motivation and emotion chapter12
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 12
Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation
Motivation An internal state that activates
behavior and directs it toward a goal
Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior Human behavior is energized by
many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us
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Motivation
Name some things that motivate youWe experience motivation in
different ways because of: Instinct Drive-reduction Incentive Cognitive theories of motivation
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Instinct
Innate tendencies that determine behavior Psychologist William McDougall was the
first to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct
Psychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.
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Instinct
Flaws with the instinct theory: They do not explain behavior, they label
it It is still studied, but have began to
focus on other theories to explain motivation
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Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducingbehaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
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Drive-Reduction Theory
Need Biological or psychological requirement
of an organism Drive
A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular level
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Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment
Proved that the drive-reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true
The monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other
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Incentive
An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives
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Cognitive Theory
Extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
Intrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations
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Over-justification Effect
When people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines
Book example: You enjoy reading –someone begins paying
you to read You question whether you should read or
not You stop getting paid, you might lose
complete interest in the task
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Section 2
Biological and Social Motives
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Biological Motives
Biological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being
We have built in regulating systems Body temperature Blood sugar levels Production of hormones
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Homeostasis
The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state
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Hunger
What motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit?
Body requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves Lateral hypothalamus- the part of the
hypothalamus that produces hunger signals Ventromedial- the part of the hypothalamus
that can cause one to stop eating
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Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Set Point the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy
expenditure
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Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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Motivation-Hunger
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and
becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
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Motivation at Work
Flow a completely, involved, focused state of
consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts
and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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Motivation at Work
Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses
on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines
organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
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Motivation at Work
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Motivation at Work
Structured Interview process that asks the same job-
relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant
accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or
ideas for attaining a high standard
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Motivation at Work
Personnel psychologists’ tasks
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Motivation at Work
360-degree feedback
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Motivation at Work
On the right path
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Motivation
Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that
builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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Motivation
Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy,
error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst