Motivation is the intrinsic inducement that propels an individual to think, feel, and perform in a certain ways. It is internalized, and the most important, yet elusive, determinant of work behavior.

Motivation is predicated on need and values of an individual that direct behavior toward goals.

BEHAVIOR GOAL/EFFECT

NEEDS/VALUES MOTIVATION

Figure 2.1MOTIVATION-BEHAVIOR MODEL

1.The Economic Man

The belief that pervaded the early 1900 during the days of Frederick Taylor, the father of scientific management.

1.The Economic Man

2. The Social Man

The experiments by Roethlisberger and Mayo.

The opinions of fellow workers, job comfort,enjoyment,long range security are more potent than financial considerations.

2. The Social Man

3. The Complex Man

The theory on the complex nature of man was posited by Maslow who averred that man’s needs fall into hierarchy of relative prepotency.

The Complex Man

4. The Motivated Man

It is the theory of Herzberg, it stated that individual workers have two different categories of needs that are essentially independent of each other but affect behavior in different ways.

4. The Motivated Man

5. The Three-Tiered Satisfied Man

Alderfer postulates a three-tiered model of needs progressing from existence to related and last to growth (ERG). The most basic need of man is to exist is at the same level as that of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg Hygiene Factors.

5. The Three-Tiered Satisfied Man

6. The Achiever

McClelland postulated with his achievement motivation theory that people with high need to achieve do achieve more than those with low need and no need at all.

6. The Achiever

7. The Expectant Man

the expectant theory was first developed by Vroom in 1964.

1.Individuals have preferences for various outcomes.

2.Individuals have expectancies about the likelihood that an action on their part will lead to satisfaction.

3.People have certain instrumentalities about performance that will lead to the attainment of desirable outcomes.

4. In any situation, the action a person chooses to take is determined by the expectancies,instrumentalities and preferences that he has at the time.

8. The Managed Man

Douglas McGregor argues that “ a manager’s effectiveness is a function of such assumption about human nature and that his leadership behavior will be crucially affected by them.

It is called the Theory X and Theory Y.

8. The Managed Man

9. The Learning-Reinforced Man

It is a theory developed by B.F. Skinner .

It is stated that man learns from his environment and greater control of this environment improves his development.

9. The Learning-Reinforced Man

1. Environmental factors like the socio-economic and political conditions of the country.

2. Individual personality, mental ability,education,work experience and organizational variables like structure, goals,size technology as impacted upon by environmental factors:

3. Personal motivations, job and reward expectations.

4. Effort

5. Perceived equitable reward; and

6. Satisfaction derived from wok.

1. Environmental

Factors

2. Individual variables and Organizational Variables

3. Personal,Joband Reward Expectations

4. Effort Performance Extrinsic

Outcomes Goal

Attainment

Motivation

Intrinsic Outcomes

6. Satisfaction

5. Perceived Equitable Reward

INTEGRATED MODEL OF MOTIVATION