motivation the interactive tools: drawing commands interactive figure manipulation
DESCRIPTION
Motivation The interactive tools: Drawing commands Interactive figure manipulation The programmer point of view: Introduction to objects and their handles Invoking and manipulating graphics objects. The interactive tools. >> x = -5:0.05:5; % [-5 -4.95 …….4.95 5] >> y = sin(x.^2) ; - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Motivation
The interactive tools: Drawing commands Interactive figure manipulation
The programmer point of view: Introduction to objects and their handles Invoking and manipulating graphics objects
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The interactive tools
>> x = -5:0.05:5; % [-5 -4.95 …….4.95 5]>> y = sin(x.^2);>> plot(x,y)
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none
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The axes is contained within the figure.
A figure may have more than one axes.
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The plot is contained within the axes.
An axes may have more than one plot.
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>> y2= 1./(1+exp(-x));>> holdCurrent plot held>> plot(x,y2,'color','k','lineStyle','-.')
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>> y2= 1./(1+exp(-x));>> holdCurrent plot held>> plot(x,y2,'color','k','lineStyle','-.')
Property-name, property value pair
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>> y2= 1./(1+exp(-x));>> holdCurrent plot held>> plot(x,y2,'color','k','lineStyle','-.')
Property-name, property value pair
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dash-dot line-.
dotted line:
dashed line--
solid line (default)
-Line StyleSpecifier
six-pointed star (hexagram)hfive-pointed star (pentagram)p
triangle pointing left<triangle pointing right >
triangle pointing downward vtriangle pointing upward^
diamonddsquarescrossxpoint.
asterisk*circleo
Plus sign+ Marker typeSpecifier
whitew
blackk
yellowy
magentam
cyanc
blueb
greeng
Redr
ColorSpecifier
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Alternative format:>> x=[1 2.3 4 10 3 11.3];>> y=[3.2 5 2 7.4 3 9.4];>> p2=plot(x,y,'or:’);
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Marker Color LineStyle
There are more alternative formats Use MATLAB help.Consult the property inspector.
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Specialized 2D plots• Bars• Histograpms• Stair• Stem • Scatter• Error bars• Area• Pie charts• contour
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-10 0 10 200
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-2 0 20
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-2 0 2-10
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x
f(x)
cos(30*x)/x
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47%
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Pie chart
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Specialized 3D plots
• plot3• mesh• surf
Use MATLAB help and demos.
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The programmer’s point of view:
Graphic Objects
Handles
Properties
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Graphic Object(figure, axes, text, line etc.)
handle
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Graphic Object(figure, axes, text, line etc.)
handle
properties
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Many objects may exist simultaneously
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We use the handles to pick an object and manipulate it.
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An object may have more than one handle
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Objects may contain other objects
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• Everything inside a figure window is a graphic object
• The figure window itself is a graphic object
• All plots in MATLAB are made of graphic objects
• All graphic objects have properties that control the way they look and behave
• Graphic object: any element as defined by the set of its properties
that constitute part of a figure
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>>t = -pi:0.05:pi; >>x = cos(3*t)*1./(1+exp(-t)); >>y = sin(3*t)*1./(1+exp(-t));
>>p = plot(x,y)
p=
158.0055
A handle
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Objects The plot The axes The figure?
Handlesp is the plots handle??
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>>set(p,'color','r')>>set(p,'lineWidth',4)
handle
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>>set(p,'color','r')>>set(p,'lineWidth',4)
property names
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>>set(p,'color','r')>>set(p,'lineWidth',4)
How would I know what properties does the plot have?
property values
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>> get(p) Color: [1 0 0] EraseMode: 'normal' LineStyle: '-' LineWidth: 4 Marker: 'none' MarkerSize: 6 MarkerEdgeColor: 'auto' MarkerFaceColor: 'none' XData: [1x126 double] YData: [1x126 double] ZData: [1x0 double] BeingDeleted: 'off' ButtonDownFcn: [] Children: [0x1 double] Clipping: 'on' CreateFcn: [] DeleteFcn: [] BusyAction: 'queue' HandleVisibility: 'on' HitTest: 'on' Interruptible: 'on' Selected: 'off' SelectionHighlight: 'on' Tag: '' Type: 'line' UIContextMenu: [] UserData: [] Visible: 'on' Parent: 157.0059 DisplayName: '' XDataMode: 'manual' XDataSource: '' YDataSource: '' ZDataSource: ''
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>>p_parent=get(p,'parent')
p_parent=
157.0059
handle
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property name
>>p_parent=get(p,'parent')
p_parent=
157.0059
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property value
>>p_parent=get(p,'parent')
p_parent=
157.0059
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>>p_parent=get(p,'parent')
p_parent=
157.0059
p_parent is a handle.
Of what?
>> get(p_parent,'type')
ans =
axes
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>> get(p_parent,'children')???ans =
158.0063>> pans = 158.0063
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>>set(p_parent,'xcolor','b'); >>set(p_parent,'ycolor','b');
What about the title?
>>title=get(p_parent,'title')title=
163.0059 >>get(title,'type')
ans= text
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>>set(p_parent,'xcolor','b'); >>set(p_parent,'ycolor','b');
What about the title?
>>title=get(p_parent,'title')title=
163.0059 >>get(title,'type')
ans= text>> set(title,'string','Spiral')>> set(title,'color','b')
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Lets add another line
Ooooops…
>> x1 = -cos(3*t)*1./(1+exp(-t)); >>y1 = -sin(3*t)*1./(1+exp(-t));
>> plot(x1,y1)
>>lines = get(p_parent,'children')lines=
204.0061 158.0063
>>blue=lines(1)blue=
204.0061>> set(blue,'lineWidth',4)
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Alternatively:
>>findobj('color','b')
ans=
204.0061
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Who is the title’s parent?
Who are the title’s children?
Who is the axes` parent?
Who is the figure’ parent?
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Graph Objects PhylogenyGraph Objects Phylogeny
This hierarchy is based on the interdependency of objects. A line can only be plotted inside an Axes. A figure contains Axes and so on.
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Graph Objects PhylogenyGraph Objects Phylogeny
parent
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Graph Objects PhylogenyGraph Objects Phylogeny
children
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…in the beginning there is only the root object….
Hello, I am the root object
Although I am the root I always got a 0 as my
handle
I know and control many important things… Type
get(0) to see all my properties
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What is the difference between a handle and “simple variable”?
>>a = [1 2 3 4 5]; >>b = a; >>b(3)=9
b=
1 2 9 4 5
>>a
a=
1 2 3 4 5
>>get(title,'String')
ans=
Spiral
>>ttt = title; >>set(ttt,'string','Red wide spiral')
>>get(title,'String')
ans=
Red wide spiral
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handle
right_handle = handle
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The subplot command
•Present simultaneously several pieces of information that when displayed on a single plot may confuse the reader
•Display and image and quantification
•Let’s see an example
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x=linspace(0,3,500);plot(x,1./(x-1).^2+3./(x-2).^2)grid on
%Change zoomingylim([0 50])
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>>x=linspace(0,3,500);>>a(1)=subplot(1,2,1);%1 rows, 2 cols use first axis>>plot(x,1./(x-1).^2+3./(x-2).^2)>>a(2)=subplot(1,2,2 );%1 rows, 2 cols use second axis>>plot(x,1./(x-1).^2+3./(x-2).^2)>>ylim([0 50])>>set(a,'XGrid','on','YGrid','on')
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The general synopsis of subplot is subplot (n,m,p) where• n is the number of rows • m is the number of columns• p identifies the specific subplot. Starting from the top left axes and counting across rows
How to use the subplot command
>>subplot(1,2,2)
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MATLAB has an text interpreter named TEX very similar to LATEX. • format mathematical expressions and Greek letters to display
nicely both in the screen and in printed material • we use a backslash “\” followed by either a symbol identifier,
or a string modifier• We can limit the extent of string formatting by placing the
string inside curly braces {…}• To create the following formatted string
f()=sin()• We write:
{\itf(\tetha)}=sin{\it(\tetha)}
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A little more elaborated example:
The most useful string modifiers are:\it changes text to italics\rm changes text to normal^ superscript_ underscript
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Bar plots
• bar and barh create vertical and horizontal bar graph respectively
• When you use bar(Y) where Y is a matrix, rows are treated as groups.
• Use bar(x,Y) to center the bars at the places specified by x
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10 20 300
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>>x=[10,20,30];>>y=[5 3 10 2 7 10 3 7 10 10 2 2];>>bar(x,y)>>title('Vertical bar graph');
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>>bar(x,y,'stacked')
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Histograms• Use hist(X,[bins]) to create an histogram (one
per column of X)• By default the count of the data is done in 10
bins• You can change this by passing a second
argument to hist– Scalar => tells the number of bins– Vector => tell the center of each bin
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Y(:,1)=randn(10000,1);Y(:,2)=randn(10000,1)+10;hist(Y,20)title('histogram with 20 bins');
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Value
Cou
nt
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• As we saw hist plots the count (i.e. the number of elements in each category)
• What if we want to plot the frequencies instead?
• Use [n,x]=hist(X,[bins]) – n will hold the # of elements of each bin– x will hold the center value of each bin
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>> [n,x]=hist(Y,20)
>> freqN=n./repmat(sum(n),length(n),1)
% freqN=n/10000
>> bar (x,freqN)
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
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0.1
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0.25
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Value
Fre
quen
cy
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Stair plots
• Commonly used in digital signal processing and statistical analysis
• When we sample data at a given rate, we have no information about what is going on between two consecutive samples
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>> x=-2:0.1:2;>> y=normpdf([-2:0.1:2],0,1);>> stairs(x,y)>> title('Stair graph')
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.05
0.1
0.15
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0.25
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0.4Stair graph
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Error bars
• Error bars can be added to plots with the help of the errorbar function.
• The synopsis of this function is errorbar(x,y,l,u,[formatting string])
• x,y,l,u are all vertors of the same size• draws a marker on the point specified by the
x,y and add bars of the size [ y+u(i) y-l(i)]
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120Errorbars
>> x=1:10;>> y=2*x+5;>> noise=rand(1,1)*x.^2;>> errorbar(x,y,noise,'ok:')>> xlim([0 11])>> title('Errorbars')
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Pie charts
• among the less recommend though common • use a lot of graphics to represent very low
data density • Still, if you want to use them it is easily
done
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• pie(x,[outline]):– x is a vector with the value of each data– Outline is a vector of 1s and 0s the same size of
x that states which pie slices should be outlined (1) or held together (0)
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>> x=[10 1 3 0.5 7]>> outline=x>5; % = [1 0 0 0 1]>> pie(x,outline)>> title('Pie chart')
47%
5%
14%
2%
33%
Pie chart