Motor Learning

Characteristics of Curriculum Models

Physical Education• Roots in ancient Greek civilization• Technique that helps in promoting the physical

fitness and well being of a body• Aim– Equip students with the knowledge, skills,

capabilities and values along with the enthusiasm to maintain a healthy lifestyle into adulthood regardless of their physical abilities

Physical Activities

• Promote physical fitness• Develop motor skills• Instill knowledge and understanding of rules,

concepts and strategies• Teach students to work as part of a team• Competitive activities

Curriculum Models

• Meaning of human movement• Physiology of exercise• Sport sociology• Aesthetic appreciation of movement• Acquisition of skills

Basic Experiences Provided by Physical Education

• Aquatics• Physical conditioning• Gymnastics• Individual/dual sports• Team sports• Rhythm and dance

Physical Education as a Subject

• Taught in all states• K-12• Implemented by a self-contained classroom

teacher

Characteristics of Curriculum Models• Physical activity– Competent by many– Proficient by few

• Physical activities human movement– Students learn and apply

principles of human movement, develop motor skills

• Fitness– Health related

components– Skill related components

• Responsible behavior– Personal– Social

• Respect for and value of differences

• Students indentify and understand how physical activity promotes: – personal enjoyment– Challenge– Self expression– Social interaction

Principles Used in the Selection and Maintenance of Equipment and Facilities

Equipment Selection

• Based on– Quality– Safety– Goals of physical

education and athletics• Selected by

knowledgeable personnel• Continuous process

– What’s best in the year of purchase may not be best in the year of replacement

• Service and replacement considerations

• Reconditioning vs. purchasing new equipment

• Participant interests• Age, sex and limitations

of intended users• Current trends

Equipment Selection Guidelines• Follow purchasing policies– Reputable

manufacturers– Competitive purchasing

regulations– Use district forms

• Consult with administration when equipment and supplies are needed

• Relate purchasing to programming, budgeting and financing

• Best value for money spent

• Additional considerations– Legal• Brand/trademark• liability

– Administration considerations

– Maintenance– Participants own

equipment

Maintaining Equipment

• Regular inspection• Inventory control• Issue/return policies• Proper cleaning, storage and care

Facility Selection

• Bond issues for construction• Title IX/ADA• Energy costs• Community involvement• Multi-purpose facility• Aesthetically attractive, practical and

comfortable• Complies with public health codes

Facility Maintenance

• Maintenance team– Custodial staff– Participants– Physical Education and Athletic Departments

• Issues– Free of dust and dirt– Daily cleaning and disinfecting– Regular inspection for hazards

Class Management

• Initiated at the beginning of the school year– Rules– Compliance– Penalties for violation

• Develop routines for a productive use of class time

• Goals– Safety– Most effective instruction– Promote self discipline

and self motivation– Develop a sense of

responsibility– Creates group

camaraderie– Uses time and energy

effectively

Planning

• Time Frames– Yearly– Seasonal– Weekly– Daily

• Goals– Precision– Arranged in advance– Maximized activity time for students

Measurement and Evaluation

• Reasons– Determine student progress– Effectiveness of teaching

• Needs to be planned in advance– Think “reliability” and “validity”– Reflects objectives previously taught

Florida High School Graduation Requirements

• 1 credit in physical education including the integration of health

• Curriculum framework– Broad guidelines– Instructional consistency in curriculum offerings– Student achievement is related to the intended

outcomes of curriculum frameworks

Key Legislation• Title IX (1972)

– Prohibits sex discrimination• PL 94-142 (1975)

– Educational services for handicapped students• House Bill 967 (2007) – FL

– 150 minutes of Physical Education each week in grades K-5– All instructional personnel are approved to teach Physical

Education in grades K-5 regardless of certification• Don Davis Physical Education Act (2008) - FL

– Grades 6-8– Students take Physical Education of one semester each year

• At least 30 minutes daily

Impact of Educational Reforms

• Increased enrollment• Increased administrative, parental, and

student support• Equal opportunities• Equitable expenditure of funds• All federal aid must be in compliance with

Title IX• Scholarships must be awarded equally

Maximizing Learner Participation

Cooperation and Competition• Cooperation– Working together with agreed upon goals and

methods• Competition– Striving against another force for the purpose of

achieving dominance or attaining a reward or goal• Need/desire to compete – Common impetus– Motivates individuals to organize into a group and

cooperate with each other in order to form a stronger competitive force

Problem Solving

• Higher order cognitive process• When one moves from a given state to a

desired goal state• Provides students with– Self-confidence– Sense of accomplishment

Trust Building

• Accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another

• An individual's belief in, and willingness to act on the basis of, the words, actions, and decisions of another

• Arises from interdependence with others• Break down barriers • Create reliance within small groups

Risk Taking

• Can be a positive tool for discovering and developing personal identity

• Role of teacher in risk taking– Encourage students to participate in something

that may stretch their abilities – Within the student’s capabilities, in a safe

environment

Common Concepts and Content within Physical Education and Other Curriculum Areas That

Promote Interdisciplinary Learning

• Physical science– Study non living systems

• Biological science– Study living systems

• Mathematics– Search for fundamental truths in pattern, quantity, and change– Reflected in sports through measuring speed, momentum,

height/distance

Common ThemesExplain the whole system from fundamental parts

“Hard science”

Social Sciences

• Whole system is more than the sum of its parts

• Study human aspects of the world• Diverge from arts and humanities• Emphasize the use of the scientific method• Soft science

Kinesiology• Interdisciplinary• Encompasses: human anatomy, physiology, neuroscience,

biochemistry, biomechanics, exercise physiology, and sport sociology

• Can include: psychology, sociology, anthropology• Relationship between quality of movement and overall

human health• Applied to: physical therapy, occupational therapy,

chiropractic, osteopathy, exercise physiology, massage therapy, physical education, and coaching

• Approaches: therapeutic, preventative, high performance

Review• Hard sciences– Physics, Math, Biology, Chemistry– Explain the whole system from fundamental parts

• Social sciences– Psychology, Sociology– The whole is greater than the sum of its parts– Soft sciences

• Kinesiology– Interdisciplinary– Approaches: therapeutic, preventative, high performance

National Association for Sport and Physical Education Standards

(NASPE)A physically educated person:1. Demonstrates competency in

motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities

2. Demonstrates understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the learning and performance of physical activities

3. Participates regularly in physical activity

4. Achieves and maintains a health enhancing level of physical fitness

5. Exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others in physical activity settings

6. Values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self expression and/or social interaction

The Relationship Between Human Growth and Development and Appropriate Physical Activity

• Understanding the developmental growth process– Educators become aware of students who adhere to

the norm and those who might mature early or late• Puberty growth spurt– Individual response– Varies greatly– May affect participation in physical activity and

sports

Implications for the Educator• Pay attention to varying

body sizes and maturity• Co-educational classes– Middle school & high

school team sports can accommodate the needs of both genders’ changing maturities

– Non-contact physical activities that rely on lower body strength and agility (capture the flag, ultimate Frisbee)

• Activities that require upper body strength– Teams based on

individual skill level to prevent injury

• Matching teams evenly based on skill– Individual skill levels are

not as apparent– Activity remains fun for

participants

Role of the Teacher

• Monitor and adjust physical activity – Ensure positive, competitive experience

• Sample appropriate activities – Doubles tennis– Flag football

http://www.3dlax.com/content/2-man-stickwork-run

Teaching Methods That Facilitate Cognitive Learning

• Problem solving– Instructor presents the initial task and students

come to an acceptable solution in unique and divergent ways

• Conceptual theory– Focus on acquisition of knowledge

• Guided inquiry– Instructor as a leader/facilitator– Sequential experiences for the learner

Implications for the Educator

• Initial performance– Vary in quality– Inconsistent– Error-prone– Student focus remembering what to do

• Focus on– Teaching significant elements of the skill– Biomechanics– One or two key elements at a time– Motivation occurs with supportive and encouraging comments

Techniques that Facilitate Cognitive Learning

• Transfer of learning – indentifying similar movements of a previously learned skill

• Plan slightly longer instructions and demonstrations

• Use appropriate language• Conceptual thinking – give students more

responsibility for their learning

Aids to Facilitate Cognitive Learning

• Frequent assessment• Incorporate principles of biomechanics• Videotape student performance• Expert demonstrations– technology

Teaching Methods to Facilitate Psychomotor Learning

• Task/reciprocal – task learning through stations

• Command/direct – teacher centered, clear goals, skills explained and demonstrated, time allocated for practice, performance is closely monitored

• Contingency/contract – task completion is rewarded

Teaching Methods that Facilitate Psychomotor Learning

• Reflex movements – flex, extend, stretch, postural adjustment

• Basic fundamental movements – instinctive patterns of movement

• Perceptual abilities – interpret auditory, visual and tactile stimuli to coordinate adjustments

• Physical abilities – develop the 5 components of fitness• Skilled movements • Nondiscursive communication – expression as

movement

Motor Learning

• Unique to each individual• Follows a general sequential pattern• Begin instruction at a level where most children

are successful and progress where frustration hinders the activity

• Stress: 1) fundamentals, then 2) advanced concepts

• 20 minute time limit• Primacy/recency

Visualization

• Break skill down mentally• Picture steps involved• Physical practice– Standing still– Add movement– Add opponents

Body Awareness• Kinesthetic Awareness• Imprint of body parts• Capability of movement• Spatial awareness

– Location of objects in relation to one’s own body– Locating more than one object in relation to each other &

independent of one’s own body• Effort qualities

– Balance– Time– Force

Fundamental Movement Patterns

Locomotor– Walk– Run– Jump– Vault– Leap– Hop– Gallop– Slide– Body roll– Climb

Nonlocomotor– Bend – Dodge– Stretch– Twist– Turn– Swing– Sway– Push– Pull

Manipulative– Bounce/Dribble– Catch– Kick– Roll– Strike– Throw– Trap

Acquiring Skills & Performance Strategy

1. Control object2. Increase difficulty – Combine skills – Interaction

3. Offense/defense4. Complex activity– Continuous play

Cues

• Majority of students should be successful• Students respect the teacher, fellow students,

the sport, the equipment & the facilities• Students follow directions

Prompts

• The facilities• The equipment• Whistle• Kinesiology principles– Teacher demonstrates first– Students practice & teacher motivates– Movements are refined & practiced

Strategies• Demonstrate good form• Use a teaching progression

that systematically adds details

• Physical education provides for group instruction, but individualize instruction when learner becomes engaged

• Pace of skill development varies widely

• View physical education as both art and science

• Give all students the opportunity to lead build self esteem

• Keep groups as small as possible

• Use all available equipment and space

• Keep practice sessions short– 20 minute rule

• Reinforce sequentially