motivation theory asst. prof. dr. serdar ayan. motivation definition: definition: –1) internal...
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Motivation TheoryMotivation Theory
Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar AYANAsst. Prof. Dr. Serdar AYAN
MotivationMotivation
Definition: Definition: – 1) Internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need1) Internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need– 2) Stimulus of behavior2) Stimulus of behavior
Motivation TheoriesMotivation Theories
Content Theories: focus on the internal Content Theories: focus on the internal needs and desires that initiate, sustain and needs and desires that initiate, sustain and eventually terminate behavior.eventually terminate behavior.– WHAT motivates someoneWHAT motivates someone
Process Theories: seek to explain HOW Process Theories: seek to explain HOW behavior is initiated, sustained and behavior is initiated, sustained and terminatedterminated
Content TheoriesContent Theories
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedMaslow’s Hierarchy of Need Alderfer’s ERG TheoryAlderfer’s ERG Theory Herzberg’s 2-Factor TheoryHerzberg’s 2-Factor Theory McClelland’s Learned Needs TheoryMcClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
DefinitionsDefinitions
Frustration: occurs when needs can not be Frustration: occurs when needs can not be metmet
Satisfaction: occurs when needs are metSatisfaction: occurs when needs are met Despair: occurs when there is frustration Despair: occurs when there is frustration
without hopewithout hope
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Stresses two fundamental premises:Stresses two fundamental premises:
– Human beings are wanting creatures whose Human beings are wanting creatures whose needs depend on what they already have. (You needs depend on what they already have. (You need what you DON’T already have)need what you DON’T already have)
– Peoples’ needs are arranged in a hierarchyPeoples’ needs are arranged in a hierarchy
MaslowMaslow
55thth level: Self realization and fulfillment level: Self realization and fulfillment 44thth level: Esteem and Status level: Esteem and Status 33rdrd level: Affection and social activity level: Affection and social activity 22ndnd level: Safety and security level: Safety and security 11stst level: Basic physiological needs level: Basic physiological needs
Alderfer’s ERG TheoryAlderfer’s ERG Theory
Only 3 levels to the hierarchy:Only 3 levels to the hierarchy:
1.1. Existence needs: material and physical Existence needs: material and physical needsneeds
2.2. Relatedness needs: all needs that involve Relatedness needs: all needs that involve other peopleother people
3.3. Growth needs: all needs involving Growth needs: all needs involving creative efforts and/or productive creative efforts and/or productive contributionscontributions
Herzberg’s 2-Factor TheoryHerzberg’s 2-Factor Theory
Starts with the questions of what satisfies Starts with the questions of what satisfies and dissatisfies people about their workand dissatisfies people about their work
Assumes the answers to those questions are Assumes the answers to those questions are key to understanding motivationkey to understanding motivation
Job Satisfaction consists of two separate Job Satisfaction consists of two separate and independent dimensions: and independent dimensions: – Satisfiers or motivatorsSatisfiers or motivators– Dissatisfiers or maintenance factorsDissatisfiers or maintenance factors
Dissatisfiers/Maintenance Dissatisfiers/Maintenance FactorsFactors
Presence is not motivational. Absences causes Presence is not motivational. Absences causes dissatisfactiondissatisfaction– PoliciesPolicies– SalarySalary– Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships– Job securityJob security– Work conditionsWork conditions– Status Status – Technical supervisionTechnical supervision– Personal lifePersonal life
Satisfiers/MotivatorsSatisfiers/Motivators
Not unhappy if they are absent; willing to Not unhappy if they are absent; willing to work to get themwork to get them– AchievementAchievement– RecognitionRecognition– AdvancementAdvancement– The work itselfThe work itself– Possibility of growthPossibility of growth– ResponsibilityResponsibility
McClelland’s Learned Needs McClelland’s Learned Needs TheoryTheory
People learn their needs through life People learn their needs through life experienceexperience
3 sets of needs:3 sets of needs:– Need for Achievement: need to excelNeed for Achievement: need to excel– Need for Power: need to control or influence Need for Power: need to control or influence
othersothers– Need for Affiliation: need to associate with Need for Affiliation: need to associate with
others. Form interpersonal relationshipsothers. Form interpersonal relationships
Process TheoriesProcess Theories
Focus on how individuals’ expectations and Focus on how individuals’ expectations and preferences for outcomes associated with preferences for outcomes associated with their performance actually influence their performance actually influence performance.performance.
Vroom’s Expectancy TheoryVroom’s Expectancy Theory
Vroom theorized that people are not only Vroom theorized that people are not only driven by their needs, but they make driven by their needs, but they make choices about what they will and will not do choices about what they will and will not do to fulfill their needs based on 3 conditions:to fulfill their needs based on 3 conditions:
Vroom’s ConditionsVroom’s Conditions
Person must believe that effort to perform at Person must believe that effort to perform at a particular level will make the desired a particular level will make the desired performance or behavior more likelyperformance or behavior more likely
Desired performance or behavior must lead Desired performance or behavior must lead to some concrete outcome or rewardto some concrete outcome or reward
Person must value the outcomePerson must value the outcome