Movement Terminology

On whiteboards

What are movement types, what do we call the motions at joints?

Activity 1For the following joints write down the movement that can happen at that joint

• Wrist • Radio-Ulna• Elbow• Shoulder• Vertebrae• Hip• Knee• Ankle

• Wrist EXTENSION,PALMAR FLEXION

• Radio-Ulna PRONATION & SUPINATION .

• Elbow FLEXION & EXTENSION.

• Shoulder ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ROTATION,

CIRCUMDUCTION• Vertebrae FLEXION,EXTENSION,LATERAL FLEXION

• Hip ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ROTATION.

• Knee FLEXION & EXTENSION

• Ankle DORSI FLEXION & PLANTAR FELXION

COMPLETE WS 1

Activity 2What are the muscular contraction types?

Using a Bicep curl explain the 3 main contraction types ?

Isotonic (Concentric/Eccentric), Isometric and Isokinetic

•During the upward phase bicep brachii contracts and shortens and flexes elbow performing concentric contraction•During downward phase bicep brachii under tension lengthens and extends elbow performing eccentric contraction•If elbow held at 90* bicep under tension but no movement therefore isometric contraction

Complete WS 2/3, WS 12, WS 13

Module 2562 A.1.7

Physical joint movement agonist type of exercise activity used patternmuscle muscular to improvecontraction strength (isotonic)LEG ACTION ankle plantarflexion gastrocnemius, eccentric, calf raise, IN SPRINTING soleus followed by plyometric

concentric jumping exercises,hopping

knee flexion quadriceps eccentric squats, jumpingfollowed by group followed by upwards onto boxes

extension concentric

(KNEE LIFT) hip flexion rectus concentric pike sit-ups, V-sitsabdominus,

iliopsoas (REAR LEG hip extension gluteus concentric back hyperextension DRIVE)

maximus

THIS SEQUENCE COVERS ONE FULL STRIDE FOR ONE LEG

MOVEMENT ANALYSIS of a SPORTING ACTION

Skeletal Muscle • Using IS 1 highlight the key words and add to

you key words glossary

Muscle fibre typesCan you recall the types of muscles fibres?

What is the factor that causes us to have a mixture of muscle fibre types?

•TYPE 1 – SLOW OXIADATIVE•TYPE IIA – FAST OXIADATIVE•TYPE IIB – FAST GLYCOLYTIC

•GENETICS

Muscle fibre typesCOMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:CHARACTERISTIC TYPE 1 TYPE IIA TYPE IIBContraction speed slow fast fastMotor neurone size small largeForce production low highFatigability lower duration very highMitochondria high lowerMyoglobin lower lowGlycogen store low highAerobic capacity medium lowAnaerobic capacity medium

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:CHARACTERISTIC TYPE 1 TYPE IIA TYPE IIBContraction speed slow fast fastMotor neurone size small large largeForce production low high highFatigability long duration lower duration very highMitochondria high lower lowMyoglobin high lower lowGlycogen store low medium highAerobic capacity high medium lowAnaerobic capacity low medium high

Effects of training on muscle fibres

• You can increase the size of muscle fibres• Increase in size is ‘HYPERTROPHY’• In Hypertrophy increased quantity and size of

myofibrils per fibre

STRUCTURE of a SARCOMERE• the Z lines are the ends of the sarcomere• which are attached to actin filaments which

comprise the I zone of the relaxed unit• the myosin filaments lie in between actin

filaments which they just overlap (relaxed)• the H zone is the space between the ends of

the actin filamentsCONTRACTION• during contraction the cross-bridges

between the myosin and actin filaments pull them towards one another

• this increases the overlap and pulls the Z lines towards one another

Sliding filament theory demo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWP1u7rRJS8

Module 2562 A.1.15

MOTOR NEURONE STRUCTURECELL BODY• includes nucleus and cytoplasm• membrane is receptive to stimuli from other

neuronesDENDRITES• highly branched processes which extend

out from the cell body• specialised to receive stimuli from

sensory organs or from other neurones

AXON• conducts nerve impulses to other cells

(nerve, muscle, gland cells)• special structures include :

– myelin sheath insulates nerve– nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin

sheath where action potential jumps from node to node

– axon terminal ends with synaptic end bulbs containing neurotransmitter substances

– enabling action potential to be applied to adjacent cells

Motor Unit demo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKb20ri05pQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKr04bsVF3M&feature=related

FIBRE TYPE and EXERCISERECRUITMENT• based on intensity of exercise• at low intensity ST motor units recruited

first

RESPONSES TO TRAINING• endurance training results in type IIb being converted to

type IIa• endurance training increases the aerobic capacity of ST

fibres• explains why long steady training results in loss of speed• high intensity anaerobic training causes increase in size of

FT fibres (hypertrophy), and number of FT fibres (hyperplasia)

• lack of training causes atrophy

• at higher intensity FO FT IIa motor units recruited

• at greatest intensity FG FT IIb motor units recruited to produce powerful fast muscle contractions

• all available fibres are recruited for all power activities

FIBRE TYPE RANGE IN SPORTS PERFORMERSactivity average % ST range of % ST

MALESmarathon 81 50 - 98cross country skiers64 52 - 75cyclists 59 52 - 72800m runners52 40 - 62untrained 47 42 - 76shot putters 39 19 - 57sprinters 40 20 - 53

FEMALEScross country skiers59 47 - 74cyclists 54 37 - 66800m runners62 44 - 73untrained 53 30 - 72shot putters 53 50 - 55sprinters 32 28 - 32

– proportions of fibre types are genetically determined– this could account for specialisms of individuals

1.Which fibre type?• Marathon• Distance swimmer• Basketball• Endurance cyclist• Long jump• Sprinter2.What difference is there between male and female performersin these sports in terms of fibre types?3.Will a 40 year old runner have different fibre types from when they were 204.Why is a warm up important regards to fibre types?5.How can you adapt training sessions so that you just overloadeither slow or fast firbers?6.What is the sliding filament theory?