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MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University

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Page 1: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

MOTHER’S MILK AND THE

MICROBIOME

Tiffany Weir, PhD

Assistant Professor

Food Science and Human Nutrition

Colorado State University

Page 2: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

Page 3: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

The Gut Microbiome

Am J Gastroenterol Suppl (2012) 1:15–21

Page 4: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Gut Microbiota: Fun Facts

Page 5: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Curr Opin Microbiol 14:82-91, 2011

Protective functions

Page 6: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Immune Regulation

Page 7: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Video Link

http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bc

pid1966016696001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAByW

Tdmvk~,YEX2I6TuT0mdQPquhJg1bWcq9U

fv7FQ_&bclid=0&bctid=2144234478001

http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1966016696001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAByWTdmvk~,YEX2I6TuT0mdQPquhJg1bWcq9Ufv7FQ_&bclid=0&bctid=2144234478001
http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1966016696001?bckey=AQ~~,AAAByWTdmvk~,YEX2I6TuT0mdQPquhJg1bWcq9Ufv7FQ_&bclid=0&bctid=2144234478001
Page 8: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Digestion

• Indigestible carbohydrates– Bacteria encode enzymes

we lack

– Polysaccharides---> SCFAs that “feed” colonic epithelial cells.

• Fat– New study (in zebrafish)

demonstrates that Firmicutes assist in dietary fat absorption

• Protein– Proteolytic processes

degrade proteins into amino acids

• Synthesis of essential amino acids– Microbially synthesized

amino acids (leucine) can contribute 19-22% of daily requirements.

• Synthesis of vitamins– Intestinal microbes

synthesize vitamin K and B vitamins, which are frequently absorbed directly through the intestinal epithelia.

– B12: site of synthesis vs absorption

• Absorption of ions (Calcium, Magnesium, iron)

Page 9: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Intestinal

transit

Metabolism

Microbial

products interact

with cells to

regulate:

- Glucose use

- Fat storage

- Food transit

- Feelings of

satiety

Page 10: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Microbiota and Health

Nagpal et al. 2014 Front Med. dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2014.00015

Page 11: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Obesity

• Germ-free mice required 30% more calories to maintain same weight as normal littermates

• Germ-free mice transplanted with normal microflora gained weight.

• Increased energy harvest associated with higher levels of the phylum Firmicutes

* Turnbaugh and Bäckhed studies from Gordon lab (2006)

Page 12: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Obesity

Ley et al. 2006. Nature

Page 13: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Ridaura, V. K. et al. Science 341, 1241214 (2013).

When co-housed the “lean” mice transferred their microbes and

their phenotype to the “obese” animals!

Obesity

Page 14: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Balance in the Gut

Sheflin et al. (2014) Curr Oncol Reports 16: 406.

Page 15: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Microbial Metabolites

Lee and Hase (2014) Nat Chem Biol 10:416.

Page 16: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

HOW DO WE GET THESE

MICROBES?

Why birth influences and early feeding patterns

are CRITICAL for a healthy microbiome.

Page 17: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Colonization Influences

Putignani et al (2014) Ped Res 76, 2-10.

Page 18: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Microbial Dynamics in Infancy

Page 19: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

In the beginning….

Pregnancy leads to alterations in a woman’s microbiota that increase metabolic

challenges.

Koren et al (2012) Cell 150:470

Page 20: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Fetal Programming

Gohir et al (2015) Ped Res 77:196.

Maternal obesity

is a strong

predictive factor

of childhood

obesity and may

be due to

microbiota

effects.

Page 21: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Mode of Delivery

Nature Rev Microbiol (2010) 9 :27-38 Clin Perinatol. 2011 38:321-331

Page 22: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Restoring Microbiota

Dominguez-Bello et al. (2016) Nature Med 22:250.

Page 23: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Breast vs. Formula

Donovan et al. (2012) Advances in Nutrition 3(3):450S-455S.

Page 24: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Mother’s Milk Microbiome

Page 25: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Oligosaccharides

Page 26: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

How they work…

Page 27: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

How they work…

Page 28: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Care and Feeding of the

Microbiota

Page 29: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Diet

De Filipo (2010)PNAS 107 ,14691-14696

Africa Italy

Page 30: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Fat or Fiber?

Animal-based diet: increased

fat and protein, reduced fiber

Plant-based diet: increased

fiber intake and decreased

fat/protein

Change in community structure

from baseline was significant

with animal-based diet, but

returned when normal diet

resumed.

David et al., Nature 2014

Page 31: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Prebiotics are non-

living indigestible

polysaccharides

(food components)

that stimulate the

growth of beneficial

bacteria.

Page 32: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Prebiotic Sources

• Diet– Major dietary

sources are consumed in limited amounts in a typical American diet

– Studies may reveal “new” dietary prebiotics

• Supplements

• Fortification in foods– Yogurt

– Infant formula

– Artificial sweeteners

Page 33: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Probiotics are live

bacteria or yeast that

when eaten in

sufficient amounts can

be beneficial for

intestinal health.

Slide from Katie McGirr, CSU Extension

Page 34: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Food sources:

Fermented dairy foods

like yogurt, kefir

products, and aged

cheeses

Some fermented non-

dairy foods including

kimchi, sauerkraut, and

kombucha

Supplemented non-

fermented foods: Good

Belly

Probiotic sources

Slide from Katie McGirr, CSU Extension

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=r7RVUTXfMMn-8M&tbnid=_AVR3RgMWwXv0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://juicerrecipesnow.com/category/juicing-for-heart-health/&ei=FBv9Uo-QD9CvqwGD7IG4BA&bvm=bv.61190604,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEoHWU_77zzegHMlwRULNoGp7lfnw&ust=1392405640382863
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=r7RVUTXfMMn-8M&tbnid=_AVR3RgMWwXv0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://juicerrecipesnow.com/category/juicing-for-heart-health/&ei=FBv9Uo-QD9CvqwGD7IG4BA&bvm=bv.61190604,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEoHWU_77zzegHMlwRULNoGp7lfnw&ust=1392405640382863
Page 35: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

VSL3: High Dose Probiotic• Currently approved in

the US as a medical food to be used for the treatment of IBS

• Synergistic combination of common probiotic species

• Claims to deliver the highest number of live, active cells of any probiotic available.

– Formulations range from 112.5-900 BILLION cells

Page 36: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

Summary• Both pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain

during pregnancy may influence long-term metabolic function in the infants via microbiota influences.

• Consuming high fiber and fermented foods during pregnancy and limiting high fat foods may help with infant microbiota optimization.

• Unnecessary antibiotics (both during pregnancy and in infants) can compromise development of the microbiota.

• Breastfeeding provides the infant with pre- and probiotics necessary for early immune development.

Page 37: MOTHER’S MILK AND THE · MOTHER’S MILK AND THE MICROBIOME Tiffany Weir, PhD Assistant Professor Food Science and Human Nutrition Colorado State University. WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME

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