Motivation and Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Unit 4

Internal processes that:

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MotivationMotivation

PhysiologicalHungerSexual motivation

CognitiveExpectancy Self-fulfillment

MotivationMotivationDrive Theories

◦Drive Reduction: Process of reducing drives and needs as much as possible

◦Homeostasis: Maintenance of equilibrium

Incentive Theories: Stimuli that influence the individual toward certain actions◦Intrinsic: Motivation that acts for it’s own

sake◦Extrinsic: Motivation involves

reinforcements and punishments that accompany an act

MotivationMotivationTypes of Motivation:

◦Primary : Automatic built in process based on biological needs

◦Secondary: Develops as result of particular learning experiences because these secondary motivators have led to satisfaction of the primary motivations.

Similar to Operant Conditioning principles

Abraham Maslow stated that man is driven by his desire to fulfill basic needs. ◦Hierarchy of Needs was structured as a pyramid, with the most basic needs toward the bottom and moving up.

◦We must meet the needs of lower levels before we can move toward the top.

The ultimate goal: Self Actualization◦The experiencing of a transcendent, complete self.

The Hierarchy of NeedsThe Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

Drive TheoryDrive Theory• Biological needs arising within our

bodies create unpleasant states of arousal

• Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc.• Homeostasis- balanced

physiological state• Motivation is basically a process in

which various biological needs PUSHPUSH us to actions

Drive Theory: An Drive Theory: An OverviewOverview

B eh avio rs th a t d o n o t red u ce d rive a re w eaken ed B eh avio rs th a t red u ce d rive a re s tren g h ten ed

A c tiva tion o f m an y d iffe ren t b eh avio rs

D rive s ta te(h u n g er, th irs t, e tc .)

B io log ica l n eed(n eed fo r food , w a te r, oxyg en , e tc .

A closer look . . . at hunger A closer look . . . at hunger Influenced by

◦ Blood sugar level Glucose - a simple sugar

Dips in glucose levels lead to increases in hunger

◦ Brain The lateral hypothalamus ‘starts’ the feeling of

hunger, the ventromedial hypothalamus ‘stops’ feelings of hunger

◦ Hormones Insulin - must be present to extract glucose from

blood Insulin stimulates the storage of food molecules as fat

◦ Set point – the particular body weight that is easiest for an animal to maintain Are relatively constant but can go up with prolonged

over-eating (but does not tend to go down with prolonged under-eating)

Hunger Hunger Physiological Mechanisms Short Term Reduction Glucose most abundant sugar in the body Hormone insulin increases the flow of glucose and

several other nutrients into the body cells Long Term Hunger Regulation: Long term correct short term Correction mechanism involves hormone leptin

produced in the body fat cells- When the body gains fat, leptin changes the activity in the hypothalamus leading to faster hunger satisfaction

A Closer Look . . . at A Closer Look . . . at hungerhunger

If it were only that simple…◦Environmental factors which influence

hunger/eating Learned preferences & habits STRESS!! External cues

It’s “dinnertime”

Dietary restraints

Problems with eating can result in all sorts of problems . . .

Problems With EatingProblems With EatingObesity

◦ More than 20% above norm for height/build-20 to 40 % above the average is mild obesity

◦ 41% to 100% is moderate obesity ◦ Basal metabolic rate

Rate at which body burns calories just to stay alive

Aerobic activity will increase basal metabolic rate

Problems With EatingProblems With EatingAnorexia Nervosa

◦ Eating disorder marked by self-starvation◦ Body mass varies by greater than 10% of normal

BMIBulimia

◦ Eating disorder marked by binging & purging BOTH caused by combo of brain & social

malfunctioning◦ Body mass stays within 10% of normal

Body Dysmorphic Disorder◦A psychological disorder causing the body

to appear to differ from reality to the individual

The Physiology of SexThe Physiology of SexIn the 1960’s William Masters

and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.

382 females and 312 males.Only people who were willing to

have sex and display orgasm in a lab environment.

Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.

Results of M & J StudyResults of M & J Study

The Sexual Response Cycle (Four Stages)

1. Excitement Phase2. Plateau Phase3. Orgasm4. Resolution

Kinsey’s StudiesKinsey’s Studies

Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).

Most men and half of all women have premarital sex.

Almost all men and women masturbate.

Women who had orgasms while masturbating were more likely to report having orgasms after marriage.Good Start- but major problems with his study- sampling,

questions etc….

States of Sexual States of Sexual MotivationMotivation

Gender Identity Sexual Orientation

Arousal TheoryArousal Theory Optimization NOTNOT

Minimization Arousal: Our general level

of activation May fluctuate Biological influences??

Sensation seekers Yerkes-Dodson law

Yerkes-Dodson lawYerkes-Dodson lawThere is a relationship

between, optimal performance and the level of arousal necessary.

Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory Behavior is determined by

expectations (desirable outcomes).

Thoughts about future PULLPULL your behavior.

Incentives determine the behaviors exhibited.

Achievement MotivationAchievement MotivationFear of FailureDrive TheoryExpectancy TheoryTheories of Management:

◦Scientific-Management Approach aka Theory X

◦Human-Relations Approach aka Theory Y

Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation Individuals vary in their need for achievement Extrinsic vs Intrinsic rewards Accomplishing a goal for it’s own sake Individuals with a high achievement motivation set

goals that are high yet realistic Individuals with a low achievement motivation often

possess a tendency to move toward fear of failure –avoiding defeat rather than gaining victory

Research has shown that Men have a stronger need for achievement than woman

Goal-SettingGoal-Setting

• Wood & Locke(1990)• Specific• Challenging• Attainable

• Feedback can improve performance.

• Take life in strides…

EmotionsEmotions1. Physiological responses2. Subjective feelings3. Expressive reactions

Emotional Behaviors Emotional Behaviors Emotional Intelligence Perceive, imagine, and understand emotions

and use that info to make decisions Autonomic Nervous System Internal organs Sympathetic Nervous System Fight and flight Parasympathetic Nervous System Non emergency actions Decrease heart rate, promotes

digestion

Theories of EmotionTheories of EmotionJames-Lange Theory:

Theories of EmotionTheories of EmotionCannon-Bard Theory:

Theories of EmotionTheories of EmotionSchachter-Singer Theory:

Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion

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Stress and HealthStress and Health

Behavioral medicine emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors on health.

Emotions and other experiences influence illness and pattern of recovery.

Stress and HealthStress and Health

Hans Selye (1979) defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.

Threats on the body activate a general response to stress called the general adaptation syndrome.

StressStress

Psychosomatic Illness Psychosomatic Illness Psychosomatic Illness: Real illness influenced by a persons experiences

Personality Types: Type A: Highly Completive, very

impatient often in a hurry and frequently angry and hostile

Type B: More easy going, less hostile, less hurried

Psychosomatic Illness Psychosomatic Illness Coping with Stress◦Monitoring: Takes effective action to

the stressful event ◦Blunting: Avoids the event or even

thinking about it Buffers for Stress

Autonomy Control Social Support Self Efficacy Relaxation Techniques

Exercise Meditation Active relaxation vs Passive relaxation

Psychosomatic Illness Psychosomatic Illness PainMixture of sensation and emotion

Different brain areas govern the sensory and emotional qualities

Telling people to expect pain or distracting them can lead to a change in emotional response without changing the sensation itself