MOTORCYCLEOperator Manual

i

MESSAGE FROM THE MARYLAND MOTOR VEHICLE

ADMINISTRATIONOperating a motorcycle safely in traffic requires special skills and

knowledge. This handbook has been prepared by the MVA, with assis-tance from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, to provide you with theinformation needed to enable you to obtain a motorcycle license and tohelp you learn those motorcycle operating skills and knowledge.

As you study this handbook, remember that your life, and the livesof others, will depend on what you do while operating a motorcycle.Riding a motorcycle can be safe and fun when you act as a responsiblerider. When you ride a motorcycle, you should wear proper protectiveclothing and headgear, ride within your limits, obey the law and “sharethe road” with other highway users.

Ride safely and enjoy our wonderful State of Maryland and remem-ber, don’t drink and drive.

All motorcycle operator skills tests are by appointmentonly. To schedule an appointment visit our website at

www.mva.maryland.gov.

For more information, please call: 410-768-7000 to speak with a customer

service representative. TTY for the Hearing Impaired: 1-800-492-4575,

Or visit: www.MVA.Maryland.gov

ii

iii

LICENSING OF MARYLAND DRIVERSEvery�driver�of�a�motor�vehicle�must�have�a�valid�license. If you reside in

Maryland and desire to drive a motor vehicle, you are required to have a valid Maryland driver’s license. If you already have a valid non-commercial driver’s license fromanother jurisdiction, you must obtain a Maryland license within 60 days of becoming aresident of this State. A commercial driver’s license (CDL) holder must transfer theirCDL within 30 days of moving to Maryland.

MOTORCYCLE LICENSING REQUIREMENTUnlicensed or improperly licensed riders are over-represented in crash statis-

tics. Operating a motorcycle without a valid Class M license may result in a fine, asuspension of your driver’s license or license privilege, as well as points beingadded to your driving record and your motorcycle being towed away.

This manual provides the information needed to obtain a Class M motorcyclelicense. It is suggested that an applicant obtain and review the Maryland Driver'sManual, DL-002. If you have a valid Maryland license of another class; do nothave a Maryland license; or if your license has expired over one (1) year, you willbe required to pass a Class C Maryland knowledge test, in addition to the motorcy-cle examinations, to obtain a motorcycle license. Please obtain and review theMaryland Driver’s Manual.

REQUIREMENT FOR APPLICANT UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE

DRIVER EDUCATIONAll applicants under 18 years of age and all new drivers regardless of age, must

have satisfactorily completed an approved driver education course of not less than 30 hours classroom instruction and six (6) hours behind-the-wheel driver training ifthe motorcycle license is an applicant's first license, then the applicant must com-plete the provisions outlined under the Graduated Licensing System.

MOTORCYCLE SAFETY COURSEApplicants under 18 years of age must also successfully complete an approved

motorcycle safety course. These courses are provided at training centers operated by the Maryland Motorcycle Safety Program. The Motorcycle Safety Program’sBasic Rider Course or Alternate Basic Rider Course are the approved courses forapplicants under 18 years of age. The courses include classroom and “on the motorcycle” riding experience. Courses are conducted primarily between March and November of each year. Training motorcycles and some safety equipment are provided. Students who successfully complete an approved course receive aCompletion Certificate to obtain a Class M License. For more information, log onto the Motorcycle Safety Program’s website at www.mva.maryland.gov/MVA-Programs/moto/default.htm, or call the Program Office at 443-572-8236.

iv

LICENSED IN ANOTHER JURISDICTIONIf you have in your possession a driver's license issued to you by another state,

or jurisdiction, you may exchange that license for a Maryland license. The licensecannot be suspended, cancelled, or revoked. If it has been expired for more thanone year you will have to retake all required tests. Military driving permits/licensesare not transferrable and must be accompanied by a state side license.

You must present proof of age, identity, lawful status, verifiable social securitynumber or proof of ineligibility for a social security number, Maryland residenceand current license. You take all the required tests and finally, surrender all out-of-state driver licenses before obtaining a Maryland Driver's License.

If you cannot present a previously issued license, you must do one of the fol-lowing:

• Obtain and submit a certified driving record (less than 30 days old) from thejurisdiction in which you are currently, or were previously licensed, indicatingyour name, DOB, license number, license class or classes/endorsements, issueand expiration dates of the license as well as your current status; or

• Apply for and obtain a Maryland Learner's Permit.

If you have a license issued by another country, please visit the MVA's websitefor additional information.

If you are under 18 years of age, you are required to show a completion certifi-cate from a motorcycle safety program course, even if you already have a validmotorcycle license from another jurisdiction, before you can obtain a Marylandmotorcycle license.

LEARNER’S PERMITYou may only drive those vehicles and combination of vehicles specified on

your Learner’s Permit and then only while you are accompanied by, and under theimmediate supervision of, a person who:

• Who is at least 21 years old and has had a motorcycle license for at least three (3) years as stated above.

• Has been licensed for at least three (3) years, in this state or in another state, todrive vehicles of the class then being driven by the holder of the Learner’s Permit; and

• Is a licensed motorcycle operator who is at least 21 years of age and has three(3) years experience driving a motorcycle. Motorcycle learners shall carry, onlyas a passenger, a licensed motorcycle driver who is at least 21 years old andhas had a motorcycle license for at least three (3) years.

Immediate supervision for a motorcycle instructional permit holder is definedas being in the vicinity of the motorcycle being operated in a capacity to assist andprotect the learning driver. The supervising driver may be a passenger on the motor-cycle, if properly licensed with a motorcycle license on another motorcycle, onfoot, or in another vehicle within safe traveling distance.

v

THE LICENSING TESTTHE TESTS

The required examinations include a test of the applicant’s:

• Vision – A minimum visual acuity of 20/40 in each eye, a field of vision of atleast 140 degrees, and binocular vision is required for an unrestricted license. Ifthe applicant’s vision can be corrected by glasses or contact lenses to meetthese requirements, the Learner’s Permit or license issued will be restricted to“corrective lenses” requiring the holder to wear glasses or contact lenses whiledriving a motor vehicle;

• Ability to Read Road Signs – You must be able to read and explain all high-way signs, in English, shown to you and observe all signs during the drivingtest;

• Written Examination – This test is designed to check your knowledge of trafficlaws, rules of the road, motor vehicle law and safe driving practices. The information you will be tested on is in this handbook. The questions are multiple choice. Applicants who experience problems due to speech, hearing,language, or reading difficulty, should contact the MVA’s Customer ServiceCenter at 410-768-7000 for assistance (1-800-492-4575 for TTY);

• Driving Test – An actual demonstration of skills needed to exercise ordinaryand reasonable control in the operation of a motorcycle. A motorcycle used fortesting must be properly registered with license plate properly displayed.

If you fail any portion of the test, you may retake a second test the next day ifan appointment is available. If you fail the second or subsequent test, you must waitat least seven (7) calendar days before a new test can be taken. Testing is scheduledby appointment only.

A driving test will not be conducted using a vehicle with defective equipmentor if the applicant is not wearing approved eye protection and helmet.

THE SKILL TEST

During this test, you will demonstrate the skills needed to safely operate amotorcycle in traffic. There is a separate test for two and three-wheeled motorcy-cles. The test includes:

For a two-wheeled motorcycle:

• Left “U” Turn;

• Sharp Right Turn From a Stop;

• Cone Weave;

• Normal Stop;

• Quick Stop;

• Obstacle Swerve; and

• Overall control of the motorcycle.

vi

For a three-wheeled motorcycle:

• Sharp Left Turn;

• Normal Stop;

• Cone Weave;

• Sharp Right Turn From a Stop;

• Quick Stop;

• Obstacle Swerve; and

• Overall control of the motorcycle.

NOTE: An applicant who passes the test on a three-wheeled motorcycle will receivea restricted license limiting them to the operation of the type of motorcycle used fortesting.

If you accumulate (11) eleven or more points, you have failed the test. TheExaminer is required to end the test when the applicant:

• Accumulates 11 or more points;

• Stalls the engine four times;

• Falls or drops the motorcycle (for 2-wheelers);

• Excessively tips or loses control (3-wheelers);

• Commits an unsafe act or disregards the instructions; and

• Violates a Traffic Regulation.

TRANSPORTING A MOTORCYCLE TO A TEST LOCATIONThe holder of a motorcycle learner’s permit may transport a motorcycle to the

driving test location by truck or other vehicle unaccompanied by another individualif the holder of the learner’s permit is licensed to drive the vehicle used to transportthe motorcycle. A motorcycle transported on another vehicle must remain on thetransporting vehicle until an examiner authorizes its removal.

An applicant driving the motorcycle to the driving test must be accompanied by a person properly licensed to drive a motorcycle who is at least 21 years old and has held a motorcycle license for three (3) years or more.

A younger or less experienced holder of a motorcycle license may drive themotorcycle to the examination station and to the starting point where the examinerbegins the driving test.

MOTORCYCLE EQUIPMENTYour motorcycle must be equipped with two (2) brakes, at least one (1) headlight,

one (1) rear red light, one (1) brake actuated red stop light, one (1) white rear light illu-minating the license plate, a horn, two (2) mirrors, two (2) unaltered fenders, two (2)foot rests for the operator and two (2) retractable foot rests for a passenger.

The mirrors shall be factory equipment or equivalent, and may not containsharp edges, projections or irregular indents capable of producing injury.

vii

Rearview mirrors are one of the most important pieces of equipment on a motor-cycle. The reflective surface of the mirror shall be of a size not less than seven (7)square inches allowing you to see part of the lane behind you and part of the lane nextto you. Convex mirrors allow you to see the road in your immediate area in moredetail, but they make the vehicles behind you look farther away than they really are.

REQUIRED OPERATOR EQUIPMENTNo person shall operate or ride a motorcycle unless they are wearing protective

headgear which complies with the standards established by the Motor VehicleAdministration. The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), 218 Motor-cycle Helmets, is adopted as the minimum standard for helmets required to be wornby operators and passengers on motorcycles. The Administration shall accept allhelmets which comply with the requirements of FMVSS 218, motorcycle helmets,49 CFR 571.281. Helmets bearing a factory applied (DOT) Department of Trans-portation label and/or Snell Memorial Foundation meet those standards. If the DOTlabel is missing, a compliant helmet will also have a label either sewn into the com-fort line or affixed to the liner that indicates the month and year the helmet wasmanufactured.

No person shall operate or ride a motorcycle unless they are wearing an eyeprotection device approved by the Administration.

All face shields, goggles, prescription lenses and “over the counter” glassesmust comply with the Federal Food and Drug Administration regulations on impactresistance.

If the motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen, if must be securely fastenedto the motorcycle. If the operator is not wearing an approved eye protection device,the windscreen must be mounted at a proper height to protect the operator’s faceand eyes when the operator is seated on the motorcycle in a normal riding position.It is recommended that the operator wear an approved eye protection device eventhough the motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen.

Tail & Brakelights

HeadlightHorn

Front BrakeLicense Plate

Light

MirrorsL & R Sides

RearFender

FrontFender

Passenger Foot RestsL & R Sides

Operator Foot RestsL & R Sides

viii

THE MARYLAND MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PROGRAMThe purpose of the Motor Vehicle Administration’s Motorcycle Safety Program

is to improve the safety of motorcyclists through rider education and a publicawareness effort that benefits all highway users. The Program operates training cen-ters throughout the state that conduct rider training courses for new and experiencedriders through which an individual can earn a Class M license.

The Basic Rider Course (BRC) is designed for the new rider. The course includesseven (7) hours of classroom sessions and approximately ten (10) hours of “on motor-cycle” practice. Participants learn the basic operating skills, street strategies and accident avoidance skills. Training motorcycles are provided. The Alternate BasicRider Course (ABRC) is a seven-hour course for the individual who has experiencewith operating a motorcycle and may have a learner’s permit. Training motorcycles areprovided but a participant can use their own motorcycle if transported to the trainingcenter legally. Students who meet the knowledge and skill test licensing standards ineither BRC or ABRC may receive a licensing completion certificate and can take it toany full service MVA office to obtain a motorcycle (Class M) license without addi-tional skills testing.

For more information log onto the Motorcycle Safety Program’s website atwww.mva.maryland.gov/MVA-Programs/moto/default.htm, or call the ProgramOffice at 443-572-8236. Individuals under 18 years of age are required to success-fully complete a motorcycle safety course prior to obtaining a motorcycle license.To take a course, you must be eligible to apply for a learner’s permit, however, thepermit is not required to enroll in the course.

DRIVER’S EDUCATION COURSEApplicants who have never had a license in any state, must successfully

complete the Driver’s Education Course consisting of thirty (30) hours of classroomand six (6) hours of behind-the-wheel driving instruction.

ALCOHOL & DRUG EDUCATION PROGRAMApplicants who have an out-of-country license must also successfully complete

the 3-Hour Alcohol & Drug Education Program.

1

PREPARING TO RIDE

Wear The Right Gear ....................................2

Helmet Use ..............................................2

Helmet Selection ......................................2

Eye and Face Protection ..........................3

Clothing....................................................4

Know Your Motorcycle..................................4

The Right Motorcycle For You................4

Borrowing and Lending ..........................5

Know Your Motorcycle Controls ............5

Check Your Motorcycle ..........................6

Know Your Responsibilities ........................7

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

Basic Vehicle Control ....................................8Body Position ..........................................8

Shifting Gears ..........................................8

Braking ....................................................9

Turning ....................................................9

Keeping Your Distance ..............................10

Lane Positions ........................................10

Following Another Vehicle ....................11

Being Followed ......................................12

Passing and Being Passed ......................12

Lane Sharing ..........................................14

Merging Cars..........................................14

Cars Alongside ......................................14

SEE ......................................................15

Intersections ................................................16

Blind Intersections ................................17

Passing Parked Cars ..............................18

Parking at the Roadside ........................18

Increasing Conspicuity ..............................18

Clothing..................................................19

Headlight ................................................19

Signals ....................................................19

Brake Light ............................................20

Using Your Mirrors ................................20

Head Checks ..........................................21

Horn ......................................................21

Riding at Night ......................................22

Crash Avoidance ..........................................22

Quick Stops ............................................22

Swerving or Turning Quickly ................23

Cornering................................................24

Handling Dangerous Surfaces ..................25

Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles ............25

Slippery Surfaces ..................................26

Tracks and Pavement Seams..................27

Grooves and Grating ..............................27

Mechanical Problems..................................28

Tire Failure ............................................28

Stuck Throttle ........................................28

Wobble ..................................................28

Chain Problems ......................................29

Engine Seizure ......................................29

Animals ......................................................29

Flying Objects ..............................................30

Getting Off The Road ................................30

Carrying Passengersand Cargo ......................................................30

Equipment ..............................................30

Instructing Passengers............................31

Riding With Passengers ........................31

Carrying Loads ......................................31

Group Riding ................................................32

Keep the Group Small............................32

Keep the Group Together ......................32

Keep Your Distance ..............................32

BEING IN SHAPETO RIDE

Why Information is Important ..................34

Alcohol and Other Drugs InMotorcycle Operation ................................34

Alcohol in the Body ....................................35

Blood Alcohol Concentration ................35

Alcohol and the Law ....................................36

Consequences of Conviction..................36

Minimize the Risks......................................37

Step In to Protect Friends ..........................37

Fatigue ......................................................37

EARNINGYOUR LICENSE

Knowledge Test ..............................................39

2-Wheel Skill Test Diagram............................40

3-Wheel Skill Test Diagram............................41

On-Cycle Skill Test ........................................42

CONTENTS

2

WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR

When you ride, your gear is“right” if it protects you. In any crash,you have a far better chance of avoid-ing serious injury if you wear:

• A�DOT�Certified�helmet.

• Face�or�eye�protection.

• Protective�clothing.

Helmet UseCrashes are not rare events —

particularly among beginning riders.One out of every five motorcyclecrashes results in head or neckinjuries. Head injuries are just assevere as neck injuries – and far morecommon. Crash analyses show thathead and neck injuries account for amajority of serious and fatal injuriesto motorcyclists. Research also showsthat, with few exceptions, head andneck injuries are reduced by theproper wearing of a DOT certifiedhelmet.

Some riders don’t wear helmetsbecause they think helmets will limittheir view to the sides. Others wearhelmets only on long trips or whenriding at high speeds. Here are somefacts to consider:

• A�DOT�certified�helmet�lets yousee as far to the sides as neces-sary. A study of more than 900motorcycle crashes, where 40%of the riders wore helmets, didnot find even one case in which ahelmet kept a rider from spottingdanger.

• Most�crashes�happen on shorttrips (less than five miles long),just a few minutes after startingout.

• Most�riders�are riding slowerthan 30 mph when a crashoccurs. At these speeds, helmetscan cut both the number andseverity of head injuries by half.

No matter what the speed, hel-meted riders are three times morelikely to survive head injuries thanthose not wearing helmets at the timeof the crash.

Helmet SelectionThere are two primary types of

helmets, providing two different levels of coverage: full face and openface, also known as the three-quarter.

Whichever style you choose, youcan get the most protection by makingsure that the helmet:

PREPARING TO RIDEWhat you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining

whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on anytrip, a safe rider makes a point to:

1.� Wear�the�right�gear.

2.� Become�familiar�with�the�motorcycle.

3.� Check�the�motorcycle�equipment.

4.� Be�a�responsible�rider.

Wear the Right Gear

Helment Use

3

• Is�certified�to�meet�U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation (DOT)standards. (Helmets with a labelfrom the Snell Memorial Founda-tion give you an added assuranceof quality.)

• Fits�snugly, all the way around.

• Has�no�obvious�defects such ascracks, loose padding or frayedstraps.

Whatever helmet you decide on,keep it securely fastened on your headwhen you ride. Otherwise, if you areinvolved in a crash, it’s likely to flyoff your head before it gets a chanceto protect you.

Eye and Face ProtectionA plastic shatter-resistant

faceshield can help protect yourwhole face in a crash. It also protectsyou from wind, dust, dirt, rain,insects, and pebbles thrown up fromcars ahead. These problems are dis-tracting and can be painful. If you have to deal with them, you can’tdevote your full attention to the road.

Goggles protect your eyes,though they won't protect the rest ofyour face like a faceshield does. Awindshield is not a substitute for afaceshield or goggles. Most wind-shields will not protect your eyesfrom the wind. Neither will eye-glasses or sunglasses. Glasses won’tkeep you eyes from watering, andthey might blow off when you turnyour head while riding.

To be effective, eye or faceshield protection must:

• Be�free of scratches.

• Be�resistant to penetration.

• Give�a�clear�view to either side.

• Fasten�securely, so it does notblow off.

• Permit�air�to�pass through, toreduce fogging.

• Permit�enough�room for eye-glasses or sunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should notbe worn at night or any other timewhen little light is available.

Eye &

Face Protectio

n

4

Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

Street clothes may not be suitablefor the riding environment. SelectPPE that is designed for motorcy-cling. Not only will it protect you in acrash, it will also provide comfort andprotection from heat, cold, flyingdebris and hot and moving parts ofthe motorcycle.

• Jacket�and�pants should coverarms and legs completely. Theyshould fit snugly enough to keepfrom flapping or ballooning in thewind, yet loosely enough to allowfreedom of movement. Leatheroffers the most protection, butsturdy synthetic “textile” materi-als also offer excellent protectionwith reduced weight. You shouldwear a jacket even in warmweather to prevent dehydration.Textile jackets are designed toprotect without getting you over-heated even during the summer.

• Boots should be sturdy, extendedabove your ankles and providesupport when you put your feetdown at a stop and when support-ing the motorcycle. They shouldhave low heels and soles made ofa hard non-slip material. Be sureto tuck laces in so they won’tcatch on your motorcycle.

• Gloves provide you a better gripon the handlebars and providesome protection in a crash.Gloves should be full-fingeredand made of leather, or similardurable material.

In cold or wet weather, your PPEshould keep you warm and dry, aswell as protect you from injury. Youcannot control a motorcycle well if you are numb. Riding for long

periods in cold weather can causesevere chill and fatigue. A winterjacket should resist wind and fitsnugly at the neck, wrists, and waist.Good-quality rainsuits designed formotorcycle riding resist tearing apartor ballooning up at high speeds.

The Right Motorcyclefor You

First, make sure your motorcycle“fits” you. When seated on the motor-cycle, your feet should reach and,preferably, be flat on the ground withyour legs slightly bent at the knee. Youshould be able to reach the handlebarsand turn them lock-to-lock withouthaving to stretch forward or lock yourarms.

KNOW YOURMOTORCYCLE

There are plenty of things on thehighway that can cause you trouble.Your motorcycle should not be one ofthem. To make sure that your motor-cycle won’t let you down:

• Read the owner’s manual first.

• Be�familiar with the motorcyclecontrols.

• Check the motorcycle beforeevery ride.

• Keep it in safe riding conditionbetween rides.

1 Test Yourself

A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield:

A. Is not necessary if you have a wind-shield.

B. Only protects our eyes.

C. Helps protect your whole face.

D. Does not protect your face as wellas goggles.

Answer - page 38

Clothing

The Right Motorcycle

5

• Avoid add-on’s and modificationsthat make your motorcycle harderto handle.

At minimum, your street-legal motor-cycle should have:

• Headlight,�taillight�and�brake-light.

• Front�and�rear�brakes.• Turn�signals.• Horn.

• Two�mirrors.

Borrowing and LendingBorrowers and lenders of motor-

cycles, beware. Crashes are fairlycommon among beginning riders –especially in the first months of rid-ing. Riding an unfamiliar motorcycle

adds to the problem. If you borrow amotorcycle, get familiar with it in acontrolled area. And if you lend yourmotorcycle to friends, make sure theyare licensed and know how to ridebefore allowing them out into traffic.No matter how experienced you maybe, ride extra carefully on any motor-cycle that’s new or unfamiliar to you.More than half of all crashes occur onmotorcycles ridden by the operatorfor less than six months.

Get Familiar with theMotorcycle Controls

Make sure you are completelyfamiliar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be sure toreview the owner’s manual. This isparticularly important if you are ridinga borrowed motorcycle. If you aregoing to use an unfamiliar motorcycle:

Know Your M

otorcycle

6

• Make�all�the�checks you wouldon your own motorcycle.

• Find�out�where�everthing�is,particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-controlvalve, and engine cut-off switch.Find and operate these itemswithout having to look for them.

• Know�the�gear�pattern. Workthe throttle, clutch, and brakes afew times before you start rid-ing. All controls react a little dif-ferently.

• Ride�very�cautiously and beaware of surroundings. Accelerategently, take turns more slowly, andleave extra room for stopping.

Check Your MotorcycleA motorcycle needs more fre-

quent attention than a car. A minortechnical failure in a car seldom leadsto anything more than an inconven-ience for the driver.

If something’s wrong with themotorcycle, you’ll want to find outabout it before you get in traffic.Make a complete check of yourmotorcycle before every ride.

Before mounting the motorcycle makethe following checks:

• Tires—Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.

• Fluids—Oil and fluid levels. At aminimum, check hydraulic fluidsand coolants weekly. Look underthe motorcycle for signs of an oilor gas leak.

• Headlights�and�Taillight—Check them both. Test yourswitch to make sure both highand low beams are working.

• Turn�Signals—Turn on bothright and left turn signals. Makesure all lights are working prop-erly.

• Brake�Light—Try both brakecontrols, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.

Once you have mounted themotorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:

• Clutch�and�Throttle—Makesure they work smoothly. Thethrottle should snap back whenyou let go. The clutch should feeltight and smooth.

• Mirrors—Clean and adjust bothmirrors before starting. It’s diffi-cult to ride with one hand whileyou try to adjust a mirror. Adjusteach mirror so you can see thelane behind and as much as pos-sible of the lane next to you.When properly adjusted, a mirrormay show the edge of your armor shoulder—but it’s the roadbehind and to the side that’s mostimportant.

• Brakes—Try the front and rearbrake levers one at a time. Makesure each one feels firm andholds the motorcycle when thebrake is fully applied.

2 Test Yourself

More than half of all crashes:

A. Occur at speeds greater than 35mph.

B. Happen at night.

C. Are caused by worn tires.

D. Involve riders who have ridden theirmotorcycles less than six months.

Answer - page 38

Check Your Motorcycle

7

• Horn—Try the horn. Make sureit works.

In addition to the checks youshould make before every trip, checkthe following items at least once aweek: Wheels, cables, fasteners, andfluid checks. Follow your owner’smanual to get recommendations.

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

“Accident” implies an unforeseenevent that occurs without anyone’sfault or negligence. Most often in traffic, that is not the case. In fact,most people involved in a crash canusually claim some responsibility forwhat takes place.

Consider a situation where some-one decides to try to squeeze throughan intersection on a yellow light turn-ing red. Your light turns green. Youpull into the intersection withoutchecking for possible latecomers.That is all it takes for the two of youto tangle. It was the driver’s responsi-bility to stop. And it was your respon-sibility to look before pulling out.Neither of you held up your end ofthe deal. Just because someone else isthe first to start the chain of eventsleading to a crash, doesn’t leave anyof us free of responsibility.

As a rider you can’t be sure thatother operators will see you or yieldthe right of way. To lessen yourchances of a crash occurring:

• Be�visible—wear proper cloth-ing, use your headlight, ride inthe best lane position to see andbe seen.

• Communicate�your�inten-tions—use the proper signals,brake light, and lane position.

• Maintain�an�adequate�spacecushion—following, being fol-lowed, passing and being passed.

• Scan�your�path of travel 12 sec-onds ahead.

• Identify�and�separate multiplehazards.

• Be�prepared�to�act—remainalert and know how to carry outproper crash-avoidance skills.

Blame doesn’t matter whensomeone is injured in a crash. Thereis rarely a single cause of any crash.The ability to ride aware, make criti-cal decisions, and carry them out sep-arates responsible riders from all therest. Remember, it is up to you tokeep from being the cause of, or anunprepared participant in, any crash.

Know Your R

esponsib

ilities

8

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL

Body Position

To control a motorcycle well:

• Posture—Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcyclerather than to hold yourself up.

• Seat—Sit far enough forward sothat arms are slightly bent whenyou hold the handlegrips. Bend-ing your arms permits you topress on the handlebars withouthaving to stretch.

• Hands—Hold the handle gripsfirmly to keep your grip overrough surfaces. Start with yourwrist down and knuckles up onthe throttle. This will help youkeep from accidentally using toomuch throttle. Also, adjust thehandlebars so your hands areeven with or below your elbows.This permits you to use the

proper muscles for precisionsteering.

• Knees—Keep your knees againstthe gas tank to help you keepyour balance as the motorcycleturns.

• Feet—Keep your feet firmly onthe footpegs to maintain balance.Don’t drag your feet. If your footcatches on something, you can beinjured and it could affect yourcontrol of the motorcycle. Keepyour feet near the controls so youcan get to them fast if needed.Also, don’t let your toes pointdownward—they may get caughtbetween the road and the foot pegs.

Shifting GearsThere is more to shifting gears

than simply getting the motorcycle topick up speed smoothly. Learning touse the gears when downshifting,turning, or starting on hills is impor-tant for safe motorcycle operation.

Shift down through the gearswith the clutch as you slow or stop.Remain in first gear while you arestopped so that you can move outquickly if you need to.

Make certain you are ridingslowly enough when you shift into alower gear. If not, the motorcycle willlurch, and the rear wheel may skid.When riding downhill or shifting intofirst gear you may need to use thebrakes to slow enough before down-shifting safely. Work towards a

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIESThis manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed, or

balance. That’s something you can learn only through practice. Butcontrol begins with knowing your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules of the road.

Body Position

Shifting Gears

9

smooth, even clutch release, espe-cially when downshifting.

It is best to change gears before entering a turn. However,sometimes shifting while in the turn isnecessary. If so, remember to do sosmoothly. A sudden change in powerto the rear wheel can cause a skid.

BrakingOn most motorcycles, the brakes

on the front and rear wheels are con-trolled independently. You shouldalways use both brakes when stopping.The front brake is more powerful andprovides up to three-quarters of yourtotal stopping power. The front brake issafe to use if used properly.

• Use�both�brakes every time youslow or stop. Using both brakesfor even “normal” stops will per-mit you to develop the habit orskill of using both brakes in anemergency. Apply the front brakeusing a firm progressive squeezewith all four fingers on the leverand press down on the rear brakepedal. The more you squeeze onthe front brake lever, the lesspressure is applied to the rearbrake pedal. Grabbing the frontbrake, or stomping on the rearbrake can cause the brakes tolock, resulting in a loss of control.

• If�you�know�the�technique,using both brakes in a turn is pos-sible, although, it should be donevery carefully. When a motorcy-cle leans, some of the traction isused for turning and less tractionis available for braking. A skidcould occur if you apply toomuch brake. Also, using thebrakes on a slippery surface canbe hazardous. Use caution andapply the brakes gently wheretraction is reduced.

• Some�motorcycles may haveintegrated, ABS or linked brakingsystem. Consult your owner’smanual to see if your motorcyclehas one of these systems and fora detailed explanation on itsoperation and effective use.

TurningMost single-vehicle motorcycle

crashes happen in turns and too muchspeed is usually the cause. A riderwill either cross into another lane oftraffic, or run off the road. Too often,a rider will over-react and brake toohard, causing a skid, loss of controland a low side fall. Approach turnsand curves with caution.

Use the following four steps to safelyexecute turns:

• SLOW• LOOK• PRESS• ROLL

SLOW—Reduce speed by closing thethrottle and/or using the brakes. Allbraking should be done before leaningthe motorcycle.

LOOK—Look through the turn towhere you want to go. Turn just yourhead, not your shoulders, and keepyour eyes level with the horizon.

PRESS—To turn, the motorcyclemust lean. To lean the motorcycle,press on the handgrip in the directionof the turn. Press the left—lean left—go left. Press right—lean right—goright (counter steering). Higherspeeds and/or tighter turns require themotorcycle to lean more.

Brak

ing

Turning

10

ROLL—Roll on the throttle throughthe turn to stabilize suspension. Main-tain steady speed or accelerate gradu-ally through the turn. This will helpkeep the motorcycle stable.

In normal turns, the rider and themotorcycle should lean together at thesame angle.

In slow turns, counterbalance byleaning the motorcycle only and kep-ping your body straight. Shift yourweight to the outside peg.

KEEPING YOURDISTANCE

The best protection you can haveis distance—a “cushion of space”—all around your motorcycle. If some-one else makes a mistake, distancepermits you:

• Time�to�react.• Space�to�maneuver.

Lane PositionsIn some ways the size of the

motorcycle can work to your advantage. Each traffic lane gives amotorcycle three paths of travel, asindicated in the illustration.

Your lane position should:

• Increase your ability to see andbe seen.

• Avoid others’ blind spots.

• Avoid surface hazards.

• Protect your lane from otherdrivers.

• Communicate your intentions.

• Avoid wind blast from othervehicles.

• Provide an alternate path oftravel.

3 Test Yourself

When riding, you should:

A. Turn your head and shoulders tolook through turns.

B. Keep your arms straight.

C. Keep your knees away from the gastank.

D. Turn just your head and eyes to lookwhere you are going.

Answer - page 38

11

Select the appropriate path tomaximize your space cushion andmake yourself more easily seen byothers on the road.

In general, there is no single bestposition for riders to be seen and tomaintain a space cushion around themotorcycle. No portion of the laneneed be avoided—including the center.

Position yourself in the portion ofthe lane where you are most likely tobe seen and you can maintain a spacecushion around you. Change positionas traffic situations change. Ride inpath 2 or 3 if vehicles and otherpotential problems are on your leftonly. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazardsare on your right only. If vehicles arebeing operated on both sides of you,the center of the lane, path 2, is usu-ally your best option.

The oily strip in the center por-tion that collects drippings from carsis usually no more than two feet wide.Unless the road is wet, the averagecenter strip permits adequate tractionto ride on safely. You can operate tothe left or right of the grease strip andstill be within the center portion ofthe traffic lane. Avoid riding on bigbuildups of oil and grease usuallyfound at busy intersection or toll-booths.

Following Another Vehicle“Following too closely” is a

major factor in crashes involvingmotorcyclists. In traffic, motorcyclesneed as much distance to stop as cars.Normally, a minimum of two-secondsdistance should be maintained behindthe vehicle ahead.

To gauge your following distance:

• Pick�out�a�marker, such as apavement marking or lamppost,on or near the road ahead.

• When�the�rear�bumper�of thevehicle ahead passes the marker,count off the seconds: “one-thou-sand-one, one-thousand-two.”

• If�you�reach�the�marker beforeyou reach “two,” you are follow-ing too closely.

The two-second following dis-tance allows for reaction time. Allowfour or more seconds to stop orswerve if the driver ahead should stopsuddenly.

A larger cushion of space isneeded if your motorcycle will takelonger than normal to stop. If thepavement is slippery, if you cannotsee through the vehicle ahead, or iftraffic is heavy and someone may

Following

12

squeeze in front of you, open up athree second or more following distance.

Keep well behind the vehicleahead even when you are stopped.This will make it easier to get out ofthe way if someone bears down on youfrom behind. It will also give you acushion of space if the vehicle aheadstarts to back up for some reason.

When behind a car, ride where thedriver can see you in the rearview mir-ror. Riding in the center portion of thelane should put your image in the mid-dle of the rearview mirror—where adriver is most likely to see you.

Riding at the far side of a lanemay permit a driver to see you in asideview mirror. But remember thatmost drivers don’t look at their side-view mirrors nearly as often as theycheck the rearview mirror. If the traf-fic situation allows, the center portionof the lane is usually the best placefor you to be seen by the driversahead and to prevent lane sharing bythe others.

Being FollowedSpeeding up to lose someone

following too closely only ends upwith someone tailgating you at ahigher speed.

A better way to handle tailgatersis to get them in front of you. Whensomeone is following too closely,change lanes and let them pass. Ifyou can’t do this, slow down andopen up extra space ahead of you toallow room for both you and the tail-gater to stop. This will also encour-age them to pass. If they don’t pass,you will have given yourself and thetailgater more time and space toreact in case an emergency doesdevelop ahead.

Passing and Being PassedPassing and being passed by

another vehicle is not much differentthan with a car. However, visibility ismore critical. Be sure other driverssee you, and that you see potentialhazards.

Being Followed

13

Passing1. Ride�in�the�left portion of the

lane at a safe following distanceto increase your line of sight andmake you more visible. Signaland check for oncoming traffic.Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look for traffic behind.

2. When�safe, move into the leftlane and accelerate. Select alane position that doesn’t crowdthe car you are passing and pro-vides space to avoid hazards inyour lane.

3. Ride�through�the�blind�spot asquickly as possible.

4. Signal�again, and complete mir-ror and head checks beforereturning to your original laneand then cancel signal.

Remember,�passes�must�be�com-pleted�within�posted�speed�limits,and�only�where�permitted.�Knowyour�signs�and�road�markings!

Being PassedWhen you are being passed from

behind or by an oncoming vehicle,stay in the center portion of your lane.

Riding any closer to them could putyou in a hazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:

• The�other�vehicle—A slight mis-take by you or the passing drivercould cause a sideswipe.

• Extended�mirrors—Some driv-ers forget that their mirrors hangout farther than their fenders.

• Objects�thrown�from�win-dows—Even if the driver knowsyou’re there, a passenger may notsee you and might toss somethingon you or the road ahead of you.

• Blasts�of�wind�from�larger�vehicles—They can affect yourcontrol. You have more room forerror if you are in the middle por-tion when you are hit by thisblast than if you are on eitherside of the lane.

Do�not move into the portion ofthe lane farthest from the passingvehicle. It might invite the otherdriver to cut back into your lane tooearly.

Passin

gBein

g Passed

14

Lane SharingCars and motorcycles need a full

lane to operate safely. Lane sharing isprohibited in Maryland.

Riding between rows of stoppedor moving cars in the same lane canleave you vulnerable to the unex-pected. A hand could come out of thewindow; a door could open; a carcould turn suddenly. Discourage lanesharing by others by protecting yourlane. Keep a center-portion positionwhenever drivers might be tempted tosqueeze by you. Drivers are mosttempted to do this:

• In�heavy, bumper-to-bumpertraffic.

• When�they want to pass you.

• When�you are preparing to turnat an intersection.

• When�you are getting in an exitlane or leaving a highway.

Merging CarsDrivers on an entrance ramp may

not see you on the highway. Give

them plenty of room. Change toanother lane if one is open. If there isno room for a lane change, adjustspeed to open up space for the merg-ing driver.

Cars AlongsideDo not ride next to cars or trucks

in other lanes if you do not have to.You might be in the blind spot of acar in the next lane, which couldswitch into your lane without warn-ing. Cars in the next lane also blockyour escape if you come upon dangerin your own lane. Speed up or dropback to find a place clear of traffic onboth sides.

4 Test Yourself

Usually, a good way to handle a tailgater is to:

A. Change lanes and let them pass.

B. Use your horn and make obscenegestures.

C. Speed up to put distance betweenyou and the tailgater.

D. Ignore them.Answer - page 38

Lane Sharing

15

SEEGood experienced riders remain

aware of what is going on aroundthem. They improve their riding strat-egy by using SEE, a 3-step processused to make appropriate judgments,and apply them correctly in differenttraffic situations:

• Search

• Evaluate

• Execute

Let’s examine each of these steps.

SearchScan aggressively ahead, to the

sides and behind you to avoid poten-tial hazards even before they arise.How assertively you search, and howmuch time and space you have, caneliminate or reduce harm. Focus evenmore on finding potential escaperoutes in or around intersections,shopping areas, schools and construc-tion zones.

Search for:

• Oncoming�traffic that may turnleft in front of you.

• Traffic coming from the left andright.

• Traffic approaching from behind.

• Hazardous road conditions.

Be especially alert in areas withlimited visibility. Visually “busy” sur-roundings could hide you and yourmotorcycle from others.

Locate hazards and potential con-flicts.

• Vehicles�and�other�motor-cycles—may move into your pathand increase the likelihood of acrash.

• Pedestrians�and�animals—areunpredictable, and make short,quick moves.

• Stationary�objects—potholes,guard rails, bridges, roadwaysigns, hedges or trees won’tmove into your path but may influence your riding strategy.

EvaluateConsider speed, distance, and

direction of hazards to anticipatehow they may affect you. Cars mov-ing into your path are more criticalthan those moving away or remain-ing stationary.

Predict where a collision mayoccur. Completing this “what if…?”phrase to estimate results of contact-ing or attempting to avoid a hazarddepends on your knowledge and experience.

Determine what you need to dobased on your prediction.

The mental process of determin-ing your course of action depends onhow aggressively you searched. Theresult is your action and knowingwhich strategy is best for the situa-tion. You want to eliminate or reducethe potential hazard. You must decidewhen, where and how to take action.Your constant decision making tasksmust stay sharp to cope with con-stantly changing traffic situations.

SEE

16

The decisions you make can begrouped by the types of hazards youencounter.

• Single�hazard• Two�hazards• Multiple�hazards

ExecuteCarry out your decision.

To create more space and minimizeharm from any hazard:

• Adjust�your�speed by accelerat-ing, stopping, or slowing.

• Adjust�your�position and/ordirection.

• Communicate your presencewith lights and/or horn.

Apply the old adage “one step ata time” to handle two or more haz-ards. Adjust speed to permit two haz-ards to separate. Then deal with themone at a time as single hazards. Deci-sion making becomes more complexwith three or more hazards. Weighconsequences of each and give equaldistance to the hazards.

In potential high risk areas, suchas intersections, shopping areas,school and construction zones, coverthe clutch and both brakes to reducethe time you need to react.

INTERSECTIONSThe greatest potential for conflict

between you and other traffic is atintersections. An intersection can bein the middle of an urban area or at adriveway on a residential street—any-where traffic may cross your path oftravel. Over one-half of motor-cycle/car crashes are caused by driv-ers entering a rider’s right-of-way.Cars that turn left in front of you,including cars turning left from thelane to your right, and cars on sidestreets that pull into your lane, are thebiggest dangers. Your use of SEE (p. 15) at intersections is critical.

There are no guarantees that oth-ers see you. Never count on “eye con-tact” as a sign that a driver will yield.Too often , a driver looks right at amotorcyclist and still fails to “see”him. The only eyes that you can counton are your own. If a car can enteryour path, assume that it will. Goodriders are always “looking for trou-ble”—not to get into it, but to stay outof it.

Increase your chances of beingseen at intersections. Ride with yourheadlight on in a lane position thatprovides the best view of oncomingtraffic. Provide a space cushionaround the motorcycle that permitsyou to take evasive action.

5 Test Yourself

To reduce your reaction time, youshould:

A. Ride slower than the speed limit.

B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.

C. Shift into neutral when slowing.

D. Pull in the clutch when turning.

Answer - page 38

Intersections

17

As you approach the intersection,select a lane position to increase yourvisibility to the driver. Cover theclutch and both brakes to reduce reac-tion time.

Reduce your speed as youapproach an intersection. After enter-ing the intersection, move away fromvehicles preparing to turn. Do notchange speed or position radically.The driver might think that you arepreparing to turn.

Blind IntersectionsIf you approach a blind

intersection, move to the portion ofthe lane that will bring you intoanother driver’s field of vision at theearliest possible moment. In this pic-ture, the rider has moved to the leftportion of the lane—away from theparked car—so the driver on the crossstreet can see him as soon as possible.

Remember, the key is to see asmuch as possible and remain visibleto others while protecting your space.

18

If you have a stop sign or stopline, stop there first. Then edge for-ward and stop again, just short ofwhere the cross-traffic lane meets yourlane. From that position, lean yourbody forward and look around build-ings, parked cars, or bushes to see ifanything is coming. Just make sureyour front wheel stays out of the crosslane of travel while you’re looking.

Passing Parked CarsWhen passing parked cars, stay

toward the left of your lane. You canavoid problems caused by doorsopening, drivers getting out of cars,or people stepping from betweencars. If oncoming traffic is present, itis usually best to remain in the cen-ter-lane position to maximize yourspace cushion.

A bigger problem can occur ifthe driver pulls away from the curbwithout checking for traffic behind.

Even if he does look, he may fail tosee you.

In either event, the driver might cutinto your path. Slow down or changelanes to make room for someone cutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn arethe most dangerous. They may cutyou off entirely, blocking the wholeroadway and leaving you with noplace to go. Since you can’t tell whata driver will do, slow down and getthe driver’s attention. Sound yourhorn and continue with caution.

Parking at the RoadsidePark at about a 45° angle

with your rear wheel touching thecurb.

INCREASINGCONSPICUITY

In crashes with motorcyclists,drivers often say that they never sawthe motorcycle. From ahead orbehind, a motorcycle’s outline ismuch smaller than a car’s. Also, it’shard to see something you are not

6 Test Yourself

Making eye contact with other drivers:

A. Is a good sign they see you.

B. Is not worth the effort it takes.

C. Doesn’t mean that the driver willyield.

D. Guarantees that the other driver yieldto you.

Answer - page 38

Parked Cars

19

looking for, and most drivers are notlooking for motorcycles. More likely, they are looking through theskinny, two-wheeled silhouette insearch of cars that may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see youcoming, you aren’t necessarily safe.Smaller vehicles appear farther away,and seem to be traveling slower thanthey actually are. It is common fordrivers to pull out in front of motor-cyclists, thinking they have plenty oftime. Too often, they are wrong.

However, you can do manythings to make it easier for others torecognize you and your cycle.

ClothingMost crashes occur in broad

daylight. Wear bright colored clothingto increase your chances of beingseen. Remember, your body is half ofthe visible surface area of therider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow orgreen jackets or vests are your bestbets for being seen. Your helmet cando more than protect you in a crash.Brightly colored helmets can alsohelp others see you.

Any bright color is better thandrab or dark colors. Reflective, brightcolored clothing (helmet and jacket orvest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest andon the sides of the helmet will helpdrivers coming from the side to spotyou. Reflective material can also be abig help for drivers coming towardyou or from behind.

HeadlightThe best way to help others see

your motorcycle is to keep the head-light on—at all times (althoughmotorcycles sold in the U.S. since1978 automatically have the head-lights on when running). Studiesshow that, during the day, a motorcy-cle with its light on is twice as likelyto be noticed. Use low beam at nightand in cloudy weather. Do not use thehigh beam during the day. Instead,consider the use of a headlight modu-lator, which automatically varies theintensity of the low or high beam.

SignalsThe signals on a motorcycle are

similar to those on a car. They tellothers what you plan to do.

However, due to a rider’s added vulnerability, signals are even moreimportant. Use them anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. Usethem even when you think no one else is around. It’s the car you don’tsee that’s going to give you the mosttrouble. Your signal lights also makeyou easier to spot. That’s why it’s agood idea to use your turn signalseven when what you plan to do isobvious.

When you enter onto a freeway,drivers approaching from behind are

Clothing

Lights

Signals

20

more likely to see your signal blink-ing and make room for you.

Turning your signal light onbefore each turn reduces confusionand frustration for the traffic aroundyou. Once you turn, make sure yoursignal is off or a driver may pulldirectly into your path, thinking youplan to turn again. Use your signals atevery turn so drivers can react accord-ingly. Don’t make them guess whatyou intend to do.

Brake LightYour motorcycle’s brake light is

usually not as noticeable as the brakelights on a car—particularly whenyour taillight is on (it goes on withthe headlight). If the situation willpermit, help others notice you byflashing your brake light before youslow down. It is especially importantto flash your brake light before:

• You�slow�more�quickly than oth-ers might expect (turning off ahigh-speed highway).

• You�slow�where others may notexpect it (in the middle of a blockor at an alley).

If you are being followed closely,it’s a good idea to flash your brakelight before you slow. The tailgatermay be watching you and not seesomething ahead that will make youslow down. This will hopefully dis-courage them from tailgating andwarn them of hazards ahead they maynot see.

Using Your MirrorsWhile it’s most important to keep

track of what’s happening ahead, youcan’t afford to ignore situationsbehind. Traffic conditions changequickly. Knowing what’s going onbehind you is essential for you tomake a safe decision about how tohandle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks should bepart of your normal scanning routine.Make a special point of using yourmirrors:

• When�you�are�stopped at anintersection. Watch cars comingup from behind. If the driver isn’tpaying attention, he could be ontop of you before he sees you.

• Before�you�change�lanes. Makesure no one is about to pass you.

• Before�you�slow�down. Thedriver behind may not expect youto slow, or may be unsure aboutwhere you will slow. For exam-ple, you signal a turn and thedriver thinks you plan to turn at adistant intersection, rather than ata nearer driveway.

Using Your Mirrors

21

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide awider view of the road behind thando flat mirrors. They also make carsseem farther away than they reallyare. If you are not used to convexmirrors, get familiar with them(While you are stopped, pick out aparked car in your mirror. Form amental image of how far away it is.Then, turn around and look at it tosee how close you came.). Practicewith your mirrors until you become agood judge of distance. Even then,allow extra distance before youchange lanes.

Head ChecksChecking your mirrors is not

enough. Motorcycles have “blindspots” like cars. Before you changelanes, turn your head, and look to theside for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes,check the far lane and the one next

to you. A driver in the distant lanemay head for the same space youplan to take.

Frequent head checks should beyour normal scanning routine, also.Only by knowing what is happeningall around you, are you fully preparedto deal with it.

HornBe ready to use your horn to get

someone’s attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quickbeep before passing anyone that maymove into your lane.

Here are some situations:

• A�driver in the lane next to youis driving too closely to the vehi-cle ahead and may want to pass.

• A�parked�car has someone in thedriver’s seat.

• Someone�is�in�the�street, ridinga bicycle or walking.

In an emergency, press the hornbutton and hold it. Be prepared tostop or swerve away from the danger.

Keep in mind that a motorcycle’shorn isn’t as loud as a car’s, therefore, use it, but don’t rely on it.Other strategies may be appropriatealong with the horn.

Head

Check

sHorn

22

Riding at NightAt night it is harder for you to

see and be seen. Picking your head-light or taillight out of the car lightsaround you is not easy for other driv-ers. To compensate, you should:

Reduce�your�speed—Do not over-ride your headlight. Ride even slowerthan you would during the day—par-ticularly on roads you don’t knowwell. This will increase your chancesof avoiding a hazard.

Increase�Distance—Distances areharder to judge at night than duringthe day. Your eyes rely upon shadowsand light contrast to determine howfar away an object is and how fast itis coming. These contrasts are miss-ing or distorted under artificial lightsat night. Open up a three-second fol-lowing distance or more. And allowmore distance to pass and be passed.

Use�the�Car�Ahead—The headlightsof the car ahead can give you a betterview of the road than even your highbeam can. Taillights bouncing up anddown can alert you to bumps or roughpavement.

Use�Your�High�Beam—Get all thelight you can. Use your high beamwhenever you are not following ormeeting a car. Be visible, wear reflec-tive materials when riding at night.

Be�flexible�about�lane�position—Change to whatever portion of thelane is best able to help you see, beseen and keep an adequate spacecushion.

CRASH AVOIDANCENo matter how careful you are,

there will be times when you findyourself in a tight spot. Your chancesof getting out safely depend on yourability to react quickly and properly.Often, a crash occurs because a rideris not prepared or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop orswerve, two skills critical to avoidinga crash. It is not always desirable orpossible to stop quickly to avoid anobstacle. Riders must also be able toswerve around an obstacle. Determin-ing the skill necessary for the situa-tion is important as well.

Studies show that most crash-involvedriders:

• Underbrake the front tire andoverbrake the rear.

• Did�not separate braking fromswerving or did not choose swerv-ing when it was appropriate.

The following information offerssome good advice.

Quick StopsTo stop quickly, apply both

brakes at the same time. Don’t be shyabout using the front brake, but don’t“grab” it, either. Squeeze the brakelever firmly and progressively. If thefront wheel locks, release the frontbrake immediately, then reapply itfirmly. At the same time, press downon the rear brake. If you accidentally

7 Test Yourself

Reflective clothing should:

A. Be worn at night.

B. Be worn during the day.

C. Not be worn.

D. Be worn day and night.

Answer - page 38

Night Riding

Crash Avoidance

Quick Stops

23

lock the rear brake on a good tractionsurface, keep it locked until you havecompletely stopped. Even with alocked rear wheel, you can control themotorcycle on a straightaway if it isupright and going in a straight line.

Always use both brakes at thesame time to stop. When braking,weight is shifted forward over thefront wheel. As a result, the frontbrake can provide 70% or more of thetotal stopping power.

If you must stop quickly whileturning or riding a curve, the besttechnique is to straighten the bikeupright first and then brake. However,it may not always be possible to

straighten the motorcycle and thenstop. If you must brake while leaning,apply light brakes and reduce thethrottle. As you slow, you can reduceyour lean angle and apply more brakepressure until the motorcycle isstraight and maximum brake pressureis possible. You should “straighten”the handlebars in the last few feet ofstopping, the motorcycle should thenbe straight up and in balance.

Swerving or Turning QuicklySometimes you may not have

enough room to stop, even if you useboth brakes properly. An object mightappear suddenly in your path. Or thecar ahead might squeal to a stop. Theonly way to avoid a crash may be toturn quickly, or swerve around it.

A swerve is any sudden changein direction. It can be two quick turns,or a rapid shift to the side. Applypressure to the handgrip located onthe side of your intended direction ofescape. This will cause the motorcy-cle to lean quickly. Maintain pressureuntil the motorcycle has cleared theobstacle.

Swervin

g

24

Keep your body upright andallow the motorcycle to lean in thedirection of the turn while keepingyour knees against the tank and yourfeet solidly on the pegs. Let themotorcycle move underneath you.Make your escape route the target ofyour vision. Press on the oppositehandgrip once you clear the obstacleto return you to your original direc-tion of travel. To swerve to the left,press the left handgrip, then press theright to recover. To swerve to theright, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED,SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.Brake before or after—never whileswerving.

CorneringA primary cause of single-vehicle

crashes is motorcyclists running widein a curve or turn and colliding withthe roadway or a fixed object.

Every curve is different. Be alertto whether a curve remains constant,gradually widens, gets tighter, orinvolves multiple turns.

Ride within your skill level andposted speed limits.

Your best path may not alwaysfollow the curve of the road.

Cornering

25

Change lane position dependingon traffic, road conditions and curveof the road. If no traffic is present,start at the outside of a curve toincrease your line of sight and theeffective radius of the turn. As youturn, move toward the inside of thecurve, and as you pass the center,move to the outside to exit.

Another alternative is to move tothe center of your lane before enteringa curve—and stay there until you exit.This permits you to spot approachingtraffic as soon as possible. You canalso adjust for traffic “crowding” thecenter line, or debris blocking part ofyour lane.

HANDLING DANGEROUSSURFACES

Your chance of falling or beinginvolved in a crash increases when-ever you ride across:

• Uneven�surfaces�or�obstacles.• Slippery�surfaces.• Railroad�tracks.• Grooves�and�gratings.

Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles

Watch for uneven surfaces suchas bumps, broken pavement, potholes,or small pieces of highway trash.

Try to avoid obstacles by slowingor going around them. If you must goover the obstacle, first, determine if itis possible. Approach it as close to a90º angle as possible. Look whereyou want to go to control your path oftravel. If you have to ride over theobstacle, you should:

• Slow�down as much as possiblebefore contact.

8 Test Yourself

The best way to stop quickly is to:

A. Use the front brake only.

B. Use the rear brake first.

C. Throttle down and use the frontbrake.

D. Use both brakes at the same time.

Answer - page 38

Dangero

us S

urfaces

26

• Make�sure the motorcycle isstraight.

• Rise�slightly off the seat withyour weight on the footpegs toabsorb the shock with your kneesand elbows, and avoid beingthrown off the motorcycle.

• Just�before�contact, roll on thethrottle slightly to lighten thefront end.

If you ride over an object on thestreet, pull off the road and checkyour tires and rims for damage beforeriding any farther.

Slippery SurfacesMotorcycles handle better when

ridden on surfaces that permit goodtraction. Surfaces that provide poortraction include:

• Wet�pavement, particularly justafter it starts to rain and beforesurface oil washes to the side ofthe road.

• Gravel�roads, or where sand andgravel collect.

• Mud,�snow,�and�ice.• Lane�markings, steel plates and

manhole covers, especially whenwet.

To ride safely on slippery surfaces:

• Reduce�Speed—Slow downbefore you get to a slippery sur-face to lessen your chances ofskidding. Your motorcycle needsmore distance to stop. And, it isparticularly important to reducespeed before entering wet curves.

• Avoid�Sudden�Moves—Any sud-den change in speed or directioncan cause a skid. Be as smooth aspossible when you speed up, shiftgears, turn or brake.

• Use�Both�Brakes—The front brakeis still effective, even on a slipperysurface. Squeeze the brake levergradually to avoid locking the frontwheel. Remember, gentle pressureon the rear brake.

• The�center�of�a�lane can be haz-ardous when wet. When it startsto rain, ride in the tire tracks leftby cars. Often, the left tire trackwill be the best position, depend-ing on traffic and other road con-ditions as well.

• Watch�for�oil�spots when youput your foot down to stop orpark. You may slip and fall.

• Dirt�and�gravel collect along thesides of the road—especially oncurves and ramps leading to andfrom highways. Be aware ofwhat’s on the edge of the road,particularly when making sharpturns and getting on or off free-ways at high speeds.

• Rain�dries�and�snow�meltsfaster on some sections of a roadthan on others. Patches of icetend to crop up in low or shadedareas and on bridges and over-passes. Wet surfaces or wetleaves are just as slippery. Rideon the least slippery portion ofthe lane and reduce speed.

Cautious riders steer clear ofroads covered with ice or snow. Ifyou can’t avoid a slippery surface,keep your motorcycle straight up andproceed as slowly as possible. If youencounter a large surface so slipperythat you must coast, or travel at awalking pace, consider letting yourfeet skim along the surface. If themotorcycle starts to fall, you cancatch yourself. Be sure to keep offthe brakes. If possible, squeeze theclutch and coast. Attempting this

27

maneuver at anything other than the slowest of speeds could provehazardous.

Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracksand Pavement Seams

Usually it is safer to ride straightwithin your lane to cross tracks. Turn-ing to take tracks head-on (at a 90ºangle) can be more dangerous—yourpath may carry you into another laneof traffic.

For track and road seams that runparallel to your course, move farenough away from tracks, ruts, orpavement seams to cross at an angleof at least 45º. Then, make a quick,sharp turn. Edging across could catchyour tires and throw you off balance.

Grooves and GratingsRiding over rain grooves or

bridge gratings may cause a motorcy-cle to weave. The uneasy wanderingfeeling is generally not hazardous.Relax, maintain a steady speed andride straight across. Crossing at anangle forces riders to zigzag to stay inthe lane. The zigzag is far more haz-ardous than the wandering feeling.

9 Test Yourself

When it starts to rain it is usually best to:

A. Ride in the center of the lane.

B. Pull off to the side until the rainstops.

C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.

D. Increase your speed. Answer - page 38

Tracks an

d Gratin

gs

28

MECHANICALPROBLEMS

You can find yourself in an emer-gency the moment something goeswrong with your motorcycle. In deal-ing with any mechanical problem,take into account the road and trafficconditions you face. Here are someguidelines that can help you handlemechanical problems safely.

Tire FailureYou will seldom hear a tire go

flat. If the motorcycle starts handlingdifferently, it may be a tire failure.This can be dangerous. You must beable to tell from the way the motorcy-cle reacts. If one of your tires sud-denly loses air, react quickly to keepyour balance. Pull off and check thetires.

If the front tire goes flat, thesteering will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is particularly hazardousbecause it affects your steering. Youhave to steer well to keep your bal-ance.

If the rear tire goes flat, the backof the motorcycle may jerk or swayfrom side to side.

If either tire goes flat while riding:

• Hold�handlegrips�firmly, easeoff the throttle, and keep astraight course.

• If�braking�is�required, however,gradually apply the brake of thetire that isn’t flat, if you are surewhich one it is.

• When the motorcycle slows, edgeto the side of the road, squeezeclutch and stop.

Stuck ThrottleTwist the throttle back and forth

several times. If the throttle cable isstuck, this may free it. If the throttlestays stuck, immediately operate theengine cut-off switch and pull in theclutch at the same time. This willremove power from the rear wheel,though engine noise may not immedi-ately decline. Once the motorcycle is“under control,” pull off and stop.

After you have stopped, checkthe throttle cable carefully to find thesource of the trouble. Make certainthe throttle works freely before youstart to ride again.

WobbleA “wobble” occurs when the

front wheel and handlebars suddenlystart to shake from side to side at anyspeed. Most wobbles can be traced toimproper loading, unsuitable acces-sories, or incorrect tire pressure. Ifyou are carrying a heavy load, lightenit. If you can’t, shift it. Center theweight lower and farther forward onthe motorcycle. Make sure tire pres-sure, spring pre-load, air shocks, anddampers are at the settings recom-mended for that much weight. Makesure windshields and fairings aremounted properly.

Check for poorly adjusted steer-ing; worn steering parts; a front wheelthat is bent, misaligned, or out of bal-ance; loose wheel bearings or spokes;and swingarm bearings. If none ofthese are determined to be the cause,have the motorcycle checked out thor-oughly by a qualified professional.

Trying to “accelerate out of awobble” will only make the motorcy-cle more unstable. Instead:

Mechanical Problems

29

• Grip�the�handlebars�firmly, butdon’t fight the wobble.

• Close�the�throttle gradually toslow down. Do not apply thebrakes; braking could make thewobble worse.

• Move�your�weight as far forwardand down as possible.

• Pull�off�the�road as soon as youcan and fix the problem.

Chain ProblemsA chain that slips or breaks while

you’re riding could lock the rearwheel and cause your cycle to skid.Chain slippage or breakage can beavoided by proper maintenance.

Slippage—If the chain slips whenyou try to speed up quickly or rideuphill, pull off the road. Check thechain and sprockets. Tightening thechain may help. If the problem is aworn or stretched chain or worn orbent sprockets, replace the chain, thesprockets, or both before riding again.

Breakage—You’ll notice an instantloss of power to the rear wheel. Closethe throttle and brake to a stop.

Engine SeizureWhen the engine “locks” or

“freezes” it is usually low on oil. Theengine’s moving parts can’t movesmoothly against each other, and theengine overheats. The first sign maybe a loss of engine power or a changein the engine’s sound. Squeeze theclutch lever to disengage the enginefrom the rear wheel. Pull off the roadand stop. Check the oil. If needed, oilshould be added as soon as possibleor the engine will seize. When thishappens, the effect is the same as alocked rear wheel. Let the engine coolbefore restarting.

ANIMALSNaturally, you should do

everything you safely can to avoidhitting an animal. If you are in traffic, however, remain in your lane.Hitting something small is less dangerous to you than hitting something big—like a car.

Dogs seem to be attracted tomotorcycles. If you are chased, down-shift and approach the animal slowly.As you near the point of intersection,accelerate and steer away from thedog. Don’t kick at an animal. Keepcontrol of your motorcycle, and lookto where you want to go.

For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle) brake and prepare to stop, they are unpredictable.

10 Test Yourself

If your motorcycle starts to wobble:

A. Accelerate out of the wobble.

B. Use the brakes gradually.

C. Grip the handlebars firmly and closethe throttle gradually.

D. Downshift.Answer - page 38

11 Test Yourself

If you are chased by a dog:

A. Kick it away.

B. Stop until the animal loses interest.

C. Swerve around the animal.

D. Approach the animal slowly, thenspeed up.

Answer - page 38

30

FLYING OBJECTSFrom time to time riders are

struck by insects, cigarettes thrownfrom cars, or pebbles kicked up by thetires of the vehicle ahead. If you arewearing face protection, it might getsmeared or cracked, making it difficultto see. Without face protection, anobject could hit you in the eye, face ormouth. Whatever happens, keep youreyes on the road and your hands on thehandlebars. When safe, pull off theroad and repair the damage.

GETTING OFF THE ROAD

If you need to leave the road tocheck the motorcycle (or just to restfor a while), be sure you:

• Check�the�roadside—Make surethe surface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is softgrass, loose sand, or if you’re justnot sure about it, slow way downbefore you turn onto it.

• Signal—Drivers behind mightnot expect you to slow down.Give a clear signal that you willbe slowing down and changingdirection. Check your mirror andmake a head check before youtake any action.

• Pull�off�the�road—Get as far offthe road as you can. It can bevery hard to spot a motorcycle bythe side of the road. You don’twant someone else pulling off atthe same place you are.

• Park�carefully—Loose andsloped shoulders can make settingthe side or center stand difficult.

CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO

Only experienced riders shouldcarry passengers or large loads. Theextra weight changes the way themotorcycle handles, balances, turns,speeds up and slows down. Beforetaking a passenger or heavy load on the street, practice away from traffic.

EquipmentTo carry passengers safely:

• Equip�and�adjust your motorcy-cle to carry passengers.

• Instruct�the�passenger beforeyou start.

• Adjust�your�riding technique forthe added weight.

Equipment should include:

• A�proper�seat—large enough tohold both of you without crowd-ing. You should not sit any far-ther forward than you usually do.

• Footpegs—for the passenger.Firm footing prevents your pas-senger from falling off andpulling you off, too.

• Protective�equipment—the sameprotective gear recommended foroperators.

Adjust the suspension to handlethe additional weight. You will proba-bly need to add a few pounds of pres-sure to the tires if you carry apassenger. (Check your owner’s man-ual for appropriate settings). Whileyour passenger sits on the seat withyou, adjust the mirror and headlightaccording to the change in the motor-cycle’s angle.

Flying Objects

Getting Off the Road

Carrying Loads

31

Instructing PassengersEven if your passenger is a

motorcycle rider, provide completeinstructions before you start. Tell yourpassenger to:

• Get�on the motorcycle only afteryou have started the engine.

• Sit�as�far�forward as possiblewithout crowding you.

• Hold�firmly to your waist, hips,or belt.

• Keep�both�feet on the pegs, evenwhen stopped.

• Keep�legs�away from the muf-fler(s), chains or moving parts.

• Stay�directly�behind�you, lean-ing as you lean.

• Avoid�unnecessary talk ormotion.

Also, tell your passenger to tightenhis or her hold when you:

• Approach surface problems.

• Are�about�to�start from a stop.

• Warn�that�you will make a sud-den move.

Riding With PassengersYour motorcycle will respond

more slowly with a passenger onboard. The heavier your passenger,the longer it will take to slow down,speed up, or turn—especially on alight motorcycle.

• Ride�a�little�slower, especiallywhen taking curves, corners, orbumps.

• Start�slowing�earlier as youapproach a stop.

• Open�up�a�larger�cushion ofspace ahead and to the sides.

• Wait�for�larger�gaps to cross,enter, or merge in traffic.

Warn your passenger of specialconditions—when you will pull out,stop quickly, turn sharply, or ride overa bump. Turn your head slightly tomake yourself understood, but keepyour eyes on the road ahead.

Carrying LoadsMost motorcycles are not

designed to carry much cargo. Smallloads can be carried safely if posi-tioned and fastened properly.

• Keep�the�Load�Low—Fastenloads securely, or put them insaddle bags. Piling loads againsta sissybar or frame on the back ofthe seat raises the motorcycle’scenter of gravity and disturbs itsbalance.

• Keep�the�Load�Forward—Placethe load over, or in front of, therear axle. Tank bags keep loadsforward, but use caution whenloading hard or sharp objects.Make sure the tank bag does notinterfere with handlebars or con-trols. Mounting loads behind therear axle can affect how themotorcycle turns and brakes. Itcan also cause a wobble.

• Distribute�the�Load�Evenly—Load saddlebags with about thesame weight. An uneven load cancause the motorcycle to drift toone side.

12 Test Yourself

Passengers should:

A. Lean as you lean.

B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.

C. Sit as far back as possible.

D. Never hold on to you.Answer - page 38

Carryin

g Passen

gers

32

• Secure�the�Load—Fasten theload securely with elastic cords(bungee cords or nets). Elasticcords with more than one attach-ment point per side are moresecure. A tight load won’t catch inthe wheel or chain, causing it tolock up and skid. Rope tends tostretch and knots come loose, per-mitting the load to shift or fall.

• Check�the�Load—Stop andcheck the load every so often tomake sure it has not workedloose or moved.

GROUP RIDINGIf you ride with others, do it in a

way that promotes safety and doesn’tinterfere with the flow of traffic.

Keep the Group SmallSmall groups make it easier and

safer for car drivers who need to getaround them. A small number isn’tseparated as easily by traffic or redlights. Riders won’t always be hurry-ing to catch up. If your group is largerthan four or five riders, divide it upinto two or more smaller groups.

Keep the Group Together• Plan—The leader should look

ahead for changes and signalearly so “the word gets back” inplenty of time. Start lane changesearly to permit everyone to com-plete the change.

• Put�Beginners�Up�Front—Placeinexperienced riders just behindthe leader. That way the moreexperienced riders can watchthem from the back.

• Follow�Those�Behind—Let thetailender set the pace. Use yourmirrors to keep an eye on the person behind. If a rider fallsbehind, everyone should slow

down a little to stay with thetailender.

• Know�the�Route—Make sureeveryone knows the route. Then, ifsomeone is separated they won’thave to hurry to keep from gettinglost or taking a wrong turn. Planfrequent stops on long rides.

Keep Your DistanceMaintain close ranks but at the

same time keep a safe distance toallow each rider in the group time andspace to react to hazards. A closegroup takes up less space on the high-way, is easier to see and is less likelyto be separated. However, it must bedone properly.

Don’t�Pair�Up—Never operatedirectly alongside another rider. Thereis no place to go if you have to avoida car or something on the road. Totalk, wait until you are both stopped.

Staggered�Formation—This is thebest way to keep ranks close yet main-tain an adequate space cushion. The

Group Riding

33

leader rides in the left side of the lane,while the second rider stays one sec-ond behind in the right side of the lane.

A third rider maintains in the leftposition, two seconds behind the firstrider. The fourth rider would keep atwo-second distance behind the sec-ond rider. This formation keeps thegroup close and permits each rider asafe distance from others ahead,behind and to the sides.

• Passing�in�Formation—Ridersin a staggered formation shouldpass one at a time.

• First,�the�lead�rider�should�pullout and pass when it is safe. Afterpassing, the leader should returnto the left position and continueriding at passing speed to openroom for the next rider.

• After�the�first�rider�passessafely, the second rider shouldmove up to the left position andwatch for a safe chance to pass.After passing, this rider should

return to the right position andopen up room for the next rider.

Some people suggest that theleader should move to the right sideafter passing a vehicle. This is not agood idea. It encourages the secondrider to pass and cut back in beforethere is a large enough space cushionin front of the passed vehicle. It’s sim-pler and safer to wait until there isenough room ahead of the passed vehi-cle to allow each rider to move into thesame position held before the pass.

Single-File�Formation—It is best tomove into a single-file formationwhen riding curves, turning, or enter-ing or leaving a highway.

13 Test Yourself

When riding in a group, inexperiencedriders should position themselves:

A. Just behind the leader.

B. In front of the group.

C. At the tail end of the group.

D. Beside the leader.Answer - page 38

34

WHY THIS INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT

Alcohol is a major contributor tomotorcycle crashes, particularly fatalcrashes. Studies show that 40% to45% of all riders killed in motorcyclecrashes had been drinking. Only one-third of those riders had a blood alco-hol concentration above legal limits.The rest had only a few drinks in theirsystems—enough to impair ridingskills. In the past, drug levels havebeen harder to distinguish or have notbeen separated from drinking viola-tions for the traffic records. But riding“under the influence” of either alco-hol or drugs poses physical and legalhazards for every rider.

Drinking and drug use is as big aproblem among motorcyclists as it isamong automobile drivers. Motorcy-clists, however, are more likely to bekilled or severely injured in a crash.Injuries occur in 90% of motorcyclecrashes and 33% of automobilecrashes that involve abuse of sub-stances. On a yearly basis, 2,100motorcyclists are killed and about50,000 are seriously injured in thissame type of crash. These statisticsare too overwhelming to ignore.

By becoming knowledgeableabout the effects of alcohol and otherdrugs you will see that riding andsubstance abuse don’t mix. Take posi-tive steps to protect yourself and pre-vent others from injuring themselves.

ALCOHOL AND OTHERDRUGS IN MOTORCYCLE

OPERATIONNo one is immune to the effects

of alcohol or drugs. Friends may bragabout their ability to hold their liquoror perform better on drugs, but alco-hol or drugs make them less able tothink clearly and perform physicaltasks skillfully. Judgment and thedecision-making processes needed forvehicle operation are affected longbefore legal limits are reached.

Many over-the-counter, prescrip-tion, and illegal drugs have sideeffects that increase the risk of riding.It is difficult to accurately measurethe involvement of particular drugs inmotorcycle crashes. But we do knowwhat effects various drugs have on the process involved in riding amotorcycle. We also know that thecombined effects of alcohol and otherdrugs are more dangerous than eitheris alone.

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDERiding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay

attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifyingpotential hazards, making good judgments, and executing decisions quicklyand skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and trafficconditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and other drugs,more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ridesafely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance.

Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs.What to do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined.

Being in Shape to Ride

Alcohol and Drugs

ALCOHOL IN THE BODYAlcohol enters the bloodstream

quickly. Unlike most foods and beverages, it does not need to bedigested. Within minutes after beingconsumed, it reaches the brain andbegins to affect the drinker. The major effect alcohol has is to slowdown and impair bodily functions—both mental and physical. Whateveryou do, you do less well after con-suming alcohol.

Blood Alcohol ConcentrationBlood Alcohol Concentration or

BAC is the amount of alcohol in rela-tion to blood in the body. Generally,alcohol can be eliminated in the bodyat the rate of almost one drink perhour. But a variety of other factorsmay also influence the level of alco-hol retained. The more alcohol inyour blood, the greater the degree ofimpairment.

Three factors play a major part indetermining BAC:

• The�amount of alcohol you con-sume.

• How�fast�you drink.

• Your�body weight.

Other factors also contribute to theway alcohol affects your system. Yoursex, physical condition and food intakeare just a few that may cause yourBAC level to be even higher. But thefull effects of these are not completelyknown. Alcohol�may�still�accumulatein�your�body�even�if�you�are�drink-ing�at�a�rate�of�one�drink�per�hour.Abilities and judgment can be affectedby that one drink.

A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixeddrink with one shot of liquor and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain thesame amount of alcohol.

The faster you drink, the more alcohol accumulates in yourbody. If you drink two drinks in anhour, at the end of that hour, at leastone drink will remain in your bloodstream.

Without taking into account any of the other factors, the formulabelow illustrates the LEAST amountof drinks remaining in the blood-stream:

35

Total

drinks

consumed

LESS

# hours

since last

drink

EQUALS

drinks

left

in body

- =

Blood A

lcohol Concentration

36

A person drinking:

• 8�drinks�in�4�hours would haveat least 4 drinks remaining intheir system.

• 7�drinks�in�3�hours would haveat least 4 drinks remaining intheir system.

There are times when a larger per-son may not accumulate as high a con-centration of alcohol for each drinkconsumed. They have more blood andother bodily fluids. But because of indi-vidual differences it is better not to takethe chance that abilities and judgmenthave not been affected. Whether or notyou are legally intoxicated is not the realissue. Impairment of judgment and skillsbegins well below the legal limit.

ALCOHOL AND THE LAWIn Maryland, a BAC of .05 or

above could lead to an alcohol relatedconviction. It doesn’t matter howsober you may look or act. The breathor urine test is what usually deter-mines whether you are riding legallyor illegally.

Your chances of being stoppedfor riding under the influence of alco-hol are increasing. Law enforcementis being stepped up across the countryin response to the senseless deathsand injuries caused by drinking driv-ers and riders.

Implied ConsentIn Maryland, any person who

drives or attempts to drive a motorvehicle on a highway or on any pri-vate property used by the public ingeneral, consents to take a test todetermine alcohol concentration or a test to determine the concentrationof a drug or controlled dangerous substance.

A police officer, who has reason-able grounds to believe that an indi-vidual is driving while impaired bydrugs, alcohol, or a controlled sub-stance, may have a drug recognitionexpert request that person to submit toa blood test.

A person may not be compelledto take a drug or alcohol test. How-ever, if upon receipt of a certifiedstatement from a police officer that atest was refused, the MVA willimpose the suspension period for atest refusal.

The MVA will suspend thelicense of any driver who submits tothe test and is determined to have atest result of 0.08 percent alcoholconcentration or higher.

Consequences of ConvictionYears ago, first offenders had a

good chance of getting off with asmall fine and participation in alco-hol-abuse classes. Today the laws ofmost states impose stiff penalties ondrinking operators. And those penal-ties are mandatory, meaning thejudges must impose them.

If you are convicted of ridingunder the influence of alcohol ordrugs, you may receive any of the following penalties:

• License�Suspension—Mandatorysuspension for conviction, orrefusal to submit to a breath testor blood test if it is deemed nec-essary.

• Fines—Severe fines are anotheraspect of a conviction usuallylevied with a license suspension.

• Community�Service—Perform-ing tasks such as picking up litteralong the highway, washing carsin the motor-vehicle pool, orworking at an emergency ward.

Alcohol and the Law

Minimize Risks

37

• Costs—Additional lawyer’s feesto pay; lost work time spent incourt or alcohol-education pro-grams; public transportation costs(while your license is sus-pended); and the added psycho-logical costs of being tagged a“drunk driver.”

MINIMIZE THE RISKSYour ability to judge how well

you are riding is affected first.Although you may be performingmore and more poorly, you think youare doing better and better. The resultis that you ride confidently, takinggreater and greater risks. Minimize therisks of drinking and riding by takingsteps before you drink. Control yourdrinking or control your riding.

Don’t DrinkDon’t�Drink—Once you start, yourresistance becomes weaker.

Setting a limit or pacing yourselfare poor alternatives at best. Yourability to exercise good judgment isone of the first things affected byalcohol. Even if you have tried todrink in moderation, you may notrealize to what extent your skillshave suffered from alcohol’s fatigu-ing effects.

Or,�Don’t�Ride—If you haven’t con-trolled your drinking, you must con-trol your riding.

• Leave�the�motorcycle�home—soyou won’t be tempted to ride.Arrange another way to get home.

• Wait—If you exceed your limit,wait until your system eliminatesthe alcohol and its fatiguingeffects.

STEP IN TO PROTECT FRIENDS

People who have had too muchto drink are unable to make a respon-sible decision. It is up to others tostep in and keep them from taking toogreat a risk. No one wants to dothis—it’s uncomfortable, embarrass-ing and thankless. You are rarelythanked for your efforts at the time.But the alternatives are often worse.

There are several ways to keep friends from hurting themselves:

• Arrange�a�safe�ride—Providealternative ways for them to gethome.

• Slow�the�pace�of�drinking—Involve them in other activities.

• Keep�them�there—Use anyexcuse to keep them from gettingon their motorcycle. Serve themfood and coffee to pass the time.Explain your concerns for theirrisks of getting arrested or hurt,or hurting someone else.

• Get�friends�involved—Use peerpressure from a group of friendsto intervene.

It helps to enlist support from oth-ers when you decide to step in. Themore people on your side, the easier itis to be firm and the harder it is for therider to resist. While you may not bethanked at the time, you will neverhave to say, “If only I had…”

FATIGUERiding a motorcycle is more tiring

than driving a car. On a long trip, you’lltire sooner than you would in a car.Avoid riding when tired. Fatigue canaffect your control of the motorcycle.

Fatigue

38

• Protect�yourself from the ele-ments—Wind, cold, and rainmake you tire quickly. Dresswarmly. A windshield is worth its cost if you plan to ride longdistances.

• Limit�your�distance—Experi-enced riders seldom try to ridemore than six hours a day.

• Take�frequent�rest�breaks—Stop, and get off the motorcycleat least every two hours.

• Don’t�drink�or�use�drugs—Artificial stimulants often resultin extreme fatigue or depressionwhen they start to wear off. Rid-ers are unable to concentrate onthe task at hand.

Earning Your License

14 Test Yourself

If you wait an hour for each drinkbefore riding:

A. You cannot be arrested for drinkingand riding.

B. Your riding skills will not beaffected.

C. Side effects from the drinking maystill remain.

D. You will be okay as long as you rideslowly.

Answer - page 38

EARNING YOUR LICENSESafe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best meas-

urement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing your ownskills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s even harderfor friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensing examsare designed to be scored more objectively.

To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skilltest. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices, and ideas fromthis manual. They require that you know and understand road rules and safe rid-ing practices. All licensing skill tests are conducted in a controlled, off-street area,by appointment only. To schedule an appointment, please visit MVA’s website orcall 410-768-7000 (1-800-492-4575 for TTY).

39

1. It is MOST important to flash yourbrake light when:

A. Someone is following too closely.

B. You will be slowing suddenly.

C. There is a stop sign ahead.

D. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies how muchof the potential stopping power?

A. About one-quarter.

B. About one-half.

C. About three quarters.

D. All of the stopping power.

3. To swerve correctly:

A. Shift your weight quickly.

B. Turn the handlebars quickly.

C. Press the handgrip in the direction ofthe turn.

D. Press the handgrip in the oppositedirection of the turn.

4. If a tire goes flat while riding, and youmust stop, it is usually best to:

A. Relax on the handgrips.

B. Shift your weight toward the good tire.

C. Brake on the good tire and steer to the side of the road.

D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.

5. The car below is waiting to enter theintersection. It is best to:

A. Make eye contact with the driver.

B. Reduce speed and be ready to react.

C. Maintain speed and position.

D. Maintain speed and move right.

KNOWLEDGE TEST(Sample Questions)

Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)

1-C 2-D 3-D 4-A 5-B

6-C 7-D 8-D 9-C 10-C

11-D 12-A 13-A 14-C

Answers to Knowledge Test (above)

1-B 2-C 3-C 4-C 5-B

Knowled

ge Test

On-Cycle Skill Test

MOTORCYCLE/SIDECAR/TRIKE TEST DIAGRAM

40

Sign

MOTORCYCLE/SIDECAR/TRIKE TEST DIAGRAM

41

ON-CYCLE SKILL TEST FOR 2 and 3-wheeledmotorcycles

Following is a description of the Class M Motorcycle License Skill Test.There is a version of the test for two-wheeled, single-track motorcycles andanother for three-wheeled, multi-track motorcycles. The test can be taken onany standard production or stock motorcycle with an engine displacement of 51cubic centimeters or more.

Two-wheeled motorcycles with a wheelbase of no more than 67 inches cantake the test. Motorcycles with custom modifications, or features such asextended forks that result in a longer wheelbase, or have reduced ground clear-ance, may not be able to perform all of the exercises.

The test can also be taken on three-wheel motorcycles such as a motorcy-cle-sidecar combination, or a standard trike with two rear wheels, and somemotorcycles with two front wheels. The test can accommodate three-wheeledmotorcycles that are no more than 60 inches wide and with a wheelbase of nomore than 72 inches.

The three-wheel test cannot accommodate trikes that are automotivehybrids or automotive conversions. An automotive hybrid is a motorcycle thatshares some defining characteristic with a car, such as an engine, or seating. An automotive conversion is a trike that has a front or rear mounted engine and an automotive drive train. If you think your trike falls into one of these categories, contact the Motorcycle Safety Program at 443-572-8236 or motorcyclesafety@mva.maryland.gov for more information and to find outabout other testing options.NOTE: An applicant who passes the test on a three-wheeled motorcycle willreceive a restricted license limiting them to the operation of the type of motor-cycle used for testing.

Skill Test for 2-wheeled, single-track vehicles

Exercise�#1�–�U-Turn�and�Turn�(Right)�From�a�Stop

The applicant completes a “U” turn to the left. Applicants on motorcy-cles 600 cc’s or larger must complete the u-turn in a 24 foot wide area,between the two solid sidelines, while applicants on motorcyles lessthan 600 cc’s must complete the u-turn in a 20 foot area, between thedashed and solid sidelines.

After completing the u-turn, the applicant rides to the Start Line priorto the sharp right turn, stops, then completes a sharp right turn from astop between the boundary lines.

Penalty points are assessed for putting a foot down, or touching aboundary.

Exercise�#2�–�Cone�Weave,�Normal�Stop

The applicant rides through a cone weave of five (5) cones, in-line, 12feet apart. After completing the weave and without stopping, the appli-cant rides straight ahead bringing the motorcycle to a smooth normalstop with the contact patch of the front tire inside of a 3 foot deep by5 foot wide box using both brakes.

42

In the Cone Weave, penalty points are assessed for putting a footdown, or hitting, or skipping a cone. In the Normal Stop, points areassessed for skidding, or touching a boundary.

Exercise�#3�–�Quick�Stop

The applicant rides toward the braking area at approximately 15 mph.When the motorcycle’s front tire crosses the line at the beginning ofthe braking area, the applicant is to stop the motorcycle as quickly andas safely as he or she can using both brakes.

Penalty points are assessed for stopping beyond the standard for yourspeed, or braking before entering the braking area. If there is standingwater in the braking area, the test will not be conducted and the appli-cant will be assessed (2) penalty points.

Exercise�#4�–�Obstacle�Swerve

The applicant rides toward the obstacle line at between 12-20 mph.When the motorcycle’s front tire passes the second line, the rider is toswerve to the right avoiding the first obstacle line and staying insideof the escape boundary line.

Penalty points are assessed for swerving too soon and touching orcrossing the obstacle line or escape boundary.

Skill Test for 3-Wheeled, multi-track motorcycles

Exercise�#1�–�Left�Turn,�Normal�Stop

The applicant rides straight ahead and makes a normal left turn andthen a sharp left turn between the outside boundary lines and an insidecone marker. Without stopping, the applicant rides straight aheadbringing the motorcycle to a smooth normal stop with the contactpatch of the front tire (left tire if the motorcycle has two front wheels)inside of a 3-foot deep by 5-foot wide box using both brakes.

In the Left Turn, penalty points are assessed for touching a boundary,or marker cone. In the Normal Stop, points are assessed for skidding,or touching a boundary.

Exercise�#2�–�Cone�Weave,�Turn�From�a�Stop

The applicant rides through a cone weave of three (3) cones, in-line,18 feet apart. After completing the weave, the applicant rides to theStart Line prior to the sharp right turn, stops, then completes a sharpright turn from a stop turning between the outside boundary lines andinside cone marker.

In the Cone Weave, penalty points are assessed for hitting, or skippinga cone. In the Turn from a Stop, points are assessed for touching aboundary or the marker cone.

Exercise�#3�–�Quick�Stop

The applicant rides toward the braking area at approximately 15 mph.When the motorcycle’s front tire crosses the line at the beginning ofthe braking area, the applicant is to stop the motorcycle as quickly andas safely as he or she can using both brakes.

43

Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are

not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distance.

Penalty points are assessed for stopping beyond the standard for yourspeed, or breaking before entering the braking area. If there is stand-ing water in the braking area, the test will not be conducted and theapplicant will be assessed (2) penalty points

Exercise�#4�–�Obstacle�Swerve

The applicant rides toward the obstacle line at between 12-20 mph.When the motorcycle’s front tire passes the second line, the rider is toswerve to the right avoiding the second obstacle line and stayinginside of the escape lane boundary line.

Penalty points are assessed for swerving too soon and touching orcrossing the obstacle line or escape bnoundary.

TERMINATION OF TESTUnder certain conditions, the Examiner is required to stop the Motorcycle SkillTest and fail the applicant.

Point�Accumulation

When the applicant has been assessed 11 (or more) penalty points.

Stalls�Engine�Four�Times

Indicates lack of clutch/throttle control.

Falls�or�Drops�Motorcycle (2-wheels)

Indicates an inability to operate the motorcycle in a safe manner. Adrop has occurred when any portion of the side of the motorcyclecomes in contact with the ground.

Tip�or�Loss�of�Control (3-wheels)

If in a turn the inside front or rear wheel comes off the ground it is anindication of a loss of control. This does not apply if the wheel of a side-car comes off the ground in a right turn and the rider lands it properly.

Commits�an�Unsafe�Act

Defined as a rider’s inability to perform exercise requirements, or ifthe rider attempts a skill not called for in an exercise (disregard forinstructions).

Fails�to�Understand�or�Follow�Instructions

The rider is not able to understand the instructions after two explana-tions, or does not execute the exercise as instructed.

Rider�Stops�Test

If the rider terminates the test early, the entire test must be administeredwhen retesting. (This also applies when the Examiner stops a test.)

Violation�of�Traffic�Regulations

Failure to stop at the STOP signs, or the front tire crossing onto thewhite Stop bar.

44

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

For Information On

MARYLAND’SMOTORCYCLE SAFETY COURSES

Call

443-572-8236

www.MVA.Maryland.gov/mva-programs/moto/default.htm

Basic, Alternate Basic, and

Experienced Rider Courses are

available at training centers throughout the State.

Course Registration Fee

is not refundable.

Licensing tests are administered

at the end of the basic courses.

DL-001 (10/12) PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER