morris_comparative analysis of telecommunications globalization

8/14/2019 Morris_comparative Analysis of Telecommunications Globalization

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NALZOVOPKSG ODOI[^K^ AC PGIGNALLWDKNOPKAD^ MIAFOIKROPKAD

f{

[oig L$ Fvowd~pgkd

Lghgvaa Bw~~o}oiio^pgzhgd Lavvk~

Of~pvonpPhk~ zozgv vgskg}~ navzavopg ~pvopgmkg~ od` masgvdlgdp zaiknkg~ kd phg kdpgvdopkadoi

pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gnpav~ ac phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) phg Gwvazgod Wdkad) od` Bozod$ Nawdpvkg~ od`novvkgv~ gxzgvkgdng `kccgvgdp vopg~ ac mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ vgsgdwg kd phgkv àlg~pkn

lovegp~$ Od odoi{~k~ ac lovegp òpo vgsgoig` phop phg pklkdm ac phg azgdkdm ac àlg~pkn lovegp~

pa nalzgpkpkad lo`g da `kccgvgdng kd phg vopg ac mva}ph$ Kd~pgo`) phg igsgi ac `gsgiazlgdp od`

vopg ac asgvoii gnadalkn mva}ph }gvg phg `gpgvlkdkdm conpav~$ Pvgd`~ ac phg kdpgvdopkadoipgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{ ovg gsoiwopg` }kph ~pvopgmkn azpkad~ cav miafoikropkad cav ~loiigv

nawdpvkg~ od` novvkgv~$

Kdpva`wnpkadPhg àlg~pkn pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ kd phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) phg ~popg~ ac phg Gwvazgod

Wdkad) od` Bozod `kccgv kd phgkv ~pvwnpwvg~ od` phgkv vopg~ ac mva}ph$ Fgp}ggd ?;87 od` ?;;7pgignallwdknopkad~ vgsgdwg~ cav phg ~wvsg{g` nawdpvkg~ hosg mgdgvoii{ mva}d op vopg~ co~pgv phod

dg} ikdg onpksopkad av kdnvgo~kdm noii saiwlg$ Povkcc~ hosg fggd vg~pvwnpwvg`) phg lkx ac noii~ianoi) iadm `k~podng (pvwde+) od` kdpgvdopkadoiho~ nhodmg`) od` igo~g`,ikdg od` lafkig ~gvskng~

hosg mva}d vgiopksg pa pvo`kpkadoi ~}kpnhg`) }kvgikdg pgigzhad{$ Phg vgsgdwg~ cavpgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~ hosg kdnvgo~g` `volopknoii{ }kph phg ikfgvoikropkad ac àlg~pkn

lovegp~$ [gp) phgvg k~ da afskaw~ navvgiopkad fgp}ggd o vgiopksgi{ &govi{& av &iopg& azgdkdm ac

àlg~pkn lovegp~ od` asgvoii vopg~ ac vgsgdwg mva}ph$

Nawdpvkg~ `kccgv kd phg olawdp ac àlg~pkn cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp oiia}g` od` novvkgv~ `kccgv kd phg

dopwvg ac phgkv cavgkmd `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp (C@K+ kd pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ ofvao`$ PhgWdkpg` ^popg~) cav gxolzig) nwvvgdpi{ oiia}~ 67 zgv ngdp cavgkmd a}dgv~hkz ac kp~ àlg~pkn

pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~) }hkig Bozod k~ adi{ bw~p fgmkddkdm pa azgd kp~ lovegp pa cavgkmd

kdsg~plgdp od` zovpdgvkdm$ ]hkig novvkgv~ kd phg GW od` phg Wdkpg` ^popg~ kdsg~p hgoski{ kdikfgvoikrg` ngiiwiov lovegp~) GW,fo~g` novvkgv~ pgd` pa kdsg~p kd lovegp~ pa }hknh phg{ hosg o

&dopwvoi& nwipwvoi av hk~pavknoi occkdkp{$ W$^$,fo~g` novvkgv~ ovg lavg lapksopg` f{ lovegp

azzavpwdkpkg~ od` gxzgnpopkad~ ac mva}ph kd phgkv nhakng ac C@K$

P}a lobav pvgd`~ nhovonpgvkrg phg kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{2

a vozk` pgnhdaiamknoi o`sodng~) od`

a phg mva}kdm vgoikropkad phop ikfgvoikrkdm pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pvkg~ k~ eg{ pa asgvoii

kd`w~pv{ mva}ph$

Phg~g p}a pvgd`~ ho~pgd phg ikfgvoikropkad ac pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ ovawd` phg }avi`$ Phg

vaig ac dopkadoi masgvdlgdp~ k~ nhodmkdm cval phop ac o `kvgnp zio{gv pa phop ac zaikn{ loegv od`


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vgmwiopav$ Phg dopwvg ac kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ pvo`g k~ gsaiskdm cval o fkiopgvoi)

dopkad,pa,dopkad cvolg}ave pa o lwipkdopkadoi) lwipkiopgvoi nalzod{,pa,nalzod{ zovo`kml$Lobav kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ oiikodng~ hosg poegd lod{ cavl~ }kph phg zapgdpkoi pa

àlkdopg ~gmlgdp~ ac kdpgvdopkadoi$ Dgsgvphgig~~) `glod` }kii kdnvgo~g cav ~loiigv ckvl~ ofig pa

zvask`g ianoi zvg~gdng od` pgnhdaiamknoi gxzgvpk~g$

Phgvg ovg sovkaw~ ~pvopgmkn azpkad~ osokiofig pa ~loiigv nawdpvkg~ od` novvkgv~$ Phg~g ~pvopgmkg~

vodmg cval àlg~pkn pa vgmkadoi pa kdpgvdopkadoi2

a igo` phg àlg~pkn lovegp kd zho~g` ikfgvoikropkad

a ~gge azzavpwdkpkg~ pa kdpgmvopg sgvpknoii{

a zvalapg vgmkadoi azzavpwdkpkg~

a nozpwvg o lobav ~hovg ac o vgmkadoi lovegp

a gxzod` gdhodng` ~gvskng~ kdpgvdopkadoii{$

ZOVP K2 EG[ CKD@KDM^

?$ @kccgvgdng kd Gdskvadlgdp

Phg àlg~pkn pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ kd phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) phg ~popg~ ac phg Gwvazgod

Wdkad) od` Bozod `kccgv kd phgkv ~pvwnpwvg~) vopg~ ac mva}ph) od` vgikodng ad kdcia}~ o~~ankopg`

}kph pgvlkdopkdm kdpgvdopkadoi noii~$ Phg{ oi~a `kccgv kd phgkv azgddg~~ pa cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp od`kd phg dopwvg ac phg vgiopkad~hkz~ fgp}ggd gqwkzlgdp lodwconpwvgv~ od` novvkgv~$

?$? Pvod~kpkad pa nalzgpkpksg halg lovegp~

Wdkpg` ^popg~

Phg àlg~pkn pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp kd phg Wdkpg` ^popg~ }o~ àlkdopg` f{ OP#P cav la~p

ac phg p}gdpkgph ngdpwv{$ MPG) o lwnh ~loiigv ianoi novvkgv) accgvg` ~gvskng kd k~aiopg` zovp~ acphg nawdpv{) od` phgvg }gvg ozzvaxklopgi{ adg phaw~od` sgv{ ~loii ianoi azgvopkdm nalzodkg~$

Kd ?;86) Bw`mg Hovai` Mvggd ozzvasg` phg La`kckg` Ckdoi Bw`mlgdp (LCB+) ~gppikdm od odpkpvw~p

no~g ckv~p fvawmhp kd ?;=0$ Phg LCB fvaeg wz phg Fgii ~{~pgl kdpa ~gsgd iovmg vgmkadoi hai`kdm

nalzodkg~ od` phgkv azgvopkdm nalzod{ ~wf~k`kovkg~ (phg VHN-~ od` VFAN-~ av &Fof{ Fgii~&+$O dg} OP#P }o~ nvgopg` }kph iadm `k~podng (kdniw`kdm kdpgvdopkadoi+ od` lodwconpwvkdm

`ksk~kad~) od` p}a ~loiigv nalzodkg~ cavlg` awp ac phg dad,}haii{,a}dg` Fgii ~wf~k`kovkg~ ac

Nkdnkddopk Fgii od` âwphgvd Dg} Gdmiod` Pgigzhadg$ Phg `ksg~pkpwvg ac OP#P kdpa phg ~loiigvwdkp~ cavloii{ paae ziong kd ?;80$

O~ `volopkn o~ phg fvgoe,wz ac OP#P }o~) kp k~ w~gcwi pa vglglfgv phop gdpv{ kdpa iadm,`k~podng

(pvwde+ novvkomg) f{ LNK od` ^zvkdp) od` gdpv{ kdpa gqwkzlgdp lodwconpwvkdm) f{ Davpgi)Gvkn~~ad) gpn$) ho` fggd oiia}g` zvkav pa phg `ksg~pkpwvg$ Phg &dg}& OP#P ho` faph novvkgv od`

lodwconpwvkdm ovl~ od` egzp phg ~pvadm kdpgvdopkadoi zvg~gdng ac phg zvg,fvgoewz nalzod{$ (Phg

lodwconpwvkdm cwdnpkad~ hosg vgngdpi{ fggd ~zwd acc kdpa Iwngdp Pgnhdaiamkg~ Navzavopkad$+Cval phg ~povp) phg Fof{ Fgii~ hosg ~awmhp pa gxzod` fg{ad` phgkv ianoi,~gvskng avkgdpopkad f{

gdpgvkdm phg iadm,`k~podng fw~kdg~~ od`) kd ~gsgvoi no~g~) nofig pgigsk~kad av sk`ga `giksgv{$


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Lod{ hosg kdsg~pg` kd azgvopkdm nalzodkg~ ofvao`) od` oii hosg ~awmhp kdpgvdopkadoi vaig~$ O~

phg vg~wip ac vgngdp lgvmgv~) op phg pklg phk~ k~ fgkdm }vkppgd phgvg ovg da} cksg vglokdkdm Fof{Fgii~) gonh }kph o dwlfgv ac kdpgvdopkadoi hai`kdm~ fwp da ~kmdkcknodp iadm,`k~podng av

kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn$

Bozod

Kd Bozod) phg vgcavl ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{ fgmod kd ?;87$ Kd Ozvki ac phop {gov)nalzgpkpkad }o~ kdpva`wng` f{ zvksopkrkdm DPP od` oiia}kdm dg} nallad novvkgv~ (DNN-~+ pa

azgvopg cav àlg~pkn iadm,`k~podng od` kdpgvdopkadoi pgigzhad{$ Dg} novvkgv~ }gvg oi~a oiia}g`

pa azgvopg vgmkadoii{ }kph lafkig pgigzhadg~ od` ~opgiikpg~$

@wvkdm phg zgvka` cval ?;87 pa ?;;?) DPP vg`wng` phg zvkng ac iadm `k~podng noii~$ Phg DNN-~

~povpg` pa nalzgpg }kph DPP kd phg iadm,`k~podng lovegp kd ?;83$ Kp }o~ nigov phop phgkdpva`wnpkad ac nalzgpkpkad vg`wng` zvkng~$ O~ phg DNN-~ pvkg` pa mokd lovegp ~hovg od` DPP) kd

pv{kdm pa eggz lovegp ~hovg) ia}gvg` kp~ zvkng~) o n{nig ac zvkng }ov~ paae ziong$

Bozod-~ Lkdk~pv{ ac Za~p od` Pgignallwdknopkad~ (LZP+ fgikgsg` phop phg ladazai{ za}gv ac

DPP) zovpknwiovi{ phg fappigdgne kd onng~~ ~gvskng~) }o~ ~ia}kdm à}d phg `gsgiazlgdp ac phg

Bozodg~g pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{$ O `ksk~kad ac DPP }awi` kdpva`wng lavg nalzgpkpkadod` phg ~zgg` ac mva}ph ac phg kd`w~pv{ }awi` fg mvgopgv$ Kd @gnglfgv ?;;3) LZP od` DPP

omvgg` wzad o ziod cav vg~pvwnpwvkdm DPP$ DPP }kii fg `ksk`g` kdpa DPP Iadm,@k~podng) DPPGo~p,Bozod) od` DPP ]g~p,Bozod$ DPP Go~p,Bozod od` DPP ]g~p,Bozod }kii fg hgoski{

vgmwiopg` f{ phg LZP) }hkig DPP Iadm,@k~podng }awi` fg oiia}g` pa gdpgv kdpa phgkdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp od` E@@) phg lobav ~wzzikgv ac kdpgvdopkadoi ~gvskng~

kd Bozod) }kii fg oiia}g` pa ~wzzi{ àlg~pkn pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~$ @ksg~pkpwvg ac DPP

~hawi` fg nalzigpg` f{ phg gd` ac phg ?;;; ck~noi {gov) od` E@@ ~povpg` pa ~wzzi{ àlg~pkn

pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ kd Bwi{ ?;;=$

Gwvazgod Wdkad

Adg nod skg} phg Gwvazgod Wdkad (GW+ o~ o ~kdmig gdpkp{ phop k~ adi{ da} azgdkdm wz kp~pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ pa nalzgpkpkad$ Od oipgvdopksg skg} k~ phop phg GW k~ kd phg zvang~~

ac laskdm `k~zovopg nawdpvkg~ pa}ov` nallad zaiknkg~) av op igo~p nallad zaikn{ afbgnpksg~ kd

pgignallwdknopkad~$ GW pgignallwdknopkad~ zaikn{ ho~ fggd `vksgd f{ p}a lobav phglg~2

a Ckv~p) phop pgignallwdknopkad dgp}ave~ od` ~gvskng~ ovg ~ggd o~ `vksgv~ ac

avmodkropkadoi od` dopkadoi nalzgpkpksgdg~~$ Od gccknkgdp) nalzgpkpksg) od` kddasopksg

pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{ k~ cwdòlgdpoi pa cwpwvg gnadalkn zva~zgvkp{$

a ^gnad`) ikfgvoikrg` od` gccknkgdp lovegp~ ovg nvwnkoi pa fgppgv vg~awvng oiianopkad) ia}gv

na~p~) od` fgppgv ~gvskng$

Phg Pgignallwdknopkad~ Vgskg} ac ?;;6 nadniw`g` phop ladazaikg~ }awi` da iadmgv fg

~w~pokdofig$ Phg Gwvazgod Nallk~~kad oàzpg` o Nawdnki vg~aiwpkad kd ?;;> phop omvgg` pa phgikfgvoikropkad ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ kdcvo~pvwnpwvg }kph o `goìkdg ac onnalzik~hkdm phk~ f{

Bodwov{ ?) ?;;8$


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Kd`ksk`woi nawdpvkg~ hosg `kccgvgdp zaiknkg~ kd nalzigpkdm phg pvod~kpkad pa o nalzgpkpksg halg

lovegp$ Nawdpvkg~ ~wnh o~ phg Wdkpg` Ekdmàl) ^}g`gd) od` Ckdiod` hosg oivgo`{ ikfgvoikrg`phgkv lovegp~ pa o nad~k`gvofig gxpgdp od` ovg nhovonpgvkrg` f{ o nalzgpkpksg gdskvadlgdp kd

lod{ zavpkad~ ac phg lovegp ziong$ F{ gdmomkdm kd lovegp ikfgvoikropkad cav o dwlfgv ac {gov~)

phg~g phvgg nawdpvkg~ hosg mokdg` gxzgvpk~g kd nvgopkdm od` ca~pgvkdm o nalzgpkpksg

pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{$

Phg Wdkpg` Ekdmàl ho~ iadm ho` nalzgpkpkad kd ~gsgvoi ~gnpav~ ac phg lovegp$ Zaiknkg~nadngvdkdm pgvlkdoi gqwkzlgdp od` SOD~ }gvg ikfgvoikrg` kd ?;8? od` nalzgpkpkad kd odoiamwg

lafkig ~gvskng~ }o~ kdpva`wng` kd ?;87$ ^kdng ?;;?) asgv ?7: dg} nalzodkg~ hosg gdpgvg` phg

ckxg`,ikde lovegp$ ^kdng ?;8=) phgvg ho~ fggd ~pgo`{ `gvgmwiopkad ac oii lovegp ~gmlgdp~ kd^}g`gd$ Nalzgpkpkad }o~ kdpva`wng` kdpa phg lafkig ngiiwiov lovegp kd ?;8?) od` kd phg ckxg`,

ikde ~gmlgdp kd ?;;?$ Phgvg ho~ fggd nalzgpkpkad kd skvpwoii{ oii lovegp ~gmlgdp~ ~kdng ?;;>$

Ckdiod` ho~ oiia}g` nalzgpkpkad kd òpo dgp}ave~ od` ~gvskng~ ~kdng ?;88) nalzgpkpkad kd

ngiiwiov ~gvskng~ ~kdng ?;;6) od` kd ?;;0 fgmod pa kdpva`wng nalzgpkpkad op phg ianoi od`kdpgvdopkadoi igsgi~$

@gdlove) Mgvlod{) Cvodng) od` phg Dgphgviod`~ ovg ad ~nhg`wig pa azgd wz phgkv lovegp~ panalzgpkpkad kd ?;;8$ Phg~g nawdpvkg~ ovg `gsgiazkdm vgmwiopkad~ cav gd`kdm phgkv ckxg`,ikde

pgigzhad{ ladazaikg~ od` gonh oiia}~ nalzgpkpkad kd phg ngiiwiov lovegp$ Oiphawmh `g bwvg

ladazaikg~ ovg accknkoii{ gd`g`) `g conpa ladazaikg~ acpgd vglokd$ Cvodng od` phg Dgphgviod`~hosg fggd ~ia} pa ikfgvoikrg phgkv lovegp~ ~a phop phg{ nawi` zvapgnp phg kdnwlfgdp cval

nalzgpkpksg zvg~~wvg~$

@gdlove azgdg` wz phg ~wzzi{ od` ~gvskng ac pgignallwdknopkad~ gqwkzlgdp kd ?;;: od` phg

lafkig pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp kd ?;;6$ Nalzgpkpkad }o~ azgdg` cav w~kdm igo~g` ikdg~ cav

òpo nallwdknopkad~ kd ?;;>) od` cav w~kdm igo~g` ikdg~ cav sakng ~gvskng~ kd ?;;0$ O~ ac iopg

?;;7) Pgig @odlove da iadmgv ho~ gxniw~ksg vkmhp~ pa kd~poii ianoi ovgo fvao`fod` dgp}ave~) od``kvgnp kdpgvnaddgnp pvocckn fgp}ggd dopkadoi od` lafkig azgvopav~ }o~ zgvlkppg`$ Cwii

ikfgvoikropkad ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{ kd @gdlove }o~ onhkgsg` ad Bwi{ ?) ?;;3$

Mgvlod{ ~gzovopg` phg vgmwiopav{ od` azgvopkdm cwdnpkad~ ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gnpav kd

?;8; }kph phg zvkdnkzig phop nalzgpkpkad k~ phg vwig od` ladazai{ phg gxngzpkad$ Kd phg govi{

?;;:~) pgvlkdoi gqwkzlgdp) soiwg o``g` dgp}ave~ ~gvskng~) ~opgiikpg od` òpo od` lafkignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ hosg fggd ikfgvoikrg`$ O~ nalzgpkpkad k~ fgkdm kdpva`wng`) phg eg{

k~~wg~ ac kdpgvnaddgnpkad od` zvknkdm ac dgp}ave nalzadgdp~ hosg fggd vok~g`$

Cvodng kdpva`wng` nalzgpkpkad kdpa kp~ odoiamwg ngiiwiov lafkig nallwdknopkad~ kd ?;8;$ ^kdng

?;;6) phgvg ho~ fggd nalzgpkpkad kd phg `kmkpoi ngiiwiov ~gvskng~ o~ }gii$ Cwii ~noig nalzgpkpkad kd

dgp}ave kdcvo~pvwnpwvg od` pgignallwdknopkad ~gvskng~ k~ ~nhg`wig` cav ?;;8 kd ikdg }kph phg GW`goìkdg~$

Kd phg Dgphgviod`~) nalzgpkpkad cav SOD~) pgvlkdoi gqwkzlgdp od` ~opgiikpg ~gvskng~ ho~ fggdkdpva`wng`$ @opo nallwdknopkad zaiknkg~ }gvg ikfgvoikrg` kd ?;;>) od` nalzgpkpkad kd lafkig

~gvskng~ }o~ kdpva`wng` kd ?;;7$ Phg pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gnpav }o~ cwii{ azgdg` pa nalzgpkpkad

ad Bwi{ ?) ?;;=$


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Zvamvg~~ pa}ov`~ ikfgvoikropkad ho~ fggd ~ia} kd Kpoi{) ^zokd) od` Zavpwmoi) }hgvg kp ho~ fggd

dgng~~ov{ pa asgvnalg kdpgvdoi sg~pg` kdpgvg~p~$ Nalzgpkpkad kd `kmkpoi lafkig ~gvskng~ fgmod kd?;;7 kd Kpoi{$ Azgdkdm wz aphgv ~gnpav~ ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ kd`w~pv{ pa nalzgpkpkad k~

fghkd` phg GW mwk`gikdg~$ Kd Kpoi{) pgigzhad{ ~gvskng~ od` kdcvo~pvwnpwvg }kii azgd pa nalzgpkpkad

kd ?;;8$ ^zokd od` Zavpwmoi hosg o~eg` cav od` vgngksg` gxpgd~kad~ pa lggpkdm phg Bodwov{ ?)

?;;8 `goìkdg) od` }kii azgd phgkv lovegp~ ad @gnglfgv ?) ?;;8 od` Bodwov{ ?) 6:::vg~zgnpksgi{$

?$6 Vopg ac mva}ph ac àlg~pkn lovegp~

Phgvg hosg fggd `kccgvgdp vopg~ ac mva}ph kd phg àlg~pkn lovegp~ ac phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) Bozod)od` phg nawdpvkg~ phop nalzvk~g phg Gwvazgod Wdkad$ O~ adg nod ~gg kd Pofig ?)

pgignallwdknopkad~ vgsgdwg~ cav phg pgd,{gov zgvka` cval ?;83 pa ?;;7 hosg mgdgvoii{ mva}d op

vopg~ co~pgv phod pha~g ac onpksopkdm dg} ikdg~ av ac kdnvgo~kdm noii saiwlg) phawmh phg vopg ac

kdnvgo~g ho~ `kccgvg` oladm nawdpvkg~$ Kp k~ w~gcwi pa iaae op phg za~~kfig `gpgvlkdodp~ ac phg`kccgvgdp vopg~ ac mva}ph onva~~ phg p}gisg nawdpvkg~ phop ovg ~pw`kg` kd phg zozgv~ kd phk~ saiwlg$

P}a za~~kfig h{zaphg~g~ ovg phop phg `kccgvgdng~ kd phg vopg~ ac mva}ph ovg `gpgvlkdg` gkphgv f{phg gxpgdp od` pklkdm ac phg azgdkdm ac àlg~pkn pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng lovegp~ av f{vgiopksg igsgi ac gnadalkn `gsgiazlgdp od` vopg~ ac osgvomg gnadalkn mva}ph$

Fgcavg gxolkdkdm phg p}a h{zaphg~g~ }g iaae lavg nia~gi{ op phg pgignallwdknopkad~ mva}phòpo$ ]hkig adg lkmhp gxzgnp phg mva}ph kd vgsgdwg~ pa fg go~ki{ `gnalza~g` kdpa phg mva}ph kd

lokd ikdg~ od` phg mva}ph kd noii lkdwpg~}hgvg ~wnh òpo ovg osokiofig) phk~ k~ dap phg no~g$

Ckv~p) phg vopg~od` lavg klzavpodpi{) phg ~pvwnpwvg~ ac vopg~hosg fggd nhodmkdm kd lod{nawdpvkg~$ ^gnad` phg lkx ac ianoi od` iadm `k~podng (pvwde+ noii~ oi~a nadpkdwg~ pa nhodmg$

Phkv`) phgvg ovg lod{ aphgv ~awvng~ ac vgsgdwg) ~wnh o~ igo~g` ikdg~ phop) }hkig mgdgvoii{ ~loii)

ovg mva}kdm vozkì{ kd lod{ ac phg~g nawdpvkg~$ Od` ckdoii{) lafkig pgigzhad{ onnawdp~ cav od

kdnvgo~kdm ~hovg ac pvocckn od` ho~ o `kccgvgdpkoi ~hovg ac phg lovegp onva~~ phg~g nawdpvkg~$ O~ }ghosg nalzigpg òpo ad lokd (ckxg`+ ikdg~ kd azgvopkad od` papoi pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng

vgsgdwg~ cval phg KPW) }g canw~ ad phg~g lgo~wvg~$

Ckv~p }g iaae op }hgphgv govi{ av iopg azgdkdm ac àlg~pkn lovegp~ ozzgov~ pa occgnp mva}ph kd

pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~$ Kp àg~ dap ozzgov phop phgvg k~ o navvgiopkad ac }hgd àlg~pkn

lovegp~ }gvg azgdg` od` phg vopg ac vgsgdwg kdnvgo~g~ dav k~ phgvg o navvgiopkad fgp}ggd phgolawdp ac kdnvgo~g ac vgsgdwg~ asgv dg} ikdg~ av noii vopg~$ (Oiphawmh kp k~ `kccknwip pa ckx o

~kdmig òpg) phk~ `k~nw~~kad canw~g~ ad Gwvazg od` w~g~ phg òpg~ zvg~gdpg` kd phg zozgv~ f{

Gikxlodd od` f{ ^nodiod) ]kiikol~) od` ]hoiig{$ ^gg Pofig 6 cav o nalzigpg ik~pkdm ac phg~gòpg~$+ Cav gxolzig) ^}g`gd azgdg` kp~ ngiiwiov lovegp pa nalzgpkpkad kd ?;8? od` kp~ ckxg`,ikde

~gmlgdp kd ?;;?) od` ^}g`gd~ vopg ac pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ vgsgdwg kdnvgo~g` =' zgv{gov) ~wf~podpkoii{ lavg phod phg kdnvgo~g kd dg} ikdg~ (?$>'+ av phg kdnvgo~g kd lkdwpg~ (6$8'+$

[gp Ckdiod`) }hknh azgdg` kp~ lovegp~ kd ?;;6 od` ?;;0 vg~zgnpksgi{) ho` vgsgdwg~ kdnvgo~g op ovopg ac 8$6' zgv {gov }kph dg} ikdg~ (6$0'+ od` lkdwpg~ (>$8'+ kdnvgo~kdm adi{ lovmkdoii{ asgv

phg vopg~ ac kdnvgo~g gxzgvkgdng` kd ^}g`gd$

Cvodng azgdg` kp~ ngiiwiov lovegp~ kd ?;;6) od` bw~p azgdg` kp~ ckxg`,ikde ~gmlgdp o~ ac Bodwov{

?) ?;;8$ Vgsgdwg~ cav pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ kdnvgo~g` op o vopg (0$='+) nia~g pa phg


6/35

kdnvgo~g kd lkdwpg~ ac pgigzhadg ~gvskng (0$7'+ od` ~ikmhpi{ fgppgv phod phg vopg ac kdnvgo~g cav

dg} ikdg~ (>$0'+$ [gp Kpoi{) }hknh adi{ ikfgvoikrg` kp~ ngiiwiov lovegp kd ?;;7 od` kp~ ckxg`,ikde~gmlgdp ?;;8) ho` kdnvgo~g~ kd vgsgdwg~ (?:$>'+ phop }gvg cov hkmhgv phod phg kdnvgo~g kd dg}

ikdg~ (>$7'+ od` oila~p 7:' hkmhgv phod phg kdnvgo~g kd àlg~pkn noii~ (=$0'+$ Nigovi{ phgvg ovg

conpav~ }hknh kdciwgdng pgignallwdknopkad vgsgdwg kdnvgo~g~ aphgv phod }hgd àlg~pkn lovegp~

}gvg ikfgvoikrg` av phg zgvngdpomg ac dg} ikdg~ kd~poiig` kd phg àlg~pkn lovegp$

]g pg~pg` phg h{zaphg~k~ phop mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ }o~ vgiopg` pa phg igsgi ac`gsgiazlgdp od` phg vopg ac asgvoii gnadalkn mva}ph w~kdm lavg cavloi lgpha`~$ Mksgd phg

dopwvg ac phg òpo) }g nha~g pa glzia{ faph dad,zovolgpvkn pg~p~ phop nalzovg vodekdm~ od`

ikdgov vgmvg~~kad lgpha`~$ Phg vg~wip~ cval phg p}a ozzvaonhg~ mosg ~klkiov vg~wip~) od` }gcawd` phop mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ }o~ kdsgv~gi{ vgiopg` pa phg kdkpkoi igsgi ac gnadalkn

`gsgiazlgdp od` za~kpksgi{ vgiopg` pa phg igsgi ac mva}ph kd phg ommvgmopg gnadal{) oiphawmh

}kph sov{kdm igsgi~ ac ~popk~pknoi ~kmdkcknodng$ Kd aphgv }av`~ }g cawd` phop) kd mgdgvoi) phg

nawdpvkg~ phop ~povpg` }kph phg ia}g~p igsgi~ ac zgv,nozkpo mva~~ àlg~pkn zva`wnp (M@Z+ kd ?;87ho` phg hkmhg~p vopg~ kd pgignallwdknopkad~ mva}ph asgv phg dgxp dkdg {gov~$ O``kpkadoii{) phg

vopg ac pgignallwdknopkad~ mva}ph }o~ za~kpksgi{ navvgiopg` }kph phg vopg ac asgvoii gnadalknmva}ph$ Kd phg~g odoi{~g~ }g w~g` zgv,nozkpo M@Z) nadsgvpg` pa W$^$ àiiov~ op lovegp gxnhodmg

vopg~) o~ phg lgo~wvg ac gnadalkn `gsgiazlgdp$

Phg navvgiopkad~ cav phg vodekdm~ ac phg p}gisg nawdpvkg~ f{ pgignallwdknopkad~ ikdg~ od`vgsgdwg~) ad adg hod`) od` gnadalkn igsgi od` mva}ph) ad phg aphgv) ovg ~ha}d kd Pofig >$ Phg

pgignallwdknopkad~ òpo w~g` ovg ~ha}d kd Pofig ? od` phg soiwg~ ac ?;83 M@Z zgv nozkpo od`

mva}ph kd M@Z zgv nozkpo (faph kd W$^$ àiiov~+ ovg ~ha}d kd Pofig 6$ Faph ~gp~ ac òpo }gvg

poegd avkmkdoii{ cval pofig~ zvask`g` f{ phg KPW$

]g oi~a w~g` ikdgov vgmvg~~kad lgpha`~ pa kdsg~pkmopg phg vgiopkad~hkz~ fgp}ggd phg

pgignallwdknopkad~ mva}ph sovkofig~ od` phg sovkofig~ fo~g` ad ommvgmopg gnadalkn òpo$ Phg~olg òpo ~gp }o~ w~g`$ Oiphawmh adg ~hawi` }avv{ phop phg ~loii ~olzig ~krg od` iklkpg` vodmg

ac phg mva}ph vopg sovkofig~ lo{ igo` pa skaiopkad~ ac phg o~~wlzpkad~ ac phg ikdgov vgmvg~~kad

la`gi) adg nod `vo} la`g~p nadniw~kad~ cval phg vg~wip~$ (^gg Pofig 0$+ ]g vod p}a ~gp~ acvgmvg~~kad~) adg }kph mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ ikdg~ o~ phg `gzgd`gdp sovkofig) phg aphgv

}kph mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ vgsgdwg~$ Gonh ~gp nad~k~pg` ac phvgg gqwopkad~adg }kph

phg igsgi ac ?;83 M@Z zgv nozkpo o~ phg kd`gzgd`gdp sovkofig) adg }kph phg vopg ac mva}ph acM@Z zgv nozkpo) od` adg }kph faph kd`gzgd`gdp sovkofig~$ O~ ~ha}d kd Pofig 0) phvgg ac phg cawv

~kdmig,sovkofig vgmvg~~kad~ }gvg ~popk~pknoii{ ~kmdkcknodp od` oii phg nagccknkgdp~ kd phg~g gqwopkad~

ho` phg gxzgnpg` ~kmd~$ Adi{ p}a ac phg cawv nagccknkgdp~ cval phg lwipkzig vgmvg~~kad gqwopkad~

ho` ~kmdkcknodp nagccknkgdp~) od` adg ac phg nagccknkgdp~ phop }o~ dap ~popk~pknoii{ `kccgvgdp cvalrgva ho` phg }vadm ~kmd$ Asgvoii) }g cawd` phop phg vgmvg~~kad vg~wip~ nadckvl phg vg~wip~ ac phg

dad,zovolgpvkn pg~p~ kd phop asgvoii mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ kd phg p}gisg

nawdpvkg~) f{ gkphgv lgo~wvg) }o~ kdsgv~gi{ vgiopg` pa phg kdkpkoi igsgi ac M@Z od kd la~p

no~g~za~kpksgi{ vgiopg` pa phg mva}ph ac phg asgvoii gnadal{$ Omokd) pa vg~popg phg~g ckd`kdm~kd ig~~ pgnhdknoi pgvl~2 kd mgdgvoi }g cawd` phop phg ia}gv phg kdkpkoi igsgi ac gnadalkn

`gsgiazlgdp) phg co~pgv phg mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~$ Cwvphgvlavg) mva}ph kd

pgignallwdknopkad~ }o~ w~woii{ navvgiopg` }kph asgvoii gnadalkn mva}ph$ Kd conp) }g ~gg cval


7/35

phg V6

soiwg~ phop phg sovkopkad kd asgvoii ommvgmopg mva}ph (ad o zgv,nozkpo fo~k~+ onnawdpg` cav

ozzvaxklopgi{ 6:' , 0:' ac phg mva}ph kd pgignallwdknopkad~$

?$> &Dopwvoi& lovegp~ cav kdpgvdopkadoi nallwdknopkad~

Nawdpvkg~ acpgd hosg &dopwvoi& cavgkmd lovegp~ cav phgkv maa`~ od` ~gvskng~$ Phg nvkpgvko cav phg~g&dopwvoi& lovegp~ kdniw`g mgamvozhkn zvaxklkp{) nallad iodmwomg) od` cavlgv naiadkg~$ Phgvg

ovg oi~a hkmh pgignallwdknopkad~ pvocckn `g~pkdopkad~ phop lo{ fg kdciwgdng` f{ phg zvg~gdng aclwipk,dopkadoi navzavopkad pvocckn o~ }gii o~ phg zvg~gdng ac kllkmvodp~ }kphkd o nawdpv{$ Cav

kdsg~plgdp kd kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~) ~alg nawdpvkg~ lo{ pv{ pa gdpgv phgkv &dopwvoi&

lovegp~ av lovegp~ ac hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad$ Aphgv~ lo{ zwv~wg o `kccgvgdp nawv~g ac onpkadfo~g` ad aphgv conpav~) ~wnh o~ gxzgvkgdng kd o ngvpokd pgnhdaiam{$ Pofig 7 phvawmh Pofig ?3

kd`knopg phg &dopwvoi& od` hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad lovegp~ cav phg nawdpvkg~ phop ovg fgkdm

`k~nw~~g`

Wdkpg` ^popg~

Lod{ ac phg pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~ kd phg W^ hosg kdsg~pg` kd pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~

kd aphgv nawdpvkg~$ (Phk~ k~ `g~nvkfg` kd `gpoki kd Fvowd~pgkd$+ Oii cksg ac phg awpmakdm hkmh pvocckn

`g~pkdopkad~ ovg nasgvg` f{ ~pvopgmkn oiikodng~ }kph Nadngvp (LNK+) Miafoi Adg (^zvkdp+) od`]avi` Zovpdgv~ (OP#P+$

@wvkdm phg {gov~ ?;83,?;;7) lokd ikdg~ phop fgnolg azgvopkadoi kd phg W^ kdnvgo~g` od osgvomgac >$0' zgv {gov) }hkig op phg ~olg pklg lkdwpg~ ac pgigzhadg ~gvskng kdnvgo~g` 7$3'$ Vgsgdwg~

cval pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ kdnvgo~g` pa 3$>' gonh {gov$

Nodoò vode~ hkmhg~p o~ o &dopwvoi& lovegp) o lobav pvo`kdm zovpdgv) od` kd kdpgvdopkadoi

pgignallwdknopkad~ pvocckn$ Lgxkna oi~a ozzgov~ ad oii phvgg ik~p~) fwp phgvg k~ dap zgvcgnpnalladoikp{ onva~~ phg~g nopgmavkg~$ (^gg Pofig 7$+ Kd phg no~g ac phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) kp ozzgov~ o~phawmh pgignallwdknopkad~ pvocckn k~ lavg navvgiopg` }kph phg saiwlg ac pvo`g phod }kph od{

dapkad ac &dopwvoi lovegp~) fwp phk~ nadniw~kad k~ }goe op fg~p$

Bozod

Bozod zo~~g` phg ?;87 Vgcavl igmk~iopkad ikfgvoikrkdm pgignallwdknopkad~) od` àlg~pkn iadm,`k~podng nalzgpkpkad ho~ glgvmg`$ Cwvphgv nalzgpkpkad kd kp~ àlg~pkn lovegp~ }kii fg ~ggd kd

?;;; }hgd DPP }kii fg `ksg~pg`$ Kd phg zgvka` cval ?;8=,?;;7) o zgvka` }hknh ~o} ~gsgvoi

zvkng }ov~ oladm DPP od` phg dg} nallad novvkgv~) Bozod~ pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gnpav

gxzgvkgdng` od oddwoi kdnvgo~g ac >$:' kd dg} zhadg ikdg~) o >$0' kdnvgo~g kd pgigzhadglkdwpg~) od` o 7$8' kdnvgo~g kd vgsgdwg~$

Kd phg no~g ac Bozod) kp ozzgov~ o~ phawmh kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ pvocckn k~ vgiopg` pa

faph phg saiwlg ac kdpgvdopkadoi pvo`g (Wdkpg` ^popg~ fgkdm phg iovmg~p pvo`kdm zovpdgv+ od`

&dopwvoi& lovegp~ (}kph Nhkdo) }kph kp~ ~klkiov k`gamvozhkn iodmwomg od` nwipwvoi pkg~) onnawdpkdmcav phg ~gnad` hkmhg~p igsgi ac pvocckn+$


8/35

Gwvazgod Wdkad

Phg novvkgv~ fo~g` kd phg nawdpvkg~ phop loeg wz phg Gwvazgod Wdkad ovg `k~nw~~g` ad o nawdpv{,

f{,nawdpv{ fo~k~$ Phg~g ~gnpkad~ `vo} hgoski{ ad Gikxlodd$

Wdkpg` Ekdm`al

Kd phg WE) faph FP od` Nofig # ]kvgig~~ (N#]+ hosg o iovmg dwlfgv ac kdsg~plgdp~ ovawd`

phg }avi` phop nasgv faph ngiiwiov od` ckxg`,ikde sgdpwvg~$ &Nalzovkdm phg povmgp nawdpvkg~ ac FP

od` N#]~C@K }kph phg lokd `g~pkdopkad~ ac awpmakdm pvocckn cval phg WEFP k~ onpksg kd

cawv awp ac cksg ac phg la~p klzavpodp pvocckn `g~pkdopkad~ gkphgv f{ kp~gic av f{ phg oiikodng }kphLNK$ Kd phg no~g ac N#] phgvg k~) ha}gsgv) adi{ adg navvg~zad`gdng) dolgi{ kd phg W$^) (}hknh

k~ phg la~p klzavpodp awpmakdm pvocckn vawpg cval phg W$E$+$& (^gg Pofig =$+

Phg W$E$ ho~ gxzgvkgdng` o mva}ph vopg ac dg} lokd ikdg~ ac adi{ >$0' kd phg zo~p pgd {gov~ od`{gp ho~ ~ggd wz}ov`~ ac ?7: dg} gdpvodp~ kdpa phg pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp$ Lkdwpg~ ovg lavg

phod `awfig phg vopg ac dg} ikdg~ (=$8'+ od` vgsgdwg~ hosg oila~p egzp zong }kph od kdnvgo~g ac

=$>' oddwoii{$

^}g`gd

Phg ^}g`k~h novvkgv Pgiko ho~ kdsg~pg` kd Go~pgvd od` ]g~pgvd Gwvazg od pa o ig~~gv gxpgdp

kd aphgv zovp~ ac phg }avi`$ Phgvg k~ o hkmh navvgiopkad fgp}ggd C@K kdsg~plgdp od` phg lokd`g~pkdopkad~ ac awpmakdm pvocckn) }kph Pgiko kdsg~pkdm kd ckxg`,ikde sgdpwvg~ kd cawv ac phg paz cksg

nawdpvkg~ (Ckdiod`) Dav}o{) @gdlove) WE+$ Cav Mgvlod{) phg Wdk~awvng oiikodng ikde~ phg p}a

lovegp~$ (^gg Pofig 8$+

Pgiko gxzgvkgdng` &nalzgpkpkad kd kp~ halg lovegp vgiopksgi{ govi{ (od`+ ho~ ~kdng phgd

`gsgiazg` odkdpgvdopkadoi ~pvopgm{ nad~k~pkdm ac C@K od` Wdk~awvng$& Vg~wip~ ac phk~ ~pvopgm{lo{ fg ~ggd kd phop ^}g`gd gxzgvkgdng` adi{ o ?$>' kdnvgo~g kd ikdg~ fgp}ggd ?;83 od` ?;;7)

6$8' oddwoi kdnvgo~g kd lkdwpg~ ac pgigzhadg ~gvskng) {gp ~o} vgsgdwg~ niklf =$:' gonh {gov$

Ckdiod`

Pgignal Ckdiod` ho~ canw~g` ad ngiiwiov sgdpwvg~ ofvao`) kd eggzkdm }kph kp~ a}d gxzgvkgdng ophalg$ Pgignal Ckdiod` ho~ kdsg~pg` kd ^}g`gd) G~padko) od` phg WE) oii hkmh pvocckn

`g~pkdopkad~) o~ }gii o~ kd Iopsko }hgvg kp ho~ nia~g pkg~$ Pgignal Ckdiod` k~ dap o ~hovghai`gv kdod{ ~pvopgmkn oiikodng dav k~ kp cavloii{ oiikg` }kph od{ aphgv novvkgv$ (^gg Pofig ;$+

Gsgd phawmh mva}ph ac dg} lokd ikdg~ makdm kdpa azgvopkad kd Ckdiod` osgvomg` adi{ 6$0' gonh

{gov cval ?;83,?;;7 od` noii~ kdnvgo~g` ~ikmhpi{ lavg op >$8') vgsgdwg~ bwlzg` ad osgvomg8$6' gonh {gov$

@gdlove


9/35

Pgig @odlove~ canw~ ac C@K ho~ fggd ad ngiiwiov sgdpwvg~ kd cavgkmd nawdpvkg~) za~~kfi{ `wg pa

gxzgvkgdng kd ngiiwiov pgnhdaiamkg~$ Kdsg~plgdp~ f{ Pgig @odlove kd aphgv nawdpvkg~ ~ggl pa

navvg~zad` }kph @gdlove~ azgdkdm wz ac phg halg ngiiwiov lovegp kd ?;;6$ Phg hkmh pvocckn`g~pkdopkad nawdpvkg~ ac phg WE) Dav}o{) od` W^ hosg dap ~ggd od{ `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp) fwp ovg

nasgvg` f{ phg Nadngvp oiikodng$ (^gg Pofig ?:$+ Olgvkpgnh) phg Nhknoma,fo~g` Fof{ Fgii) ho~

vgngdpi{ onqwkvg` 06' ac Pgig @odlove od` da} ho~ azgvopkdm nadpvai$

Oiphawmh @gdlove ho~ gxzgvkgdng` phg ia}g~p vopg ac oddwoi zgvngdpomg vgsgdwg mva}ph ac od{ac phg nawdpvkg~ ~pw`kg` (0$6'+ }kph o lkdk~nwig $0' oddwoi kdnvgo~g kd phg dwlfgv ac noii~) phg

0$6' k~ oila~p p}kng phg vopg ac phg dwlfgv ac dg} ikdg~ onpksopg` (6$6'+$

Dgphgviod`~

EZD ac phg Dgphgviod`~ ho~ lo`g cg} kdsg~plgdp~) od` dadg kd phg hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkadlovegp~$ Pha~g lovegp~ ovg ~gvsg` f{ phg Wdk~awvng oiikodng od` phg oiikodng }kph OP#P kd

Davph Olgvkno$ (^gg Pofig ??$+

Phg Dgphgviod`~ ho~ ~ggd od kdnvgo~g kd ikdg~ ac >$0' gonh {gov) phg dwlfgv ac noii~ kdnvgo~kdm

7$7'!{gov) od` vgsgdwg~ wz =$;' o {gov (?;83,?;;7+$

Mgvlod{

Cavgkmd `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp~ f{ @gwp~nhg Pgignal hosg nadngdpvopg` lokdi{ ad ngiiwiov sgdpwvg~

kd Go~pgvd Gwvazg od` O~ko) fwp dadg ovg kd kp~ cksg paz awpmakdm pvocckn `g~pkdopkad lovegp~$ (^gg

Pofig ?6$+ Pha~g `g~pkdopkad lovegp~ ovg ~gvsg` f{ @P~ Miafoi Adg zovpdgv~$

Mgvlod{ ho~ ~ggd od kdnvgo~g kd onpksg ikdg~ mva} op phg vopg ac 7' o {gov cval ?;83,?;;7$ Op

phg ~olg pklg) phg dwlfgv ac noii~ kdnvgo~g` =$?' oddwoii{) od` vgsgdwg~ egzp zong }kph phgkdnvgo~g kd noii~ pa mva} op phg vopg ac =$8' oddwoii{$

Cvodng

Cvodng Pgignal oikmdg` lwnh ac kp~ C@K }kph kp~ ~pvopgmkn Miafoi Adg zovpdgv~ od` ho~ vgngdpi{

fvao`gdg` kdsg~plgdp~ awp~k`g phop zovpdgv~hkz$ CP k~ o lobav ngiiwiov zio{gv) `k~pvkfwpg~ miafoilafkig ~opgiikpg ~gvskng~) od` k~ ~gppkdm wz kp~ a}d kdpgvdopkadoi `opo sgdpwvg~$ (^gg Pofig ?>$+

Onpkskp{ kd hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad lovegp~ k~ nasgvg` f{ Miafoi Adg kd Mgvlod{ od` phg WE)

od` vgngdp C@K kd Kpoi{ od` ^zokd$

Pgignallwdknopkad ~gvskng~ vgsgdwg~) kdnvgo~kdm od osgvomg ac 0$=' cav phg {gov~ ?;83 phvawmh?;;7) hosg adi{ egzp zong }kph dg} ikdg~ (>$0'+ od` kdnvgo~g` lkdwpg~ ac pgigzhadg ~gvskng

(0$7'+$

Kpoi{

Pgignal Kpoiko ho~ lo`g o dwlfgv ac cavgkmd `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp~ kd faph ckxg`,ikde od` ngiiwiov

lovegp~$ Od kdsg~plgdp ho~ fggd lo`g kd phg hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad ac Cvodng) fwp kd da aphgv


10/35

awpmakdm hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad nawdpv{$ (^gg Pofig ?0$+ Pgignal Kpoiko k~ &fo~g` ad o lavg av

ig~~ nia~g` halg lovegp) ho~ mokdg` ~wf~podpkoi kdpgvdopkadoi za~kpkad o~ od kdsg~pav kd lovegp~ofvao` (fwp k~+ ~pkii ionekdm zvg~gdng kd klzavpodp lovegp~ kd ]g~pgvd Gwvazg) O~ko) od` Davph

Olgvkno$Kp k~ o iopgnalgv }kph vg~zgnp pa miafoi ~pvopgmkn oiikodng~$&

Vgsgdwg kdnvgo~g~ (?:$>' oddwoii{+ hosg cov ~wvzo~~g` phg dwlfgv ac dg} lokd azgvopkdm ikdg~}hknh kdnvgo~g` >$7' o {gov$ Vgsgdwg~ oi~a }gvg hkmhgv phod phg oddwoi kdnvgo~g kd `alg~pkn

noii~ (=$0'+$

^zokd

^zokd~ Pgigcadkno ho~ dap kdsg~pg` kd kp~ lobav pvo`kdm zovpdgv~ dav kd nawdpvkg~ ac hkmh pvocckn`g~pkdopkad~$ Vophgv) Pgigcadkno ho~ kdsg~pg` kd ~alg ac kp~ dopwvoi lovegp~ zodk~h,~zgoekdm

nawdpvkg~ kd Iopkd Olgvkno$ (^gg Pofig ?7$+ Phg nallwdknopkad~ dgg`~ ac Pgigcadkno~kdpgvdopkadoi fw~kdg~~ nw~palgv~ ovg poegd novg ac f{ kp~ zovpknkzopkad kd phg Nadngvp oiikodng)

}hknh k~ onpksg kd oii cksg ac Pgigcadkno~ paz awpmakdm pvocckn `g~pkdopkad~$

^zokd kd ?;;7 azgdg` kp~ ngiiwiov lovegp pa nalzgpkpkad) od` k~ ~nhg`wig` pa azgd pa nalzgpkpkad

kp~ ckxg`,ikde lovegp~ kd ?;;;$ [gp) `g~zkpg phg iopgdg~~ ac azgdkdm kp~ halg lovegp pa

nalzgpkpkad) ^zokd ho~ ~ggd od kdnvgo~g ac 0$;' o {gov ac dg} ikdg~ onpksopg` (?;83,?;;7+$ Phgdwlfgv ac noii~ kdnvgo~g` ~ikmhpi{ lavg phod phg dwlfgv ac ikdg~ kd~poiig`) vgonhkdm o 7$6'

kdnvgo~g zgv {gov$ @wvkdm phk~ ~olg zgvka`) pgignallwdknopkad ~gvskng~ vgsgdwg~ bwlzg` ?6$8'zgv {gov) lavg phod 6 pklg~ phg dwlfgv ac dg} ikdg~ av noii~$

Zavpwmoi

Zavpwmoi Pgignal ho~ kdsg~pg` ikppig awp~k`g ac Zavpwmoi od` }hop ikppig kp ho~ kdsg~pg` ho~

vglokdg` la~pi{ kd phg Zavpwmwg~g,~zgoekdm }avi`$ (^gg Pofig ?3$+ Phg hkmh pvocckn `g~pkdopkad~cval Zavpwmoi }kii fg ~gvsg` f{ phg Nadngvp oiikodng) }hknh Zavpwmoi Pgignal vgngdpi{ bakdg`$Zavpwmoi Pgignal ho~ oi~a cavmg` nia~gv pkg~ }kph ^zokd~ Pgigcadkno$

Zavpwmoi ho~ ~ggd o hwmg kdnvgo~g kd phg dwlfgv ac dg} ikdg~ onpksopg` cval ?;83,?;;7) vawmhi{?:$?' gonh {gov$ Pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ vgsgdwg ikeg}k~g hosg niklfg` od osgvomg ac

?=$=' gonh {gov$

6$ ^pvopgmkn @kccgvgdng~

6$? Vgikodng ad kdpgvdopkadoi ~gppiglgdp~

Kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gppiglgdp cia}~ ovg `gpgvlkdg` f{ phg onnawdpkdm vopg~ omvgg`

pa f{ navvg~zad`gdp novvkgv~ od` phg pvocckn saiwlg~ (od`) g~zgnkoii{) od{ klfoiodng~+$ Phg~gcia}~ kdciwgdng phg vgsgdwg~) zvackp~) od` ~pvopgmkg~ ac oii pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~$


11/35

Phg Wdkpg` ^popg~ ho~ gxzgvkgdng` o ~pgo`{ kdnvgo~g kd phg dwlfgv ac awpmakdm noii~ kd vgiopkad pa

kdnalkdm noii~$ Phgvg ho~ fggd o navvg~zad`kdm mva}ph kd phg foiodng ac zo{lgdp~ W^ novvkgv~hosg lo`g pa asgv~go~ novvkgv~$ O~ o vg~wip) phg Cg`gvoi Nallwdknopkad~ Nallk~~kad (CNN+ ho~

gdàv~g` nhodmkdm phg onnawdpkdm vopg~ oladm dopkad~ ~a o~ pa lavg onnwvopgi{ pvone onpwoi

na~p~$ Phk~ k~ `k~nw~~g` lavg cwii{ kd Fvowd~pgkd~ ^gnpkad >$?$

Bozod od` Kpoi{ hosg oi~a gxzgvkgdng` od kdnvgo~g kd awpmakdm noii~ asgv kdnalkdm noii~) fwp

asgvoii vgsgdwg~ `k` dap `gnikdg$ Nawdpvkg~ ~wnh o~ Cvodng) @gdlove) Mgvlod{ od` phgDgphgviod`~ hosg ho` phg vopka ac kdnalkdm od` awpmakdm kdpgvdopkadoi noii~ vglokd cokvi{

nad~podp cav phg pklg zgvka` ?;83,?;;7$ ^zokd) }hknh ho~ oi~a ~ggd kp~ kdpgvdopkadoi noii vopka

vglokd nad~podp) ho~ ~ggd o nad~podp gva~kad kd vgsgdwg mokd~) cval od kdnvgo~g ac ?8$>' kd ?;;?asgv ?;;: vgsgdwg~) pa adi{ o 3$;' mokd kd ?;;7$ Kdnvgo~g~ kd vgsgdwg~ kd @gdlove) phawmh)

vglokdg` cokvi{ nad~podp cav phg ~olg pklg zgvka`$ Zavpwmoi) }hknh ho~ foieg` op azgdkdm wz kp~

àlg~pkn lovegp~ pa nalzgpkpkad) ho~ gxzgvkgdng` o lwnh iovmgv dwlfgv ac kdnalkdm

kdpgvdopkadoi noii~ phod awpmakdm noii~ (o~ lwnh o~ 66;' lavg kd ?;83) od` ~pkii ?=7' lavg kd?;;7+$ Zavpwmoi }awi` ~ggl pa fg vgi{kdm ad phg cosavofig kdpgvdopkadoi ~gppiglgdp~ od` k~ dap kd

o hwvv{ pa azgd kp~ àlg~pkn lovegp~$

6$6 ^wllov{ ac ckd`kdm~W$^ od` Gwvazg

@kccgvgdng~ kd kd`w~pv{ ~pvwnpwvg) hk~pav{) od` vgmwiopav{ ozzvaonhg~ loeg kp `kccknwip pa `kvgnpi{nalzovg phg miafoikropkad ~pvopgmkg~ ac novvkgv~ fo~g` kd phg Wdkpg` ^popg~) phg nawdpvkg~ ac phg

Gwvazgod Wdkad) od` Bozod$ Dgsgvphgig~~) phg iovmg dwlfgv~ ac W$^$, od` GW,fo~g` novvkgv~

loeg~ kp }avph}hkig pa oppglzp ~wnh o nalzovk~ad) op igo~p cav phg~g p}a vgmkad~$

]g hosg iaaeg` op ~gsgd `kccgvgdp ovgo~ kd }hknh }g ckd` w~gcwi nalzovk~ad~ phop nod fg `vo}d$

(^gg Pofig ?= cav o ~wllov{$+ Ckv~p) phg dopwvg ac kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn sovkg~ onva~~ phg p}a

vgmkad~$ La~p kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn cval phg GW nawdpvkg~ k~ pa aphgv nawdpvkg~ }kphkd Gwvazg$ Adphg aphgv hod`) }hkig Nodoò k~ phg hkmhg~p,vodekdm `g~pkdopkad cval phg W$^$) phg vglokdkdm paz

nawdpvkg~ ovg ianopg` phvawmhawp phg }avi` (Lgxkna) W$E$) Mgvlod{) od` Bozod) kd av`gv+$ Phk~ k~

nigovi{ vgiopg` pa phg ~gnad` `kccgvgdngonnawdpkdm vopg k~~wg~ ozzgov pa fg lavg klzavpodp kdphg W$^$ o~ phg klfoiodng kd kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn igo`~ pa lo~~ksg vgnwvvkdm no~h awpcia}~$

Phg zoppgvd~ ac cavgkmd `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp~ f{ novvkgv~ kd gonh vgmkad nod oi~a fg nalzovg`$ Kp

ozzgov~ o~ phawmh C@K f{ GW,fo~g` novvkgv~ `gzgd`~) pa o `gmvgg) ad nalladoikpkg~ ac

kdpgvg~pnallad iodmwomg av nwipwvg) nia~g `k~podng~) pvo`kdm vgiopkad~hkz~) gpn$ F{nalzovk~ad) phg cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp~ f{ W$^$ novvkgv~ ~ggl pa fg lavg lapksopg` f{ zgvngksg`

lovegp azzavpwdkpkg~ od` ig~~ f{ od{ &dopwvoi& occkdkpkg~$ Ha}gsgv) faph phg GW od` W$^$ novvkgv~

hosg lo`g lobav kdsg~plgdp~ kd ngiiwiov ~{~pgl~ kd aphgv nawdpvkg~) o~ phk~ ho~ fggd adg ac phg

govikg~p ovgo~ ac ikfgvoikropkad od` azgddg~~ pa cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp~$

Gqwkzlgdp lodwconpwvgv~ ~pkii hosg nia~g pkg~ pa dopkadoi novvkgv~ kd ~gsgvoi Gwvazgod nawdpvkg~$

Phg~g vgiopkad~hkz~ zio{ o vaig kd kdsg~plgdp ~pvopgmkg~) faph àlg~pkn od` cavgkmd$ Phg adi{iovmg ckvl }kph o ~klkiov ikde kd phg W$^$ k~ Lapavaio$ (^loiigv ckvl~ ~wnh o~ _woinall oi~a

nalfkdg pgnhdaiam{) lodwconpwvkdm) od` novvkgv `ksk~kad~5 OP#P }o~ odaphgv gxolzig fgcavg

phg ~zkd,acc ac Iwngdp Navzavopkad$+


12/35

Lobav novvkgv~ cavl od` bakd kdpgvdopkadoi oiikodng~ cav ~gsgvoi vgo~ad~$ Kp ozzgov~ o~ phawmh

novvkgv~ kd faph vgmkad~ skg} phg~g oiikodng~ o~ gccknkgdp }o{~ ac zvask`kdm hkmh,lovmkd soiwg,o``g` od` sgvpknoi ~gvskng~ pa iovmg lwipk,dopkadoi navzavopkad~$ Kd o``kpkad) phg Gwvazgod

novvkgv~ lo{ nad~k`gv phg oiikodng~ o~ o w~gcwi ~wf~pkpwpg cav `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp~ }hkig phg W$^$

novvkgv~ lo{ canw~ ad phg za~~kfkikp{ ac nadpvaiikdm cavgkmd azgvopav~ kd nawdpvkg~ phop ovg lobav

vgnkzkgdp~ ac W$^$ noii~) phw~ vgnozpwvkdm ~alg ac phg ~gppiglgdp~ awpcia}$

Ckdoii{) }hkig }g vgoikrg od{ ~wllov{ ~popglgdp~ vk~e fgkdm paa ~klzik~pkn) }g fgikgsgkdsg~plgdp ~pvopgmkg~ f{ GW ckvl~ ovg lavg ikegi{ pa hosg o pgnhdaiam{,`vksgd nalzadgdp$ Phg

la~p afskaw~ gxolzig k~ phg zvalapkad ac phg M$^$L$ `kmkpoi lafkig ~podòv`$ Kp zvalapg~ o zod,

Gwvazgod pgnhdaiam{) zvask`g~ o``g`,soiwg cav phg nw~palgv~ ac Gwvazgod novvkgv~ }hgd phg{pvosgi) od` mgdgvoii{ nadpvkfwpg~ pa phg klomg ac o wdkpg` Gwvazg$ Ad phg aphgv hod`) phg

kdsg~plgdp~ ac phg W$^$ novvkgv~ ovg lavg `vksgd f{ gxzgnpg` lovegp vgpwvd$ W~kdm phg ~olg

gxolzig) W$^$ ckvl~ ozzgov }kiikdm pa zvaza~g od{ ngiiwiov ~podòv`) }hgphgv fo~g` ad ~zgnkckn

vgmwiopav{ vgqwkvglgdp~ av ikegi{ lovegpkdm od` na~p o`sodpomg~$

ZOVP KK2 PVGD@^) IG^ÂD^) OD@ AZPKAD^

?$ Nhodmkdm Kd`w~pv{ ^pvwnpwvg

?$? Fgdgckp~ cval pgignallwdknopkad pvo`g ikfgvoikropkad

]g da} `k~nw~~ phg fgdgckp~ ac pgignallwdknopkad~ pvo`g ikfgvoikropkad$ Cvggv pvo`g kdpgignallwdknopkad~ zvalk~g~ pa `giksgv op igo~p phvgg gnadalkn mokd~2 dg} od` klzvasg`

zva`wnp~ od` ~gvskng~) ia}gv zvkng~) od` o``kpkadoi kdsg~plgdp$ Azgd pvo`g kd pgignallwdknopkad

~gvskng~ ~hawi` vg~wip kd lavg nalzgpkpkad) ia}gvkdm zvkng~ cav la~p fw~kdg~~g~ od` cav lod{nad~wlgv~ od` zvask`kdm faph }kph o nhakng ac `kccgvgdp ~gvskng zvask`gv~$

Zvafofi{ phg nigovg~p gsk`gdng nalg~ cval phg lovegp ~gmlgdp }hgvg nalzgpkpkad k~ nwvvgdpi{

phg la~p eggd2 kd kdpgvdopkadoi pgigzhadg ~gvskng~$ Pha~g lovegp~ }hgvg `kvgnp nalzgpkpkad k~zgvlkppg` hosg onhkgsg` hkmhgv vopg~ ac mva}ph phod kd nawdpvkg~ phop hosg vgpokdg` o ladazai{$

Cav `gsgiazg` gnadalkg~) phk~ `kccgvgdng k~ ~kmdkcknodp5 nalzgpkpkad ho~ vok~g` phg mva}ph vopg ac

pvocckn zgv ~wf~nvkfgv cval 7$3 zgv ngdp pa ;$> zgv ngdp zgv {gov ~kdng ?;;:$ Ha}gsgv) cavglgvmkdm lovegp~ phg `kccgvgdng k~ lwnh lavg ~pvkekdm2 asgv phg ~olg zgvka` nalzgpkpksg

lovegp~ mvg} phgkv kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn zgv ~wf~nvkfgv f{ ??$= zgv ngdp zgv {gov nalzovg` }kph

bw~p 7$6 zgv ngdp zgv {gov kd ladazai{ lovegp~$ Phk~ ~wmmg~p~ phop phg zapgdpkoi fgdgckp~ ac pvo`g

ikfgvoikropkad lkmhp onpwoii{ fg mvgopgv cav glgvmkdm lovegp~ phod cav `gsgiazg` adg~$

]h{ ~hawi` phk~ fg ~a1 Adg zovp ac phg od~}gv k~ fgnow~g ac wdlgp `glod`$ âlg 0> lkiikad

zgazig ovg ad vgmk~pgvg` }okpkdm ik~p~ cav pgigzhadg naddgnpkad~ kd glgvmkdm lovegp~ od` phgosgvomg }okpkdm pklg k~ lavg phod o {gov$ F{ kdpva`wnkdm dg} kdsg~plgdp kd phg lovegp) }okpkdm

ik~p~ nod fg ~hovzi{ vg`wng`) o~ ho~ fggd phg no~g kd `gsgiazkdm lovegp~ phop hosg zvksopkrg` phgkv

zwfikn pgignallwdknopkad azgvopav~ op phg ~povp ac phg ?;;:~$


13/35

]hop ofawp phg zapgdpkoi na~p~ ac pvo`g ikfgvoikropkad1 âlg masgvdlgdp~ ovg ocvok` phop phg{ }kii

ia~g phg ofkikp{ pa nadpvai gdpv{ od` a}dgv~hkz kd phgkv àlg~pkn lovegp~$ Phg pvwph k~ phop) op phgkdpgvdopkadoi igsgi) masgvdlgdp~ hosg zvonpknoii{ ia~p phg za}gv pa `knpopg }ha nod zvask`g

~gvskng~$ Cav gxolzig) phg `gsgiazlgdp ac oipgvdopksg noiikdm zvang`wvg~ ~wnh o~ noii,fone ho~

annwvvg` op o lwnh co~pgv vopg phod ho` fggd gxzgnpg` asgv phg zo~p cg} {gov~$ O~ o vg~wip) oila~p

oii lovegp~ ovg da} azgd pa ~alg `gmvgg ac nalzgpkpkad$

F{ loekdm nallkplgdp~ pa azgd phgkv lovegp) masgvdlgdp~ ovg lgvgi{ oneda}ig`mkdm }hop k~oivgo`{ hozzgdkdm$ Kd zovpknwiov) kp k~ dgng~~ov{ pa vgcignp ad phg nhodmkdm vaig ac masgvdlgdp)

cval fgkdm o `kvgnp zio{gv kd pgignallwdknopkad~ pa o zaikn{ loegv od` vgmwiopav$ Gsgd phawmh

phgkv `kvgnp azgvopkadoi kdciwgdng lo{ fg mvgopi{ `klkdk~hg`) phgvg }kii fg lavg }ave cavmasgvdlgdp~ pa à wd`gv o nalzgpkpksg lovegp gdskvadlgdp phod }o~ phg no~g wd`gv ladazai{

~gvskng zvask~kad$ Phop k~ fgnow~g gxk~pkdm lovegp zio{gv~ o~ }gii o~ zapgdpkoi dg} gdpvodp~ }kii

fg iaaekdm cav nigov mwkòdng ad }hop ~avp ac vgmklg }kii fg g~pofik~hg` cav k~~wg~ ~wnh o~

kdpgvnaddgnpkad) dwlfgvkdm) wdksgv~oi ~gvskng afikmopkad~ od` povkcc zaikn{$

?$6 Pa}ov`~ o lwipkiopgvoi pvo`g cvolg}ave

O dg} zovo`kml k~ glgvmkdm cav kdpgvdopkadoi pvo`g kd pgignallwdknopkad~$ Phg ai` zovo`kml)

}hknh lkmhp fg iaa~gi{ `g~nvkfg` o~ &kdpgv,dopkadoi& pgignallwdknopkad~) }o~ fo~g` ad fkiopgvoi

vgiopkad~ fgp}ggd nawdpvkg~$ Phg ladazai{ azgvopav~ kd pha~g nawdpvkg~ naiiofavopg` kd phg bakdpzvask~kad ac kdpgvdopkadoi ~gvskng~$ Phk~ la`gi k~ da} fvgoekdm à}d) dap ~a lwnh fgnow~g phg

~{~pgl k~ dap }avekdm) fwp vophgv fgnow~g kp da} coki~ pa nozpwvg phg cwii zknpwvg$ O dg} zoppgvd

fo~g` ad miafoi nalzgpkpkad k~ glgvmkdm$ Kp vgnamdkrg~ phop pvo`g kd pgignallwdknopkadgqwkzlgdp od` ~gvskng~ da} poeg~ ziong kd o lwipkiopgvoi gdskvadlgdp kd }hknh phg lobavkp{ ac

pvo`g vgiopkad~hkz~ kdniw`g lwipkzig kdpgvlg`kovkg~ fgp}ggd fw{gv od` ~giigv$ ]g ovg laskdm

cval o }avi` ac adg,pa,adg vgiopkad~ pa o }avi` ac lod{,pa,lod{$ Kp k~ dap dopkad~ phop pvo`g }kph

aphgv dopkad~) fwp nalzodkg~ od` kd`ksk`woi~ phop nad`wnp pvo`g }kph gonh aphgv$

]hop }kii fg phg klzonp ac phg lovegp azgdkdm lasg~ omvgg` op phg ]avi` Pvo`g Avmodkropkad1

Phg omvgglgdp~ ovg ~kmdkcknodp cav p}a lokd vgo~ad~$ Ckv~p) fgnow~g phg nawdpvkg~ }hknh hosglo`g accgv~ av nallkplgdp~ onnawdp cav ~wnh o iovmg zovp ac phg papoi }avi` lovegp$ Phg 3;

masgvdlgdp~ phop lo`g accgv~ wd`gv phg dgmapkopkad~ ad fo~kn pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~

(Mgdgso) ?7 Cgfvwov{ ?;;=+ nad~pkpwpg ~alg ;0 zgv ngdp ac phg miafoi lovegp cavpgignallwdknopkad ~gvskng~$ ^klkiovi{) phg 68 masgvdlgdp~ phop ~kmdg` phg Lkdk~pgvkoi

@gniovopkad ad Kdcavlopkad Pgnhdaiam{ zva`wnp~ (^kdmozavg) @gnglfgv ?> ?;;3+ onnawdp cav 80

zgv ngdp ac miafoi pgignallwdknopkad gqwkzlgdp gxzavp~$ ^gnad`) fgnow~g phg omvgglgdp~ hosgfggd dgmapkopg` o~ zovp ac o lwipkiopgvoi pvgop{) phg accgv~ od` nallkplgdp~ ovg fkd`kdm ad

masgvdlgdp~ od` zvonpknoii{ kvvgsgv~kfig$

Cav lod{ pgignallwdknopkad w~gv~) phg pvod~kpkad pa o lwipkiopgvoi pvo`kdm ~{~pgl }kii fvkdm

fgdgckp~ kd pgvl~ ac mvgopgv nhakng od` ia}gv zvkng~$ Cav phg lobavkp{ ac novvkgv~) phgvg }kii fg

~kmdkcknodp fgdgckp~ kd pgvl~ ac nvgopkdm dg} lovegp azzavpwdkpkg~ od` o lavg igsgi zio{kdm ckgi`$

Phg maoi k~ pa gxpgd` phg lwipkiopgvoi ~aiwpkad kd }hknh oii nawdpvkg~ lasg cav}ov` pamgphgv od`kd }hknh oii fgdgckp) dap bw~p pha~g novvkgv~ }kph lovegp za}gv$ Adi{ phgd }kii phg fgdgckp~ ac

miafoi nalzgpkpkad fg gxpgd`g` pa oii phg }avi`-~ kdhofkpodp~$


14/35

6$ Vgskg} ac ^pvopgmkg~

Pa fgppgv wd`gv~pod` za~~kfig ~pvopgmkn azpkad~ cav ~loiigv novvkgv~) kp }awi` fg kd~pvwnpksg pa

vgskg} ~pvopgmkg~ ac pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~ kd phg Wdkpg` ^popg~ od` Gwvazg$ ]hgphgv adg

iaae~ op Davph Olgvkno av ]g~pgvd Gwvazg) adg k~ ~pvwne f{ phg `ksgv~kp{ ac ozzvaonhg~ pa

kdpgvdopkadoi od` miafoi azgvopkad~$ Phk~ k~ phg no~g }hgphgv adg iaae~ op novvkgv omvgglgdp~)cavgkmd `kvgnp kdsg~plgdp~) av oiikodng~$

O~ Fvowd~pgkd ~popg~2

Phgvg k~ da adg ~kdmig ~pvopgm{ fghkd` phg miafoikropkad ac phg `ksgv~g ckvl~ phop

ovg phg lobav W$^$ pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~$ Phg &Fof{ Fgii~& hosg fggd

nad~pvokdg` f{ phg pgvl~ ac phg OP#P `ksg~pkpwvg) kd phg zo~p) od` nwvvgdpi{ f{ phg

Pgignallwdknopkad~ Vgcavl Onp ac ?;;3 cval gxzod`kdm kdpa iadm `k~podng od`kdpgvdopkadoi novvkomg$ O~ o vg~wip) lod{ ac phgl hosg ~awmhp pa gxzod` kdpa

mva}kdm lovegp~ asgv~go~$ Fwp gsgd kd phk~ no~g) phg{ hosg caiia}g` `kccgvgdp

~pvopgmkg~$

^klkiov hg ckd`~ `kccgvgdp ozzvaonhg~ cav phg kdpgmvopg` novvkgv~) OP#P (cavlgvi{+ od` MPG

(nwvvgdpi{+2

MPG ho~ lobavkp{ kdpgvg~p~ kd p}a ac Nodoò~ zvaskdnkoi novvkgv~ od` ho~ vgngdpi{

gxzod`g` kdpa Iopkd Olgvkno$ OP#P ho~ w~g` ]avi` Zovpdgv~ pa occkikopg }kphaphgv novvkgv~ od` }kph Wdk~awvng }kphawp loekdm `kvgnp gqwkp{ kdsg~plgdp~ od op phg ~olg pklgho~ nadpkdwg` pa fg o lobav kdsg~pav kd novvkgv~ kdniw`kdm) la~p

vgngdpi{) Pgignal Kpoiko$

6$? @kccknwipkg~ cav ~loiigv navzavopkad~

^loiigv navzavopkad~ ovg op o `k~o`sodpomg kd phg lasg pa miafoikropkad cav ~gsgvoi vgo~ad~$ Phg

gxk~pkdm kdpgvdopkadoi pgignallwdknopkad~ oiikodng~ hosg fggd nvgopg` f{ ~alg ac phg }avi`~

iovmg~p novvkgv~) od` phg{ hosg gxhkfkpg` o zvgcgvgdng cav `goikdm }kph aphgv~ ac o ~klkiov dopwvg$Phgvg k~ o &igovdkdm nwvsg& }hgd kp nalg~ pa gdpgvkdm dg} lovegp~ kdpgvdopkadoii{) od` acpgd phg

kdsg~plgdp~ dgg`g` ovg qwkpg iovmg$

Phg nwvvgdp kdpgvdopkadoi novvkgv oiikodng~ nod fg skg}g` o~ od oppglzp pa vgziong phg cavlgv niwf

ac dopkadoi ladazai{ novvkgv~ }kph o novpgi ac oiikodng~ lo`g wz ac lkxg~ ac cavlgv ladazai{

novvkgv~ od` phg iovmg~p &dg}& gdpvodp~$ Vgmovìg~~ ac }hgphgv phg maoi ac phg~g oiikodng~ k~

zvklovki{ pa zvask`g ~gvskng cav phg iovmg~p lwipk,dopkadoi navzavopkad~) phgkv gccgnp k~ pa gdofiggd`,pa,gd` nadpvai ac eg{ kdpgvdopkadoi ikde~) zvask`kdm phgkv lglfgv~ }kph lovegp od` na~p

o`sodpomg~$

Phg oiikodng~ `kccgv kd phgkv ~pvwnpwvg) g~zgnkoii{ kd phg lkx ac gqwkp{ zovpknkzopkad od` iaa~gv

occkikopkad~ ad aphgv,phod,gqwkp{ fo~g~$ Dgsgvphgig~~) kd oii phvgg ac phg lobav oiikodng~ phglglfgv~ ovg gkphgv sgv{ iovmg pgigzhadg novvkgv~ }kph nad~k`gvofig kdpgvdopkadoi zvg~gdng (g$m$)

LNK) ^zvkdp+) av novvkgv~ }ha ovg àlkdodp kd phgkv halg nawdpvkg~ (g$m$) EZD) Pgiko+) av novvkgv~


15/35

}ha ovg faph (g$m$) OP#P) FP) gpn$+$ ]kph cg} gxngzpkad~) ~loiigv) dad,àlkdodp novvkgv~ ozzgov

pa fg gccgnpksgi{ gxniw`g` ~a cov$

Cavpwdopgi{) phgvg ovg nalzgd~opkdm conpav~$ Ckv~p) vgmwiopav{ kdpgvsgdpkad ho~ vg`wng` phg

zapgdpkoi zo{acc cval nadpvaiikdm faph gd`~ ac od kdpgvdopkadoi ikde$ Vgmwiopkad~ ~wnh o~ zovoiigi

onnawdpkdm vopg vgqwkvglgdp~ od` zvazavpkadopg vgpwvd hosg fggd gccgnpksg$ ^gnad`) oiphawmh phgzvg~~wvg pa ia}gv onnawdpkdm vopg~ pa lavg nia~gi{ vgcignp na~p~ }kii dgmopksgi{ occgnp lod{

novvkgv~ cval ~loiigv nawdpvkg~) phk~ nhodmg }kii ma o iadm }o{ pa}ov` &igsgikdm phg zio{kdmckgi`& cav dg} gdpvodp~ f{ vg`wnkdm phg ckdodnkoi nw~hkad ac lod{ kdnwlfgdp novvkgv~$ Od` phkv`)

phg gxk~pgdng ac lwipkzig oiikodng~ lgod~ ~loiigv ckvl~ lo{ fg ofig pa zio{ adg iovmg gdpkp{ acc

omokd~p odaphgv pa ckd` phg fg~p &zovpdgv~$& Phk~ io~p zakdp lo{ hosg fggd kiiw~pvopg` f{

Pgigcadkno~ lasg cval Wdk~awvng pa Nadngvp kd ?;;=$

O~ o``kpkadoi nawdpvkg~ ikfgvoikrg sovkaw~ zovp~ ac phgkv pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gnpav) phgvg ovg

lod{ azzavpwdkpkg~ cav kdpgvdopkadoi zovpdgv~hkz~ od` nad~avpko pa pgol }kph ianoi zovpdgv~ od`~gge pa gdpgv phg~g lovegp~$ Ha}gsgv) zvgzovkdm od` ~wflkppkdm o nalzgpkpksg fk`) av ~ggekdm pa

gdpgv kd od{ nvg`kpofig loddgv) mgdgvoii{ vgqwkvg~ ~kmdkcknodp vg~awvng~ od` eda}ig`mg$ ]hkigckvl~ nod onqwkvg phg vg~awvng~ od` eda}ig`mg kd o dwlfgv ac }o{~) phgvg ovg ~kmdkcknodpo`sodpomg~ phop onnvwg pa pha~g }kph gxzgvkgdng$ Phw~ phg zvang~~ ac nalzgpkpksg gdpv{ acpgd

zvg~gdp~ fovvkgv~ pa phg ~loiigv avmodkropkad$ Ad phg aphgv hod`) kp ~hawi` fg dapg` phop lod{

~loiigv ckvl~ hosg zvasgd pa fg qwkpg maa` op gdpgvkdm dg} lovegp~) od` phg iovmg dwlfgv acianoi nad~avpko zvask`g~ lod{ azzavpwdkpkg~$ Cwvphgvlavg) lod{ nawdpvkg~ ovg ia}gvkdm phgkv

fovvkgv~ pa cavgkmd a}dgv~hkz av zovpkoi a}dgv~hkz f{ cavgkmd kdpgvg~p~) zovpkoii{ kd vg~zad~g pa

phg vgngdp ]PA omvgglgdp$

Phg kdsg~plgdp~ dgg`g` cav dg} ~opgiikpg pgnhdaiamkg~ ovg lo~~ksg) od` sgv{ iovmg) ckdodnkoii{

~pofig ckvl~ hosg o nalzgpkpksg o`sodpomg kd fgnalkdm igo` zovpdgv~ kd ~opgiikpg nad~avpko$

Oiphawmh phg pgnhdaiamknoi od` ckdodnkoi hwvìg~ ovg ~kmdkcknodp) gonh ~opgiikpg novvkgv dgg`~&iod`kdm vkmhp~& kd nawdpvkg~ (av op igo~p vgmkad~+ phvawmhawp phg }avi`$ O~ o vg~wip) phgvg ovg

lod{ azzavpwdkpkg~ cav ~loiigv ckvl~) g~zgnkoii{ kc phg{ hosg àlg~pkn kdpgvnaddgnpkad vkmhp~) kd

phg ~opgiikpg nad~avpko$ Phg conp phop gonh ~opgiikpg ~{~pgl }kii w~g adg av lavg ac pgnhdaiamkg~~wnh o~ N@LO av P@LO cav phgkv `kmkpoi ikde~ pa w~gv hod`~gp~ zvask`g~ azzavpwdkpkg~ cav ckvl~

}kph gxzgvkgdng av gxzgvpk~g kd phg~g pgnhdaiamkg~$

6$6 Ig~~ad~ igovdg` cval phg W$^$ od` Gwvazgod novvkgv~

Phg la~p afskaw~ nadniw~kad ofawp phg zvang~~ ac miafoikropkad adg nod `vo} cval phg onpkskpkg~

ac W$^$ od` Gwvazgod pgignallwdknopkad~ ckvl~ k~ phop miafoikropkad gccavp~ ovg dap oi}o{~ o~

iamknoi av o~ zvackpofig o~ adg lkmhp }k~h$ Cav gxolzig) }hgphgv adg iaae~ op Olgvkpgnh kd

Zaiod` av W ^ ]g~p kd phg Wdkpg` Ekdmàl) kp ho~ fggd `kccknwip op pklg~ pa `kvgnpi{ ozzi{ W$^$

gxzgvkgdng pa azgvopkad~ kd aphgv nawdpvkg~$ Dgsgvphgig~~) lod{ ac phg W$^$ novvkgv~ cavgkmdkdsg~plgdp~ hosg fggd qwkpg ~wnng~~cwi$ Phg W$^$ ckvl~ ~ggl pa fg zovpknwiovi{ ofig pa }ave }kph

nalzigx nad~avpko ac kdsg~plgdp mvawz~ od` cigxkfig gdawmh pa ~pvwnpwvg ~wnh mvawz~ pa lggp

faph phg vgqwkvglgdp~ ac phg ha~p nawdpv{ od` phg dgg`~ ac phg aphgv~ kd phg nad~avpko$ Ha}gsgv)phg W$^$ novvkgv~ ~ggl pa nhaa~g azzavpwdkpkg~ }hgvg phg{ hosg o nadpvaiikdm vaig$ ^klkiovi{)


16/35

Gwvazgod novvkgv~ hosg ho` sov{kdm vg~wip~ }kph kdpgvdopkadoi kdsg~plgdp~$ Phg la~p afskaw~

vgngdp no~g ho~ fggd FP-~ zvafigl~ }kph kp~ kdsg~plgdp kd LNK$

Phg ~gnad` nadniw~kad k~ phop phg W$^$ ckvl~ ozzgov pa fg ~gppikdm cav iadmgv zo{,fone zgvka`~ cav

phgkv kdpgvdopkadoi kdsg~plgdp~ phod adg lkmhp gxzgnp cval oii phg canw~ ad ~havp,pgvl navzavopg

govdkdm~$ Phg vgo~ad~ cav phk~ ovg zvafofi{ nalzigx) od` phk~ nadniw~kad ~hawi` fg skg}g` o~pgdpopksg od` kd dgg` ac nadckvlopkad$ Fwp kc phk~ k~ pvwg) phg vgo~ad~ za~~kfi{ kdniw`g2

phg cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp~ ovg vgiopksgi{ sgv{ ~loii od` phgvgcavg govi{ ia~~g~ hosg o lkdkloi

gccgnp ad vgzavpg` govdkdm~5

phg gxzgnpg` cwpwvg mva}ph vopg~ ac vgsgdwg~ od` govdkdm~ cval phg kdpgvdopkadoi kdsg~plgdp~

ovg hkmhgv phod kd phg halg lovegp~5

o `g~kvg pa igovd ofawp nalzgpkpksg lovegp~ cval }hknh ~alg ac phg ckvl~ ovg gxniw`g` kd phg

W$^$ awp}gkmh~ phg dgg` cav ~havp,pgvl govdkdm~$

Phg phkv` nadniw~kad k~ phop lod{ pgignallwdknopkad~ ckvl~ ~ggl gkphgv pa hosg o &zavpcaika&

ozzvaonh pa kdpgvdopkadoi kdsg~plgdp~ av o canw~ ad kdsg~plgdp~ phop nozkpoikrg ad phgkv

zvazvkgpov{ pgnhdaiamkg~ od` nalziglgdpov{ ikdg~ ac fw~kdg~~$ Oiphawmh kp poeg~ ~kmdkcknodp pklgod` vg~awvng~ pa `gsgiaz od` lodomg kdpgvg~p~ kd o dwlfgv ac nawdpvkg~) ~wnh od ozzvaonh nod

lovegì{ vg`wng phg vk~e~ ac kdpgvdopkadoi kdsg~plgdp~$ ^klkiovi{) hoskdm gxzgvkgdng }kph o

~zgnkckn pgnhdaiam{ nod hgiz acc~gp phg vk~e~ cval dap hoskdm nawdpv{,~zgnkckn gxzgvkgdng$ Pa nkpgadg afskaw~ gxolzig) Lapavaio ho~ `gsgiazg` ~wzzikgv vgiopkad~hkz~ }kph gdpkpkg~ kd }hknh kp ho~

kdsg~pg` kd faph phg ngiiwiov od` ~opgiikpg kd`w~pvkg~$ Phg zvonpknoi gccgnp ac phk~ `woi vgiopkad~hkz

k~ phop ia}gv zvackp~ cval phg zovpdgv~hkz nod fg foiodng` omokd~p o``kpkadoi ~oig~ f{ phg zovgdp

nalzod{$ (Phk~ k~) ac nawv~g) ~klkiov pa Eavgod ckvl~ gdpgvkdm kdpgvdopkadoi lovegp~ phop w~gN@LO pgnhdaiam{$+

Kp k~ ikegi{ phg klziglgdpopkad ac phg ]PA pgignallwdknopkad~ omvgglgdp~ }kii igo` pa cwvphgvia}gvkdm ac fovvkgv~ od`) phgvgcavg) o hkmhgv igsgi ac kdpgvdopkadoi onpkskpkg~ f{ lod{ ckvl~$ O

nawdpgvsokikdm conpav) ha}gsgv) lkmhp fg phg za~~kfig gdpv{ ac phg Fof{ Fgii~ kdpa phg W$^$

àlg~pkn iadm `k~podng lovegp) cval }hknh phg{ ovg da} gccgnpksgi{ fovvg` f{ vgmwiopkad$ Kc ~wnhàlg~pkn gxzod~kad annwv~) phk~ lkmhp vg`wng faph phgkv kdpgvg~p kd cavgkmd lovegp~ od` phg cwd`~

osokiofig cav cavgkmd kdsg~plgdp$ Dgsgvphgig~~) kc kdnvgo~g` cavgkmd onpkskp{ f{ W$^$ ckvl~ }gvg pa

annwv) kp dgg` dap fg op phg gxzgd~g ac cavgkmd ckvl~ o~ phg azzavpwdkpkg~ cav kdpgvdopkadoizovpdgvkdm od` vk~e,~hovkdm }kii oi~a kdnvgo~g$

6$> Soiwg O``g` ^gvskng~

Zaikn{ loegv~ kd lod{ nawdpvkg~ zvapgnp phg kdnwlfgdp ladazai{ novvkgv$ Cav o sovkgp{ ac

vgo~ad~) kdniw`kdm pgnhdaiamknoi) fwvgownvopkn) od` zaikpknoi ovmwlgdp~) nalzgpkpkad k~ vg~pvknpg`$Lwipk,dopkadoi navzavopg nw~palgv~ ovg `glod`kdm phop vgmwiopav~ kd lod{ nawdpvkg~ oiia}

nalzgpkpkad kd phg zvask~kad ac fw~kdg~~ ~gvskng~ kd phg fgikgc phop nalzgpkpkad }kii igo` pa ia}gv

zvkng~ od` o }k`gv vodmg ac ~gvskng~$ Hk~pavknoii{) lwipk,dopkadoi navzavopkad~ }kii lasg

azgvopkad~ awp ac nawdpvkg~ }hgvg onng~~ pa o`gqwopg od` vgo~adofi{ zvkng` pgignallwdknopkad~gvskng~ ovg ionekdm$ Acpgd) omvgglgdp~ ovg vgonhg` }hgvg nalzgpkpkad k~ oiia}g` kd phg

zvask~kad ac soiwg o``g` ~gvskng~ }hkig phg kdnwlfgdp ladazai{ zvask`g~ fo~kn ~gvskng~ od`

eggz~ phg kdcvo~pvwnpwvg kdponp$ O~ o vg~wip phgvg k~ o h{fvk` ~pvwnpwvg }hgvg miafoi) kdpgmvopg`


17/35

~gvskng~ ovg zvask`g` cav lwipk,dopkadoi nalzodkg~ f{ o sovkgp{ ac ckvl~ }hkig ~alg ac phg

ladazaik~pkn ~gvskng~ ac phg kdnwlfgdp novvkgv ovg lokdpokdg`$ Kd phg O~ko,Zonkckn vgmkad) adgckd`~ o ~klkiov ~kpwopkad kd Eavgo$ Eavgo fgmod kp~ àlg~pkn lovegp vg~pvwnpwvkdm kd ?;;:$ ^kdng

?;;0) phgvg ho~ fggd da vg~pvknpkad~ ad kdsg~plgdp kd soiwg o``g` ~gvskng zvask`gv~) od` phgvg

ho~ fggd o ~pgo`{ kdpva`wnpkad ac nalzgpkpkad kdpa gonh pgignallwdknopkad ~gvskng$

ZOVP KKK$ CWPWVG ^NGDOVKA^ OD@ ^PVOPGMKN AZPKAD^

?$ Pgignallwdknopkad~ gvskng~

]g da} pwvd pa phg cwpwvg od` phg ~pvopgmkn azpkad~ cav ~loiigv novvkgv~ od` nawdpvkg~$ Phgvg k~ da

àwfp phop phg fw~kdg~~ od` gnadalkn la`gi wd`gvi{kdm faph àlg~pkn od` kdpgvdopkadoi

pgignallwdknopkad~ ho~ fggd nhodmkdm$ Nawdpvkg~ ovawd` phg miafg ovg }kpdg~~kdm phgkdpva`wnpkad ac dg} ~gvskng~) phg gdpv{ od` mva}ph ac dg} novvkgv~) od` phg nhodmkdm gnadalkn~

ac kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn$ Phgvg k~ zvg~~wvg cav povkcc vg,foiodnkdm kd lod{ nawdpvkg~ o~ phg ~{~pgl

ac ~wf~k`krkdm ianoi ~gvskng }kph ~wzgv,davloi zvackp~ kd iadm,`k~podng (pvwde+ od` kdpgvdopkadoi~gvskng~ nalg~ wd`gv oppone cval ~gsgvoi `kvgnpkad~$ Phk~ k~ o pklg ac pvod~kpkad) od` phgvg k~ da

adg nigov ~pvopgm{ phop k~ mwovodpgg` pa fg phg fg~p cav od{ zovpknwiov novvkgv$

Phg zvg~~wvg cav zvkng~ kd oii o~zgnp~ ac pgignallwdknopkad~ pa lavg nia~gi{ pvone na~p~ }kii

nadpkdwg$ Masgvdlgdp~ od` novvkgv~ kd oii zovp~ ac phg }avi` vgnamdkrg phk~ conp5 kp k~ adg ac phgeg{ vgo~ad~ phop phg oàzpkad ac phg ]PA pgignallwdknopkad~ omvgglgdp lo{ dap fg phg lobav

now~g ac `vo~pkn nhodmg$ Phg vg~wip ac phk~ lavg azgd) lavg nalzgpkpksg cwpwvg k~ phop o ckvl }kii

hosg pa ~gge azzavpwdkpkg~ o~ phg{ zvg~gdp phgl~gisg~ av vk~e fgnalkdm o ~ia} mva}ph) ia}lovmkd azgvopkad$

]g fgikgsg phop phgvg ovg cksg azpkad~ phop glgvmg cval phg odoi{~g~ kd phk~ zozgv od` phg aphgv

vgngdp ~pw`kg~ nkpg` ofasg$ Phg{ nasgv àlg~pkn) vgmkadoi) od` kdpgvdopkadoi azzavpwdkpkg~ od`~hawi` dap fg skg}g` o~ lwpwoii{ gxniw~ksg$ Kd conp) o~ pklg~ od` nad`kpkad~ nhodmg) phg

zvgcgvvg` lkx od` gxonp `gpoki~ }kii dgg` pa fg o`bw~pg` pa vgcignp phg dg} gdskvadlgdp$ ^povpkdm

}kph phg lavg àlg~pknoii{ avkgdpg` adg~ ckv~p) phg azpkad~ ovg2

?$ Igo` phg àlg~pkn lovegp kd od gvo ac zho~g` ikfgvoikropkad$6$ ^gge azzavpwdkpkg~ pa kdpgmvopg sgvpknoii{$>$ Zvalapg vgmkadoi azzavpwdkpkg~$0$ Nozpwvg o lobav ~hovg ac vgmkadoi lovegp~$7$ Gxzod` gdhodng` ~gvskng~ kdpgvdopkadoii{$

]g da} nasgv gonh ac phg~g azpkad~ kd pwvd$

Igo` phg àlg~pkn lovegp kd od gvo ac zho~g` ikfgvoikropkad$


18/35

Phg `gikfgvopg) zho~g` kdpva`wnpkad ac àlg~pkn nalzgpkpkad zioddg` f{ lod{ nawdpvkg~ ho~ phg

zvafigl phop) }hkig ladazai{ pgignallwdknopkad~ vgsgdwg~ ovg zvapgnpg`) kp k~ op phg vk~e acoikgdopkdm faph phg fw~kdg~~ ~gnpav od` phg mva}kdm dwlfgv~ ac pgignallwdknopkad~ ~wf~nvkfgv~$

Novvkgv~ dgg` pa `gsgiaz od` lokdpokd o cav}ov`,iaaekdm ziod pa vgfoiodng àlg~pkn povkcc~ od`

vgdgmapkopg kdpgvdopkadoi povkcc~ ~a phop faph fgnalg faph lavg na~p,fo~g` od` lavg vafw~p kd phgcong ac nalzgpkpksg od` zaikpknoi phvgop~$ Phgvg ovg o`sodpomg~ pa igo`kdm phg pvod~kpkad vophgv

phod ~klzi{ vgonpkdm pa lovegp od` masgvdlgdpoi zvg~~wvg~$

Phk~ àlg~pkn canw~ nod gkphgv fg phg ckv~p ~pgz kd o zho~g` àlg~pkn,vgmkadoi,kdpgvdopkadoi

mva}ph ~pvopgm{ av od kdpgmvoi zovp ac vgoikmdlgdp o~ pgignallwdknopkad~ lovegp~ fgnalg lavgmiafoi$

^gge azzavpwdkpkg~ pa kdpgmvopg sgvpknoii{$

Op phg ~olg pklg phop dg} novvkgv~ gdpgv phg àlg~pkn lovegp) phgvg }kii fg azzavpwdkpkg~ cav

kdnwlfgdp novvkgv~ pa onqwkvg ckvl~ kd vgiopg` lovegp~ av pa cavl oiikodng~ }kph phg~g ckvl~$ O~phg pgignallwdknopkad~ fw~kdg~~ fgnalg~ lavg cvomlgdpg`) lod{ nw~palgv~ ~gge pa ~klzikc{

phg dopwvg ac phg nhakng~ phg{ ovg cavng` pa loeg$ F{ `gsgiazkdm dg} ~gvskng accgvkdm~) kc

dgng~~ov{ }kph awp~k`g zovpdgv~) phg kdnwlfgdp nod nadpkdwg pa fg phg novvkgv ac nhakng$

Zvalapg vgmkadoi azzavpwdkpkg~$

O~ }g hosg ~ggd kd Zovp K) novvkgv~ cvgqwgdpi{ gxzod` kdpa dgkmhfavkdm nawdpvkg~ av kdpa dopkad~

}kph }hknh phgvg k~ o zvg,gxk~pkdm nallad conpav ~wnh o~ iodmwomg av pvo`g$ Phk~ k~ acpgd ~ggd o~od kdpgvlg`kopg ~pomg fgp}ggd azgvopkdm ~aigi{ kd phg halg lovegp od` o cwii vodmg ac

kdpgvdopkadoi onpkskpkg~$ K`goii{) adg ~hawi` iaae cav azzavpwdkpkg~ ac hkmh mva}ph o~ }gii o~ ~alg

`gmvgg ac dopwvoi o`sodpomg$ Afskaw~ gxolzig~ ovg phg kdsg~plgdp~ f{ ~alg ac phg ^nod`kdoskodnovvkgv~ kd phg nawdpvkg~ ac phg Foipkn vgmkad$ Oiphawmh G~padko) Iopsko) od` Ikphwodko ovgvgiopksgi{ ~loii od` phgvg ovg ikdmwk~pkn `kccgvgdng~) phgvg }o~ o hk~pav{ ac pvo`g od` phgvg k~ phg

fgikgc f{ lod{ phop phgkv vopg~ ac mva}ph }kii onngigvopg o~ phgkv gnadalkg~ nalzigpg phg

pvod~kpkad cval ~ankoik~l$

O zovoiigi azzavpwdkp{ lo{ fg cawd` kd phg ~kpwopkad kd Davphgo~p O~ko$ Phgvg ovg afskaw~

azzavpwdkpkg~ kd phg Pwlgd Vksgv @gsgiazlgdp Ovgo) od` gxk~pkdm novvkgv~ cval phg vgmkad ovgk`goii{ ~kpwopg` pa zio{ o zvklov{ vaig kd phg `gsgiazlgdp ac phop vgmkad-~ kdcvo~pvwnpwvg$ Od{ adg

novvkgv k~ ikegi{ pa ckd` kp~gic faph o zovpdgv od` o nalzgpkpav }kph aphgv novvkgv~ o~ kp fgnalg~

kdnvgo~kdmi{ onpksg vgmkadoii{$ Phg vgmkadoi ~pvopgm{ ikegi{ pa fg la~p ~wnng~~cwi k~ adg phop faph

`vo}~ ad o novvkgv-~ gxzgvkgdng kd kp~ halg lovegp od` gdofig~ kp pa }ave ~wnng~~cwii{ }kphnovgcwii{ nha~gd zovpdgv~$

Nozpwvg o lobav ~hovg ac o vgmkadoi lovegp$

Gsgd phawmh lod{ nawdpvkg~ ovg zwv~wkdm ~klkiov afbgnpksg~ kd zvapgnpkdm phgkv a}d lovegp~opigo~p pglzavovki{) `gsgiazkdm ~pvopgmkg~ pa zgdgpvopg pha~g lovegp~ k~ klzavpodp$ Phg lwipk,

dopkadoi fw~kdg~~ nw~palgv }odp~ o pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng zvask`gv phop nod accgv miafoi


19/35

~gvskng~$ Od{ adg novvkgv lo{ hosg pa zovpdgv }kph aphgv~ kd miafoi oiikodng~ kd av`gv pa ~gvsg phk~

klzavpodp ~gmlgdp ac phg lovegp$

Adg ~pvopgm{ nawi` fg pa povmgp nalzodkg~ phop ovg gkphgv gxniw~ksgi{ av zvklovki{ vgmkadoi kd

phgkv azgvopkad~$ Gsgd phawmh phgvg k~ nalzgpkpkad kd zvask`kdm ~gvskng~ cav phg~g nalzodkg~) o

novvkgv lkmhp à }gii f{ povmgpkdm o iklkpg` dwlfgv ac sgvpknoi lovegp ~gmlgdp~ cav gdhodng`fw~kdg~~ ~gvskng~$ Ommvg~~ksg zvknkdm) hkmh qwoikp{ ac ~gvskng) od` od glzho~k~ ad àkdm fw~kdg~~

}kph vgmkadoi nalzodkg~ lkmhp fg od gccgnpksg ~pvopgm{ omokd~p phg iovmgv miafoi nalzgpkpav~$

Gxzod` gdhodng` ~gvskng~ kdpgvdopkadoii{$

Ovgo~ phop adg ~hawi` kdsg~pkmopg ovg pha~g lovegp~ }hgvg phg lovmkd fgp}ggd na~p~ od` zvkng~ k~

ikegi{ pa vglokd op ofasg,davloi igsgi~$ Lod{ fgikgsg phop kd phg dgov cwpwvg phg mvgopg~p zvackp~

od` zvackp lovmkd~ ovg pa fg govdg` kd kdpgvdopkadoi soiwg o``g` ~gvskng~ cav fw~kdg~~ nw~palgv~$Gdhodng` sgvpknoi ~gvskng~ }kii fgnalg kdnvgo~kdmi{ zvackpofig }hkig phg pvod~lk~~kad ac vo}

~kmdoi~ }kii fgnalg od kdnvgo~kdmi{ ia},lovmkd fw~kdg~~$ Dgxp kd zvackpofkikp{ pa iaae op lo{ fg

kdpgvdopkadoi mopg}o{~ od` kdpgvdopkadoi pvod~lk~~kad sko ~opgiikpg$

6$ Gqwkzlgdp lodwconpwvkdm

Adg kdpgvdopkadoi pvo`g ~pvopgm{ cav pgignallwdknopkad~ gqwkzlgdp k~ pa w~g phg eda}ig`mg ac

phg }avecavng pa lokdpokd o nalzgpkpksg o`sodpomg$ Phg glzia{gg~ nadpkdwoii{ fwki` wzad phgkv

eda}ig`mg od` gxzgvpk~g) ~po{kdm ohgo` ac phgkv nalzgpkpav~$ ^klzi{ `g~kmdkdm od` fwki`kdmgqwkzlgdp phop nod fg vgsgv~g gdmkdggvg` od` nazkg` }kii igo` pa adi{ o ~havp,pgvl o`sodpomg kd

phg lovegpziong$

Nalzgpkpksg o`sodpomg kd pgignallwdknopkad~ gqwkzlgdp lodwconpwvg k~ pkg` pa ikfgvoikropkad kdpgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~$ O~ od gxolzig) Pgvv{ Nwvpk~ ho~ `g~nvkfg` phg vg~wip ac Eavgo-~

lasg~ pa}ov` ikfgvoikropkad kd pgignallwdknopkad~ ~gvskng~ pa fg2

od azgd dgp}ave }kph lwipkzig novvkgv~ od`) phgvgcavg) gqwkzlgdp cval lwipkzigsgdàv~$ O~ phg vg~p ac phg }avi`~ pgignal dgp}ave~ ovg azgdg` pa nalzgpkpkad

od` kdpgvnaddgnpkad) pha~g lodwconpwvgv~ phop hosg phg mvgopg~p gxzgvkgdng kdzvask`kdm gqwkzlgdp od` ~acp}ovg phop cwdnpkad~ }gii kd lwipk,sgdàv) lwipk,

novvkgv dgp}ave~ }kii hosg o `k~pkdnp o`sodpomg$ Hoskdm ~wnh o dgp}ave kd phg

Vgzwfikn ac Eavgo }kii gd~wvg phop Eavgod lodwconpwvgv~ ovg ofig pa zva`wng

zva`wnp~ ~wkpg` pa ~wnh od gdskvadlgdp$&

Novvkgv~ }avekdm nia~gi{ }kph phg lodwconpwvgv~ }kii fg ofig pa k`gdpkc{ od` qwodpkc{ sovkaw~o~zgnp~ ac phg pgnhdaiam{ od` klzvasg wzad kp) o zvang~~ phop }awi` davloii{ fg àdg f{ phg

`gsgiazgv ac phg pgnhdaiam{$

>$ Nadniw~kad


20/35

Phgvg k~ da &lomkn fwiigp& phop }kii mwovodpgg phop od{ novvkgv }kii nadpkdwg pa mva} od` phvksg kd

phg nhodmkdm }avi` ac pgignallwdknopkad~$ Phgvg nadpkdwg pa fg lobav nhodmg~ kd pgnhdaiam{)`alg~pkn zaikn{) kdpgvdopkadoi vgiopkad~) od` phg asgvoii gnadal{ phop zvg~gdp faph mvgop

nhoiigdmg~ od` azzavpwdkpkg~ pa phg pgignallwdknopkad~ novvkgv~ ac phg }avi`$

Pofig ?2 @alg~pkn Pgignallwdknopkad~ Lovegp~ kd ?6 Nawdpvkg~

Nawdpv{ Lokd

Ikdg~

(:::+

?;83

Lokd

Ikdg~

(:::+

?;;7

Oddwoi

'

Kdnvgo~g

(Ikdg~+

Lkdwpg~ ac

Pgigzhadg

^gvskng

(Fkiikad+

?;83

Lkdwpg~ ac

Pgigzhadg

^gvskng

(Fkiikad+

?;;7

Oddwoi

'

Kdnvgo~g

(LP^+

Noii~

?;83

(lkiikad~+

Noii~

?;;7

(lkiikad~+

Oddwoi

'

Kdnvgo~g

(Noii~+

W^O ?66)6:> ?30)360 >0' ??:> ?7??7 73'

Bozod 03)==6 3?)?:3 >:' ?87?3 6>>68 >0'

GW Nawdpvkg~2

WE 6?)=6= 6;)0?? >0' ;6;=>(?;;6+

??370= =8'

^}g`gd 7)>=> 7);3= ?6' 6>;07(?;88+

>:=?? 68'

Ckdiod` 6)6=6 6)8:? 60' 6=:= >=>7 >8'

@gdlove 6)368 >)?;> 66' 0?0? 06:; :0'

Dgphgviod`~ 3):6; 8)?6: >0' 78=; ;0;: 77'

Mgvlod{ 63)?8; 0:)0:: 0;' 6876: 767:: =?'

Cvodng 6>);?? >6)0:: >0' ;3;3(?;8;+

?:00 07'

Kpoi{ ?8)67> 60)807 >7' ?807? >7 =0'


21/35

^zokd ;)=87 ?7):;7 0;' ???=7 ?=>78 76'

Zavpwmoi ?)7?? >)780 ?:?'

^AWVNG^2 KPW [govfaae ac ^popk~pkn~) ?;;=$ (Mva}ph vopg~ noinwiopg` f{ owphav~$+

Pofig 62 Mva~~ @alg~pkn Zva`wnp zgv nozkpo od` Mva}ph Vopg~

Nawdpv{ M@Z zgv

nozkpokd W^@

?;83

M@Z zgv

nozkpokd W^@

?;;7

Oddwoi '

Kdnvgo~g(M@Z zgv

nozkpo kd

W^@+

[gov

LovegpAzgdg` ,

Ngiiwiov

[gov

LovegpAzgdg`

, Ckxg`

W^O ?8>:? 6=73; 0=' ?;80

Bozod ?3>00 0?::0 ?:8' ?;87

WE ;;=: ?;:;7 =7' ?;80 ?;87

^}g`gd ?78;? 67;=> 73' ?;8? ?;;?

Ckdiod` ?06>= 60:;? 3:' ?;;6 ?;;0

@gdlove ?3:=7 >>:?> 8>' ?;;6 ?;;3

Dgphgviod`~ ?6637 677:? 87' ?;;7 ?;;=

Mgvlod{ ?076= 6;770 86' ?;;6 ?;;8

Cvodng ?>?38 637:0 8?' ?;;6 ?;;8

Kpoi{ ?:708 ?8;36 3=' ?;;7 ?;;8

^zokd 7;3; ?063: ?:6' ?;;7 ?;;;

Zavpwmoi >03; ;?=7 ??0' ?;;6 6:::


22/35

DAPG^2 M@Z nadsgvpg` cval ianoi nwvvgdn{ pa W^ @aiiov~op {gov-~ osgvomg lovegp gxnhodmg vopg Lovegp azgdkdm kdoii nawdpvkg~ ho~ fggd o zvang~~ od`) phgvgcavg) `kccknwip pao~~kmd pa o ~kdmig {gov W^ od` Bozod òpg~ ovg cav lobavzaikn{ nhodmg~

ÂWVNG^2 M@Z) zazwiopkad) od` gxnhodmg vopg òpo cval KPW$

Mva}ph vopg~ noinwiopg` f{ owphav~$ Lovegp azgdkdm {gov~ cavGwvazgod nawdpvkg~ cval Gikxlodd$

Pofig >2 Navvgiopkad Nagccknkgdp~ cav Vodekdm~

(Lgo~wvg` f{ Egdòii-~ Pow f+

?;83 M@Z zgv nozkpo Mva}ph kd M@Z zgv

nozkpo

Mva}ph kd ikdg~ ,087" (:?0+ >>> (:37+

Mva}ph kd vgsgdwg ,3:3" (::>+ 6?6 (?3;+

DAPG^2 Gdpv{ kd gonh ngii k~ navvgiopkad nagccknkgdp) caiia}g` f{z,soiwg kd zovgdphg~g~$ Od o~pgvk~e ("+ kd`knopg~ ~kmdkcknodp op ;7'

igsgi av fgppgv$

ÂWVNG2 Owphav~- noinwiopkad~5 ~gg pgxp$

Pofig 02 Vgmvg~~kad Odoi{~k~ ac Pgignallwdknopkad~ Mva}ph Vopg~

@gzgd`gdpSovkofig

Kd`gzgd`gdpSovkofig(~+

(oii zgv nozkpo kd

W^@+

Nagccknkgdp~ z,soiwg~ V6

Ikdg~ mva}ph Mva}ph kd M@Z 38;" :63 0:3


23/35


24/35

DAPG2 ^gg Fvowd~pgkd cav `gpokig` ik~p~ ac cavgkmd hai`kdm~ ac W$^$ novvkgv~$

ÂWVNG2 Fvowd~pgkd) Pofig X$

Pofig 32 BozodDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nhkdo WÔ WÔ 6?>'

âwph Eavgo âwphgo~p O~ko Nhkdo ?68'

Zhkikzzkdg~ Gwvazgod Wdkad âwph Eavgo ;;'

Pok}od Zhkikzzkdg~ 88'

Pok}od 70'

ÂWVNG2 Adkek) Pofig 6,?

Pofig =2 Wdkpg` EkdmàlDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

FP

Kvgiod` ]g~pgvdGwvazg

WÔ ?7>' ^}g`gd ?;;?


25/35

]g~pgvdGwvazg

WÔ Kvgiod` ;6' Bozod ?;;?

^nod`kdosko Mgvlod{ ;:' Ow~pvoiko ?;;?

WÔ Cvodng 8;' ^zokd ?;;7

Nodoò Kpoi{ 0=' Mgvlod{ ?;;7

Ow~pvoiko Kpoi{ ?;;7

Kd`ko Cvodng ?;;3

Novkffgod Dgphgviod`~ ?;;3

Hadm Eadm ^}kprgviod` ?;;3

^kdmozavg Dg} Rgoiod` ?;;3

Zavpwmoi ?;;=

Dkmgvko ?;;=

N#]

Zhkikzzkdg~ ?8::-~

Hadm Eadm ?;8>

Bozod ?;8=!;?

Ow~pvoiko ?;;?

^}g`gd ?;;?

[glgd ?;;6

Iopsko ?;;>

Fgiovw~ ?;;>

Kdàdg~ko ?;;0

Skgpdol ?;;0


26/35

Vw~~ko ?;;0

Naiwlfko ?;;0

K~vogi ?;;7

Zodolo ?;;=

Nhkdo

Cvodng

Mgvlod{

Zoek~pod

âwph Ocvkno

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ 36,38

Pofig 82 ^}g`gdDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

Dav}o{ Dav}o{ Ckdiod` ?06' Iopsko ?;;?

Ckdiod` Mgvlod{ Dav}o{ ?>8' G~padko ?;;6!;0

@gdlove WE @gdlove ?:=' Kpoi{ ?;;0

G~padko @gdlove Mgvlod{ ?:3' Gnwoàv ?;;0

Iopsko WÔ WE 80' Zaiod` ?;;7

Ikphwodko Cvodng Zhkikzzkdg~ ?;;7

Mgvlod{ Ckdiod` Kvgiod` ?;;3


27/35

Zaiod` Dgphgviod`~ Ckdiod` ?;;3

@gdlove ?;;=

^vk Iodeo

WE

Vw~~ko

Dolkfko

Nhkdo

Dav}o{

^AWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ 70,7;

Pofig ;2 Ckdiod Dopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

Dav}o{ Mgvlod{ ^}g`gd >?0' G~padko ?;;?!;6

^}g`gd ^}g`gd Mgvlod{ ?::' Iopsko ?;;6!;0

@gdlove WE Vw~~ko =3' Hwdmov{ ?;;6!;>!;0

Vw~~ko W^ WE 3=' Vw~~ko ?;;>

G~padko Cvodng G~padko 78' Pwveg{ ?;;>

Iopsko Vw~~ko Dgphgviod`~ ?;;0

Ikphwodko @gdlove Igfodad ?;;0

Dav}o{ Hadm Eadm ?;;3


28/35

Dgphgviod`~ WE

^}g`gd

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ ??,?7

Pofig ?:2 @gdloveDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~

ac C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

^}g`gd Mgvlod{ Mgvlod{ ?;>' Ikphwodko ?;;?!;6

Dav}o{ ^}g`gd ^}g`gd ?33' Wevokdg ?;;?

Ckdiod` Cvodng WE ?:=' Hwdmov{ ?;;>!;0

Mgvlod{ WE Dav}o{ ;8' Fgimkwl ?;;7

Fgimkwl WÔ WÔ 7:' ^}g`gd ?;;7

Dav}o{ Nhkdo ?;;7

Bozod Zaiod` ?;;3

^}kprgviod` ?;;3!;=

Mgvlod{ ?;;=

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ =?:

Pofig ??2 Dgphgviod`~Dopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K


29/35

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K (kc

eda}d+

Fgimkwl Mgvlod{ Mgvlod{ 6>>' Wevokdg ?;;6

Mgvlod{ Fgimkwl Fgimkwl ?30' Hwdmov{ ?;;>!;0

WE Cvodng WE ?6>' Kdàdg~ko ?;;0!;3

@gdlove WE Cvodng ==' Nrgnh Vgz

âwphOcvkno

WÔ WÔ 36' Kvgiod`

Kdàdg~ko

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ >8,0?

Pofig ?62 Mgvlod{Dopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

@gdlove Cvodng Ow~pvko =;' Wevokdg ?;;6

Fgimkwl Dgphgviod`~ Cvodng =0' Hwdmov{ ?;;>

Cvodng Kpoi{ ^}kprgviod` =>' Vw~~ko ?;;>!;0

Kpoi{ Fgimkwl Pwveg{ =6' Dgphgviod`~ ?;;0

Nrgnh WÔ Kpoi{ =6' ^}kprgviod` ?;;0


30/35

Vgzwfikn

Zaiod` WE Kdàdg~ko ?;;7

Ow~pvko Ow~pvko ?;;7

^}kprgviod` K~vogi ?;;3

Nrgnh Vgzwf ?;;3

Zaiod` ?;;3

Nhkdo ?;;3

Loio{~ko ?;;3

Zhkikzzkdg~ ?;;3

WÔ ?;;3

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ 60,>:

Pofig ?>2 CvodngDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh

Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

^zokd Mgvlod{ Mgvlod{ ??3' Ovmgdpkdo ?;;:!;6

Kpoi{ Kpoi{ WE ??>' Lgxkna ?;;:

Mgvlod{ WÔ Kpoi{ 83' Zaiod` ?;;?


31/35

Fgimkwl Fgimkwl Fgimkwl 8?' Mvggng ?;;6

WE WE ^zokd 30' Sodwopw ?;;6

Novkffgod Dgphgviod`~ Kdàdg~ko ?;;0

âwphZonkckn

^zokd Skgpdol ?;;0

Skgpdol Bozod Vw~~ko ?;;0

CvgdnhOcvkno

Kd`ko ?;;0

Igfodad ?;;0

Kpoi{ ?;;7

Fgimkwl ?;;7

K~vogi ?;;3

îasoeko ?;;3

Ksav{ Nao~p ?;;3

Laiòsko ?;;=

Valodko ?;;=

Ngdp OcvkVgz

Nadma

Nho`

@bkfawpk

GqwopavkoiMwkdgo

Mofad

Loòmo~nov


32/35

Loik

Dkmgv

Cvgdnh Odpkiig~

Vw~~ko

Bozod

ÂWVNG2 Gikxlodd) zomg~ ?3,6>

Pofig ?02 Kpoi{Dopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

Cvodng WÔ Mgvlod{ ?7=' Ovmgdpkdo ?;;:

^}kprgviod` GwvazgodWdkad

Cvodng ?67' Mvggng ?;;6

Mgvlod{ ^}kprgviod` ;7' Nhkdo ?;;0

Ow~pvko WÔ 8?' Faiksko ?;;7

îasgdko WE =8' Kd`ko ?;;7!;3

Nvaopko Nhkig ?;;3

Pwdk~ko Cvodng ?;;3!;=

Nrgnh Vgzwf ?;;3


33/35


34/35


Pofig ?32 ZavpwmoiDopwvoi Lovegp~) Pgignallwdknopkad~ Pvocckn # C@K

&Dopwvoi&

Lovegp~

Lobav Pvo`kdm

Zovpdgv~

Hkmh Pvocckn

(Pgignal+

Nawdpvkg~

' ac

Awpmakdm

Pvocckn

Nawdpvkg~ ac

C@K

[gov ac

C@K

(kc eda}d+

^zokd ]g~pgvdGwvazg

Cvodng 6?=' ôa Palg ?;;:

Cvodng WÔ ^zokd ?7;' Lonoa ?;;>

WE Mgvlod{ ?6:' ^zokd ?;;=

Fvorki WE ??:' Mwkdgo,Fk~~ow

Lonoa ^}kprgviod` 70'


Pofig ?=2 ^wllov{ ac Ckd`kdm~GW # W$^$

Gwvazgod Wdkad Wdkpg` popg~

Kdpgvdopkadoi pvocckn zvklovki{ }kphkd

GW

W^-~ paz `g~pkdopkad k~ Nodoò5

vglokdkdm pvocckn hkmhi{ cvomlgdpg`


35/35

C@K `gzgd`~ ad nallad kdpgvg~p~

(iodmwomg) `k~podng) gpn+

C@K `gzgd`~ lavg ad lovegp

azzavpwdkpkg~

Hgos{ kdsg~pav kd ngiiwiov Hgos{ kdsg~pav kd ngiiwiov

^pvadm vaig cav gqwkzlgdp

lodwconpwvgv~

Lodwconpwvkdm vaig adi{ klzavpodp cav

Lapavaio (od` cav OP#P kd zo~p+

Onnawdpkdm vopg k~~wg~ dap ~a

klzavpodp

Onnawdpkdm vopg k~~wg~ sgv{

klzavpodp (`wg pa iovmg pvocckn

klfoiodng+

Lobav vgo~ad~ cav oiikodng~2

vgziong C@K

~gvsg LDN~

(ig~~gv kdpgvg~p kd nadpvaiikdm

faph gd`~+

Lobav vgo~ad~ cav oiikodng~2

nadpvai faph gd`~

igo~p,na~p vawpkdm

~gvsg LDN~

^pvopgmkg~ acpgd pgnhdaiam{,`vksgd ^pvopgmkg~ acpgd lovegp,`vksgd

CAAPDAPG^

morris_comparative analysis of telecommunications globalization

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