morphology of micro-organisms
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Introduction to microbiology.Morphology of microorganisms
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology
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Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms
Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology Industrial microbiology and biotechnology Pharmaceutical microbiology Agricultural microbiology Veterinary microbiology Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food,
water, soil and air) Medical microbiology
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Medical microbiology
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Taxonomy of microorganisms
Classification Nomenclature (binominal
system ) Systematic
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Ranks of hierarchical arrangement
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Main methods of classification
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Intraspecies classification
Biotype
Serotype Phagotype
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Present classification of microorganisms
Cellular microorganisms non-cellular microorganisms
Superkingdom
Eucaryotae Procaryotae
Kingdom
Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae
Protozoa
Kingdom
Vira
Canonical viruses
Non-canonical viruses
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Methods of morphology investigation Light microscopy :
Immersion microscopyDark-field microscopyPhase-contrast microscopy
Electron microscopy
Luminescent microscopy
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Main morphological signs of micro-organisms
Shape Size Cell arrangement Tinctorial properties Structure:
CapsuleStructure of cell wallFlagellaEndospores
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Cocci.
Micrococci Diplococci Tetracocci Streptococci Sarcinae Staphylococci
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Rod-shaped forms
Bacteria Bacilli Clostridia
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Spiral-shaped bacteria. Vibrio Spirilla Spirochaetes
Thread-shaped bacteria
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Main differences of the cell structureType of cell procaryotes eucaryotessize 1-10 µm 10-100 µmgenom
exhibited
Nucleoid is not separeted from cytoplasm1 chromosome (circular)
NucleusHave a nuclear membrane A few chromosomes (linear)
Mitochondria absent presentApparatus Golgi absent presentEndoplasmatic reticulum
absent present
ribosome Within cytoplasm 70S (50S+30S)
into ЕPR 80S (60S+40S)
Cell wall peptidoglycane celluloseendospores + —
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Structure of the bacteriaCell envelope:- capsule- Cell wall- Cytoplasmic membraneOutside appendages:- flagella- Pili or fimbriaInside structure:- cytoplasm- nucleoid- ribosomes- mesosomes- Intracellular inclusion
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Features of the structure Gram-positive cell wall
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Feature of the structure Gram-negative cell envelope
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Flagella
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Motile bacteria may be divided into:
1.Creeping
2.Swimming
• (1) monotrichous,
• (2) amphitrichous,
• (3) lophotrichous,
• (4) peritrichous
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Pili or fimbriae
1. Common-pili
2. F – pili or sex-pili
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Methods for flagella revealingDirect methods (microscopy)
Indirect methods
wet-mount
hanging-drop techniques
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Intracytoplasmatic inclusions. Volutin granules
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EndosporesEndospores
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Historical development of microbiology Period before microorganisms were seen Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century
to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek ) Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R.
Koch) Immunological period (first part of 20th century:
G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky): development of immunology and the start of development of the virology)
Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry, microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
He was the first person who observed and described microorganisms (he named their as “animalcules”)
He constructed first microscope with magnification about 50 to 300 times
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) He established that fermentation was the result
of microbial activity He introduced techniques of sterilization and
made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and autoclave
He showed that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation
He elaborated methods of pathogenic microorganisms attenuation
He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one
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Robert Koch (1843-1910) He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of
microorganisms He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877),
cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882) He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a
microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's postulates) The microorganism must be present in every case of the
disease but absent in healthy organism The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism
is inoculated into a healthy host The same microorganism must be isolated again from the
diseased host