activeactive passivepassive activeactive passivepassive

II katabkatab kutibkutib aktubaktub uktabuktab kaatibkaatib maktuubmaktuub

IIII kattabkattab kuttibkuttib ukattibukattib ukattabukattab mukattibmukattib mukattabmukattab

IIIIII kaatabkaatab kuutibkuutib ukaatibukaatib ukaatabukaatab mukaatibmukaatib mukaatabmukaatab

IVIV aktabaktab uktibuktib uuaktibaktib uuaktabaktab mumuaktibaktib mumuaktabaktab

VV takattabtakattab tukuttibtukuttib atakattabatakattab utakattabutakattab

mutakattibmutakattib mutakattabmutakattab

VIVI takaatabtakaatab tukuutibtukuutib atakaatabatakaatab utakaatabutakaatab mutakaatibmutakaatib mutakaatabmutakaatab

VIIVII nkatabnkatab nkutibnkutib ankatibankatib unkatabunkatab munkatibmunkatib munkatabmunkatab

Simultaneous morphologySimultaneous morphology

Arabic verbal morphologyArabic verbal morphology‘write’‘write’

perfectiveperfective imperfectiveimperfective participleparticiple

activeactive passivepassive activeactive passivepassive activeactive passivepassive

VIIIVIII ktatabktatab ktutibktutib aktatibaktatib uktatabuktatab muktatibmuktatib muktatabmuktatab

IXIX ktababktabab aktabibaktabib muktabibmuktabib

XX staktabstaktab stuktibstuktib astaktibastaktib ustaktabustaktab

mustaktibmustaktib mustaktabmustaktab

XIXI ktaababktaabab aktaabibaktaabib muktaabibmuktaabib

XIIXII ktawtabktawtab aktawtibaktawtib muktawtibmuktawtib

XIIIXIII ktawwabktawwab aktawwibaktawwib

muktawwibmuktawwib

XIVXIV ktanbabktanbab aktanbibaktanbib muktanbibmuktanbib

XVXV ktanbayktanbay aktanbiyaktanbiy muktanbiymuktanbiy

Simultaneous morphologySimultaneous morphologyEach Arabic verb contains 3 intercalated morphemes:Each Arabic verb contains 3 intercalated morphemes:

phonological componentphonological component semantic componentsemantic component

1. consonants1. consonants verb root, lexical verb verb root, lexical verb meaningmeaning

2. vowels2. vowels tense (imperfective, tense (imperfective, perfective)perfective)//

voice (active, passive)voice (active, passive)//

participle or non-participleparticiple or non-participle

3. syllable structure 3. syllable structure (arrangement of (arrangement of consonants and vowels)consonants and vowels)

““binyanim”: causative, binyanim”: causative, reciprocal, reflexive, etc.reciprocal, reflexive, etc.


1. Verb roots (consonants):1. Verb roots (consonants):

# of Cs# of Cs exampleexample

33 /ktb//ktb/ ‘‘to write’to write’

/ksb//ksb/ ‘‘to earn’to earn’

//lm/lm/ ‘‘to know’to know’

22 /sm//sm/ ‘‘to poison’to poison’

44 /d/drr// ‘‘to roll’to roll’

11 /j//j/ ‘‘to write the letter y’to write the letter y’

[] = voiceless pharyngeal fricative; [] = voiced pharyngeal fricative


2. Tense/voice/participle (vowels)2. Tense/voice/participle (vowels) /a//a/ perfective activeperfective active/u i//u i/ perfective passiveperfective passive/a/-, /a i/, /a u/, /a//a/-, /a i/, /a u/, /a/ imperfective activeimperfective active/u/-, /a//u/-, /a/ imperfective passiveimperfective passive/mu/-, /a i//mu/-, /a i/ active participleactive participle/mu/-, /a//mu/-, /a/ passive participle (1passive participle (1stst binyan: binyan:

/ma/-, /u/)/ma/-, /u/)


3. “Binyanim”: causative, reciprocal, reflexive, etc. 3. “Binyanim”: causative, reciprocal, reflexive, etc. (syllable structure: arrangement of consonants and (syllable structure: arrangement of consonants and vowels)vowels)


/ktb//ktb/ //lm/lm/

II ‘‘write’write’ ‘‘know’know’

IIII ‘‘to do frequently or intensively, to to do frequently or intensively, to consider somebody as...’ (frequently consider somebody as...’ (frequently overlaps with Form IV)overlaps with Form IV)

‘‘cause to cause to write’write’

‘‘teach’teach’

IIIIII ‘‘to direct, strive to, act in conjunction to direct, strive to, act in conjunction with...’with...’

‘‘correspond’correspond’

IVIV ‘‘to shape into..., induce, cause to do...’to shape into..., induce, cause to do...’ ‘‘cause to cause to write’write’

VV ‘‘to become..., to do to oneself, to claim to become..., to do to oneself, to claim to be...’to be...’

‘‘study, study, learn, teach learn, teach oneself’oneself’


/ktb//ktb/ //lm/lm/

VIVI ‘‘to act mutually, to simulate’to act mutually, to simulate’ ‘‘write to write to each other’each other’

VIIVII ‘‘to let action be done to oneself’ to let action be done to oneself’ (reflexive)(reflexive)

‘‘subscribe’subscribe’

VIIIVIII reflexive of I; may be used instead of VI reflexive of I; may be used instead of VI or VII ’or VII ’

‘‘write, be write, be registered’ registered’

IXIX ‘‘to be or become a certain color, or to be or become a certain color, or marked by a certain defect’marked by a certain defect’

XX ‘‘to ask somebody for something, to force to ask somebody for something, to force oneself, to do unto oneself’ (reflexive of oneself, to do unto oneself’ (reflexive of IV)IV)

‘‘write, make write, make write’write’


u iu i perfective passiveperfective passive

CVVCVCCVVCVC III binyan: ‘to direct, strive to, act in III binyan: ‘to direct, strive to, act in conjunction with’conjunction with’

ktbktb ‘‘write’write’

Morphological structure of [kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’Morphological structure of [kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’

ReduplicationReduplication

RED (reduplicant): RED (reduplicant): a morpheme which copies the phonological a morpheme which copies the phonological

segments of the root it is attached tosegments of the root it is attached to partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total

reduplication (compounding)reduplication (compounding)

Total reduplicationTotal reduplication

Sahaptin inanimate pluralsSahaptin inanimate plurals [[p’p’úú p’up’u] ‘teardrops’] ‘teardrops’

English: ‘really, truly’ English: ‘really, truly’ red red (vs. blue red)red red (vs. blue red) home homehome home India IndianIndia Indian

Partial reduplication: suffixing

analysisanalysis

[jil[jile]e] /jil/jile/e/ ‘‘gopher’ gopher’

[jil[jileejiljil] ] /jil/jile-RED/ e-RED/ ‘‘gopher’ (absolutive singular) gopher’ (absolutive singular)

[nute] [nute] /nute/ /nute/ ‘‘earth, ground’ earth, ground’

[nute[nutenutnut] ] /nute-RED/ /nute-RED/ ‘‘earth, ground’ (absolutive earth, ground’ (absolutive singular)singular)

Chukchee (Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Russia)Chukchee (Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Russia)RED- = absolutive singular (of noun)

Partial reduplication: prefixing

phoneticphonetic analysisanalysis

[pe:wa][pe:wa] /pe:wa//pe:wa/ ‘‘bathes’bathes’

[[pepepe:wa]pe:wa] /RED-pe:wa//RED-pe:wa/ ‘‘bathe’bathe’

[smo:l’a][smo:l’a] /smo:l’a//smo:l’a/ ‘‘smokes a hide’smokes a hide’

[[smosmosmo:l’a]smo:l’a] /RED-smo:l’a//RED-smo:l’a/ ‘‘smoke a hide’smoke a hide’

[m’a:s?a][m’a:s?a] /m’a:s/m’a:sa/a/ ‘‘is sick’is sick’

[[m’am’am’a:sm’a:sa]a] /RED-m’a:s/RED-m’a:sa/a/ ‘‘are sick’are sick’

Klamath (Penutian, Oregon)Klamath (Penutian, Oregon)RED- = plural subjects of verbs

Partial reduplication: Prefixing

Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Nigeria)RED- nouns derived from verbs

verbverb nounnoun

[l[l] ‘to go’] ‘to go’ [lí[líll] ‘going’] ‘going’

[dùn] ‘to be tasty’[dùn] ‘to be tasty’ [[dídídùn] ‘tastiness, sweetness’ dùn] ‘tastiness, sweetness’

[V] = high tone vowel, [V] = low tone vowel, [V] = mid tone vowel

Prespecification: part of RED is phonologically fixed; part of RED copies the root

More on affixationMore on affixationInfixation: Ulwa possessive formsInfixation: Ulwa possessive forms

[su:lu][su:lu] ‘‘dog’dog’

[su:kilu][su:kilu] ‘‘my dog’my dog’

[su:malu][su:malu] ‘‘your (sg.) dog’your (sg.) dog’

[su:kalu][su:kalu] ‘‘his/her dog’his/her dog’

[su:nilu][su:nilu] ‘‘our (incl.) dog’our (incl.) dog’

[su:kinalu][su:kinalu] ‘‘our (excl.) dog’our (excl.) dog’

[su:manalu][su:manalu] ‘‘your dog’your dog’

[su:kanalu][su:kanalu] ‘‘their dog’their dog’

Ulwa InfixationUlwa Infixation

-[ki]--[ki]- ‘‘my’my’

-[ma]--[ma]- ‘‘your (sg.)’your (sg.)’

-[ka]--[ka]- ‘‘his/her’his/her’

-[ni]--[ni]- ‘‘our (incl.)’our (incl.)’

-[kina]--[kina]- ‘‘our (excl.)’our (excl.)’

-[mana]--[mana]- ‘‘your’your’

-[kana]--[kana]- ‘‘their’their’

Infixation: placement of the infixInfixation: placement of the infix

‘‘his/her...’his/her...’

[a[amak]mak] ‘‘bee’bee’ [a[amakmakkaka]]

[sa[sapa:]pa:] ‘‘forehead’forehead’ [sa[sapa:pa:kaka]]

[[bas]bas] ‘‘hair’hair’ [[basbaskaka]]

[[ki:]ki:] ‘‘stone’stone’ [[ki:ki:kaka]]

[[su:lu]su:lu] ‘‘dog’dog’ [[su:su:kakalu]lu]

[[asna]asna] ‘‘clothes’clothes’ [[asaskakana]na]

[si[siwanak]wanak] ‘‘root’root’ [si[siwawakakanak]nak]

[a[ana:la:ka]na:la:ka] ‘‘chin’chin’ [a[ana:na:kakala:ka]la:ka]

-ka- ‘his/her’

Infixation: placement of the infixInfixation: placement of the infix

In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the stressed syllable (infixation as a special case stressed syllable (infixation as a special case of suffixation)of suffixation)

Portmanteau morphemesPortmanteau morphemes

Single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings. McLeod L. Sekani (Athabaskan)

s- ‘I’s- ‘I’ sststshh ‘‘I’m crying’I’m crying’

ttsststshh ‘‘I’ll cry’I’ll cry’

wwsststshh ‘‘let me cry’let me cry’

in- perfectivein- perfective tstshhèè ‘‘he/she cried’he/she cried’

i- ‘I/pf’i- ‘I/pf’ iitstshhèè ‘‘I cried’I cried’

Witsuwit’enWitsuwit’en (Athabaskan, British Columbia)(Athabaskan, British Columbia)

labiallabial alveolaralveolar palatalpalatal labio-labio-velarvelar

uvularuvular glottalglottal

stopstop p pp p p’ p’ t tt t t’ t’ c cc c c’ c’ kkww k kww kkww’’

’’

affricateaffricate ts tsts ts ts’ ts’

tt t t t t’’

fricativefricative s zs z çç j j xxww w w hh

ll

nasalnasal mm nn

Witsuwit’en morphologyWitsuwit’en morphology

Morphological processesMorphological processes affixationaffixation compoundingcompounding ablautablaut

Witsuwit’en morphologyWitsuwit’en morphology

Major (affixable) lexical categoriesMajor (affixable) lexical categories nounsnouns verbsverbs postpositionspostpositions directional adverbsdirectional adverbs adjectivesadjectives

AblautAblaut

= Root-internal vowel substitution= Root-internal vowel substitution

English English

present past past participlepresent past past participle

sing sang have sungsing sang have sung

ring rang have rungring rang have rung

Ablaut in Witsuwit’enAblaut in Witsuwit’en

verb root imperfective/optative perfective futureverb root imperfective/optative perfective future

-/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[q-/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[qs]s]

-/q-/qz/ ‘do with arms’ –[qz/ ‘do with arms’ –[qiis] –[qs] –[qz] –[qz] –[qs]s]

/i/ replaces //i/ replaces // in the imperfective/optative/ in the imperfective/optative

/// replaces /e/ in the future/ replaces /e/ in the future

Affixation to nounsAffixation to nouns

[to][to] ‘‘water’water’

[st[stoo]] 'my 'my waterwater''

[nt[ntoo]] ‘‘your (sg.) your (sg.) waterwater’’

[n[nxxwwttoo]] ‘‘your (pl.), our your (pl.), our waterwater’’

[p[pttoo]] ‘‘his/her/its his/her/its waterwater’’

[h[hppttoo]] ‘‘their water’their water’

Morphological analysisMorphological analysis

toto ‘‘water’water’

-- possessedpossessed

s-s- ‘‘my’my’

n-n- ‘‘your (sg.)’your (sg.)’

nnxxww-- ‘‘our, your (pl.)’our, your (pl.)’

pp-- ‘‘his, her, its’his, her, its’

hhpp-- ‘‘their’their’

Prepositions and postpositionsPrepositions and postpositions

Prepositions: preposition - nounPrepositions: preposition - nouncount count forfor me me

prep nounprep noun

Postpositions: noun - postposition Postpositions: noun - postposition [[s- s- pepe c’o c’ottw]w]me me forfor you (sg.) count you (sg.) count

noun postpositionnoun postposition ‘ ‘count for me’count for me’

Affixation to postpositionsAffixation to postpositions

[spe][spe] ‘‘for me’for me’

[mpe][mpe] ‘‘for you (sg.)’for you (sg.)’

[n[nxxwwpe]pe] ‘‘for us, you (pl.)’for us, you (pl.)’

[p[ppe]pe] ‘‘for him, her, it’for him, her, it’

[h[hpppe]pe] ‘‘for them’for them’

Morphological analysisMorphological analysis

-pe-pe ‘‘for’for’

s-s- ‘‘me’me’

m-m- ‘‘you (sg.)’you (sg.)’

nnxxww-- ‘‘us, you (pl.)’us, you (pl.)’

pp-- ‘‘him, her, it’him, her, it’

hhpp-- ‘‘them’them’

Morphological analysis (revised)Morphological analysis (revised)

sgsg plpl

1 person1 person s-s-

nnxxww--2 person2 person n/m-n/m-

3 person3 person pp-- hhpp--

Prefixes to nouns/postpositions:

Affixation to verbsAffixation to verbs

Unusual featuresUnusual features Position class morphology: (Position class morphology: (prefix order prefix order

restrictions)restrictions)

prefix-prefix-prefix-...-verb root-suffixprefix-prefix-prefix-...-verb root-suffix Discontinuous morphemesDiscontinuous morphemes

Some verbs (dictionary entry)Some verbs (dictionary entry)

-jin -jin 'sg./du. stand''sg./du. stand' -tseq ‘be lightweight’-tseq ‘be lightweight’ --as ‘du./group goes, walksas ‘du./group goes, walks

O-u-jin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’O-u-jin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’

Some verbs (actual words)Some verbs (actual words)

Minimally: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’Minimally: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ [sa n[sa na] ‘the sun/moon is going’a] ‘the sun/moon is going’

sa ‘sun, moon’sa ‘sun, moon’ --a 'sun, moon goes'a 'sun, moon goes' nn- continuative (‘round-trip’)- continuative (‘round-trip’)

[sa [sa iiaa] ‘the sun/moon is moving'] ‘the sun/moon is moving' /i-...-/i-...- progressive progressive

Position class morphologyPosition class morphologyVerb prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence

Root

Suffix positions: negative - tense

[sa [sa iiaa] ‘the sun/moon is moving'] ‘the sun/moon is moving'

ii- - tense + --aa root + - tense

Some more verb wordsSome more verb words

1. [t1. [tci ci ujinujin]] 'he/she is picking huckleberries''he/she is picking huckleberries' O-u-jinO-u-jin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O- u - jinO- u - jin (object required) qualifier –root - imperfectiveimperfective (tense position) (tense position)

0 / u ___0 / u ___

Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence

Root


2. [c'ojin] 'he/she is picking' c'-c'- unspecified objectunspecified object ( (pronominal

object/subject position)(c’ + u c’o)


Root


3. [c'o3. [c'onnjin]jin] 'he/she is picking (round things)''he/she is picking (round things)'

n-n- round object (optional) (qualifier position) round object (optional) (qualifier position)


Root


4. [4. [wewec'onc'onssjiji''n]n] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' we-we- negativenegative (negative position) (negative position)s- non-perfective negatives- non-perfective negative (tense position) (tense position)-- (negative position) (negative position)n + n + ‘n ‘n


Root


5. [wec'on5. [wec'onzzssji'n]ji'n] 'I'm not picking (round things)' 'I'm not picking (round things)' s-s- 1sg. subject (subject position)1sg. subject (subject position) /s/ /s/ [z] / ___ V [z] / ___ V


Root


th- future (qualifier position)i- (tense position)- (tense position)/ + / t /n/ 0 / ___ C]syllable

6. [wec'onthzisjit] 'I won't pick (round things)‘


Root


Morphological structureMorphological structure'I'm not going to pick (round) things'

[we- c‘- o- n- th- [] z- i- s- ji -t -]

negative round 1 sg. subject

unspecified object‘pick (berries) while stationary’

future

EnglishEnglish

Affixational past tense and past participle:Affixational past tense and past participle:

presentpresent pastpast past participlepast participle

workwork workedworked have workedhave worked

playplay playedplayed have playedhave played

English ablaut in verbal morphologyEnglish ablaut in verbal morphology

Ablaut past tense and/or past participle: Ablaut past tense and/or past participle:


ringring rangrang have runghave rung

sinksink sanksank have sunkhave sunk

runrun ranran have runhave run

comecome camecame have comehave come

sitsit satsat have sathave sat

sneaksneak snucksnuck have snuckhave snuck

Portmanteau morphemesPortmanteau morphemes

single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings McLeod L. Sekani (Athabaskan) first person singular subject prefix

s- ‘I’s- ‘I’ sststshh ‘‘I’m crying’I’m crying’

ttsststshh ‘‘I’ll cry’I’ll cry’

wwsststshh ‘‘let me cry’let me cry’

i- ‘I/pf’i- ‘I/pf’ iitstshhèè ‘‘I cried’I cried’

Zero derivationZero derivation

No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)


Noun-verb pairsNoun-verb pairs

the bite, to bitethe bite, to bite

the fall, to fallthe fall, to fall

the freeze, to freezethe freeze, to freeze

the steal, to stealthe steal, to steal

the tread, to treadthe tread, to tread

the bridge, to bridgethe bridge, to bridge

the put-down, to put downthe put-down, to put down

the kick-off, to kick off, the kick-off, to kick off, etc.etc.

Relatively new verbsRelatively new verbs

to officeto office ‘to work in an office’(?): ‘to work in an office’(?):‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’

to Sequimto Sequim ‘to visit Sequim’: ‘to visit Sequim’:'Thanks for Sequimming‘'Thanks for Sequimming‘

to apple(s) and orange(s)to apple(s) and orange(s) ‘to compare unlike ‘to compare unlikeobjects, make an inappropriate objects, make an inappropriate comparison’:comparison’:‘You're apples and orangeing it.’‘You're apples and orangeing it.’

Denominal verbsDenominal verbs

lack ablaut or irregular verbal inflectionlack ablaut or irregular verbal inflection

Ablaut:Ablaut:ring (a bell), rang, rungring (a bell), rang, rungdrink, drank, drunkdrink, drank, drunk

Lack of ablaut:Lack of ablaut:a ring (worn on finger), ringed (*rang) X ('put aa ring (worn on finger), ringed (*rang) X ('put aring on X'), has ringed ring on X'), has ringed the ink, inked (*ank) the drawing, has inkedthe ink, inked (*ank) the drawing, has inkeda wing, winged (*wang) it, has winged ita wing, winged (*wang) it, has winged it

Denominal verbsDenominal verbs

Verb-noun-verb:Verb-noun-verb:

to to flyfly: the bird flew, the bird has flown: the bird flew, the bird has flown

a a flyfly (ball) (ball)

to to flyfly (to hit a fly ball): flied, to have flied (to hit a fly ball): flied, to have flied

___ has twice flied (*flown) to center field ___ has twice flied (*flown) to center field tonight.tonight.

Morphological paradigmsMorphological paradigms= set of related words= set of related words

Some Latin nominal (noun) paradigmsSome Latin nominal (noun) paradigms

case case

puella ‘girl’puella ‘girl’

sg.sg. pluralplural

nominativenominative puellapuella puellapuellaee

genitivegenitive puellapuellaee puellapuellarumrum

accusativeaccusative puellapuellamm puellapuellass

dativedative puellapuellaee puellpuellisis

Morphological paradigmsMorphological paradigms

equ- ‘horse’ equ- ‘horse’

sg.sg. pluralplural

nominativenominative equequusus equequii

genitivegenitive equequii equequorumorum

accusativeaccusative equequumum equequosos

dativedative equequii equequisis

Publius Mariam vidit Publius saw MariaPublium Maria vidit Maria saw Publius

Some Irish “conjugated prepositions”Some Irish “conjugated prepositions”

le Máirele Máirewith Marywith Mary liomliom ‘with me’‘with me’leat leat ‘with you (sg.)’‘with you (sg.)’leis leis ‘with him’‘with him’léithi léithi ‘with her’‘with her’linn linn ‘with us’‘with us’libh libh ‘with you (pl.)’‘with you (pl.)’leofa leofa ‘with them’‘with them’

SuppletionSuppletion

A member of a paradigm may be filled in an A member of a paradigm may be filled in an irregular way:irregular way:

talktalk (not suppletive): (not suppletive):

I I talktalk we we talktalk

you you talktalk you guys you guys talktalk

he/she he/she talktalkss they they talktalk

SuppletionSuppletion

saysay (suppletive in third person singular): (suppletive in third person singular):

I I saysay we we say say

you you saysay [sej] [sej] you guys you guys saysay

he/she he/she saysayss [s [sz] z] they they saysay

bebe (suppletive throughout): (suppletive throughout):

I I amam we we are are

you you areare you guys you guys areare

he/she he/she isis they they areare

Other types of morphologyOther types of morphology

Ablaut =Ablaut =change in root vowel as phonological part change in root vowel as phonological part of morphemeof morpheme


Suffixal past tense and past participle:Suffixal past tense and past participle:


workwork workedworked have workedhave worked

playplay playedplayed have playedhave played


Ablaut past tense and/or past participle: Ablaut past tense and/or past participle:


ringring rangrang have runghave rung

singsing sangsang have sunghave sung

runrun ranran have runhave run

comecome camecame have comehave come

sitsit satsat have sathave sat

sneaksneak snucksnuck have snuckhave snuck

GermanGerman

Some past indicative verbs formed with Some past indicative verbs formed with ablautablaut

Past subjunctive (only used in formal language) Past subjunctive (only used in formal language) formed from past indicative via formed from past indicative via umlautumlaut (change of (change of vowel from back to front) vowel from back to front)

presentpresent past indicativepast indicative

(ablaut)(ablaut)

past subjunctivepast subjunctive

(umlaut)(umlaut)

trag-trag- trug-trug- trüg- [y]trüg- [y] ‘‘carry’carry’

verlier-verlier- verlor-verlor- verlör- [ö]verlör- [ö] ‘‘lose’lose’

komm-komm- kam-kam- käm- [käm- []] ‘‘come’come’

sitz-sitz- sass-sass- have comehave come ‘‘sit’sit’


No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)


Noun-verb pairsNoun-verb pairsthe bite, to bitethe bite, to bitethe fall, to fallthe fall, to fallthe freeze, to freezethe freeze, to freezethe steal, to stealthe steal, to stealthe tread, to treadthe tread, to treadthe bridge, to bridgethe bridge, to bridgethe sample, to samplethe sample, to samplethe puncture, to puncture, the puncture, to puncture, etc.etc.


Nouns-verb compound pairsNouns-verb compound pairs

the kickoff, to kick offthe kickoff, to kick off

the show-off, to show offthe show-off, to show off

the put-down, to put downthe put-down, to put down

the push-over, to push overthe push-over, to push over

the hang-up, to hang upthe hang-up, to hang up

etc.etc.


to tankerto tanker ‘to carry freight by tanker’: ‘to carry freight by tanker’:'Do they want to cut off all tankers or do we'Do they want to cut off all tankers or do wejust want to do our level best to makejust want to do our level best to maketankering safe?‘tankering safe?‘

to officeto office ‘to work in an office’(?): ‘to work in an office’(?):‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’

to Sequimto Sequim ‘to visit Sequim’: ‘to visit Sequim’:'Thanks for Sequimming''Thanks for Sequimming'


to apple(s) and orange(s)to apple(s) and orange(s) ‘to compare unlike ‘to compare unlikeobjects, make an inappropriate objects, make an inappropriate comparison’:comparison’:‘You're apples and orangeing it.’‘You're apples and orangeing it.’

to bare handto bare hand ‘to catch with bare hands’: ‘to catch with bare hands’: 'I wouldn't want to bare hand that one.' 'I wouldn't want to bare hand that one.' (said of fly ball hit into stands)(said of fly ball hit into stands)

General note on productivity:General note on productivity:

Which binyanim a root appears in is largely Which binyanim a root appears in is largely an idiosyncratic property of that root, and an idiosyncratic property of that root, and meanings are not totally predictable. meanings are not totally predictable. On the other hand, neologisms and On the other hand, neologisms and loanwords are incorporated into this system.loanwords are incorporated into this system.

General note on productivity:General note on productivity:

I: possible for nearly all roots; semantically I: possible for nearly all roots; semantically unmarkedunmarked

IX-XI: limited to verbs of color or bodily defectIX-XI: limited to verbs of color or bodily defect

XI-XV: rareXI-XV: rare

thus, ‘write’ actually appears in only 8 binyanim; the thus, ‘write’ actually appears in only 8 binyanim; the other forms in this table are attested with other other forms in this table are attested with other triliteral rootstriliteral roots

ASL kin termsASL kin terms locationlocation

MALEMALE foreheadforeheadFEMALEFEMALE chinchin MOTHERMOTHER FATHERFATHERGRANDMOTHERGRANDMOTHER GRANDFATHERGRANDFATHERNIECENIECE NEPHEWNEPHEWDAUGHTERDAUGHTER SONSONSISTERSISTER BROTHERBROTHERFEMALE COUSINFEMALE COUSIN MALE COUSINMALE COUSIN

ASL kin termsASL kin terms

locationlocation

MOTHER =MOTHER = PARENTPARENT

FEMALEFEMALE

DAUGHTER = DAUGHTER = OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING

FEMALEFEMALE

morphology: cross-linguistic variation linguistics 200 spring 2002

Documents

structure of existing

reflexive of iv

apassive participle

properties of words

new words

verb roots consonants

vowels tense imperfective

aimperfective activeu