motion capture biomechanics. t – trunk, el – elbow, sh – shoulder, fl – flexion ex extention...
TRANSCRIPT
T – trunk, El – elbow, SH – shoulder,
Fl – flexionEX extention
MUSCLE GROUP
X [Nm] Wojtek
Lucia Li-Ting Samuel
Andrew
FL T M 260 241
F 180
EX T M 590 504
F 420
FL SH M 145 L 143/R 133
L 93,5 /R 105
F 70
EX SH M 110 L 81 / R 76
L 93,5 / R 78,6
F 56
FL El M 90 L 92,7 / R 88,5
L 58 / R 77
F 50 L 44,2/ R 48,6
L 38,2/ R 37
EX El M 60 L 57,5 / R 59,2
F 30
The mean values of max moment of force
HAND GRIP
X [N] Wojtek
Maria Lucia Karolina
M
endurance
600 L 616 / R 639(20 sec)
F
endurance
350 L 322/ R 346
R 380
(145 sec)
R 380
(96 sec)
The mean values of hand grip
Endurance = fatigue resistance
Conclusions
To prevent from loose of your strength try to avoid extreme joint angles! (muscle will be close to its limit – see figure).
For the slow movements of large amplitudes use arm, while the fast ones of small amplitudes are best suited for the fingers!
Practice should focus on complete repetitions of the whole skill performed at submaximal speeds – improvement should occur with many repetitions, while gradually increasing speed (segmental interaction – acceleration of proximal segment (arm) -> acceleration of the distal segment appears (hand with sticks).
Listen to your body – there is a lot of signals coming from it (receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, tendons), don’t ignore them!
PROPRIOCEPTIVE SYSTEM
is responsible for collecting information about the body itself: from within the body, largely from the muscles and joints.
Muscle spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs
Skin receptors
Kopar
4 degrees of freedom
240 degrees of freedom240 degrees of freedom
Degree of freedom –movement in a plane.
Human body = a system of body links which form one or more kinematic chains.
First PHOTOGRAPHY second part of XIX century = a turning point in refers to human body movements.
Photos of running horse (1872), E. MUYBRIDGE applied the techique of sequential photography.
The next step was to take lots of pictures The next step was to take lots of pictures by means of 1 camera - by means of 1 camera - E.J.MAREYE.J.MAREY, , that initaited cinematographythat initaited cinematography..
Motion tracking or motion capture started as a photogrametric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s, and expanded into education, training, sports and recently computer animation for cinema and video games as the technology matured.
A performer wears markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers.
passive marker
Vicon System
Vicon automatically records 3D location
of markers as points and in very precise
way determines their position in
space based on the data achieved from
2D video picture.
Motion capture
To register the movement - markers should be located in the essential (from animating point of view) places on the actor’s body.
Spatial trajectory of foot movement in the sequency of high legs techniques and stability evaluation based on COM
-> Gollum’s body - about 300 muscles.-> normal skeleton and system of the muscles;-> motion capture recordings were done - Andy was wearing
suit covered with small points. He behaved then as if he was Gollum.
Andy Serkis - Gollum
The biggest challenge was Gollum’s face. Side by side shots were shown with Andy and Gollum showing exactly the same facial expressions and speech expressions.
- Gollum is probably the most similar to the real actor digital creature, that ever appeared in the film – said Jackson - the film director.
Electromyography (EMG)
EMG is a very valuable tool in measuring skeletal muscle electrical output during physical activities.
Skin surface electrodes
Due to their non- invasive character in most cases surface electrodes are used in kinesiological studies.
For deeper muscles (covered by surface muscles or bones) fine-wire or needle electrodes are inevitable. A free selection of any electrode type is supported by an EMG – (pre-) amplifier. The selection of an electrode type strongly depends on the given investigation and condition.
General considerations The quality of an EMG measurement strongly depends on a
proper skin preparation and electrode positioning.
The recommendations for skin preparation: to shave the patient if the skin surface at which the electrodes
have to be placed is covered with hair. to clean the skin with alcohol and allow the alcohol to vaporise
so that the skin will be dry before the electrodes will be placed.
The Motor Unit
The smallest functional unit to describe the neural control of the muscular contraction process is called a Motor Unit.
Single motorneuron & muscle fibers it innervates
The relationship between EMG input and force output
EMG activation is the preliminary condition for any force development and one can expect a very close relationship between both measures. Indeed, there is a very high correlation between both parameters.
Muscle Fatigue The surface EMG can also be used as measure of
muscle fatigue and recovery.
A major point of interest is the measure of muscle fatigue along with the electromyography.
The change in median frequency of power spectrum density is one of the factors that can be used as an indicator of muscle fatigue (De Luca, 1993).
Ground Reaction Force
Reaction force
Force platform is used to measure ground reaction force on the base of Newton’s third law: law of
reciprocal actions.
‘to every action there is always an opposed equal
reaction’
What does it mean?
the ground is coming back up to you and supporting you with a force equal to that of gravity.