mpd‐rc newsletter - wordpress.com › 2015 › 01 › mpd... · in 2014, we enrolled 32 subjects...

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MPD‐RC Newsletter Inside this issue Project 3 Update...................... 2 Who’s Who in the MPDRC ...... 2 Project 4 Update...................... 2 Project 5 Update...................... 3 Project 6 Update...................... 3 List of Open and Accruing Clinical Trials ............................ 4 Project 1 Update (PI: Josef T. Prchal, MD) We have published in 2 papers in 2014 next NGS of PV and shown that almost always JAK2V617F is associated with other somaƟc and at Ɵmes also germline mutaƟons. Unlike in acute leukemia, majority of these mutaƟons involve epigeneƟc modiers. During female embryogenesis, the most of genes in one Xchromosome are randomly inacƟvated. The XinacƟve specic transcript gene (XIST), which encodes long noncoding RNA, is expressed only from the inacƟve Xchromosome and plays a crucial role in this process. CondiƟonal deleƟon in female mice of Xist leads to aggressive MPN and eventual death from leukemia. Using a quanƟtaƟve, transcripƟonal clonality assay based on polymorphisms on 5 Xchromosome genes (MPP1, FHL1, IDS, BTK, and G6PD), we analyzed over 150 informaƟve PV and JAK2V617FposiƟve ET females and all were clonal. However, we recently encountered 4 excepƟonal cases, these females appeared polyclonal using an IDS marker, and one female using a G6PD marker, whereas all of these females appeared clonal using at least 1 other Xchromosome marker in these cells. We are pursuing hypothesis and collecƟng supporƟve data that that reacƟvaƟon of inacƟve of some Xchromosome genes in these females contributes to the PV/ET phenotype. Project 2 Update (PI: Heike L. Pahl, PhD) NFE2 target genes participate in a novel regulatory loop regulating proliferation and histone methylation We have demonstrated that acƟvity of the transcripƟon factor NFE2 is aberrantly elevated in MPN paƟents. This confers a proliferaƟve advantage by increasing expression of the cell cycle regulators CDK4, CDK6 and CyclinD3. We have now shown that these three cell cycle regulators as well as the histone methyltransferases MLL2 and MLL4 consƟtute direct NFE2 target genes. Moreover, mRNA expression of all ve target genes is signicantly increased in primary cells of paƟents with PV compared to healthy controls. Correspondingly, primary cells from PV paƟents showed a signicant elevaƟon in global H3K4m1 levels, a chromaƟn mark conferred by the MLL proteins. NFE2 serves as a scaold and is required for recruitment of MLL2 to the betaglobin locus and for chromaƟn remodeling at these sites. Here we show that NFE2 likewise acts to direct MLL2 to the CDK6 gene. Our data establish a novel interacƟon network where NFE2 both regulates the expression levels of MLL2 while at the same Ɵme modulaƟng its epigeneƟc acƟvity at NFE2 target genes, which include criƟcal cell cycle regulators. These data provide a molecular basis for preclinical invesƟgaƟon into the eects of CDK4/6 inhibitors as well as of histone methyltransferase inhibitors on MPN cell biology. January 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1

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Page 1: MPD‐RC Newsletter - WordPress.com › 2015 › 01 › mpd... · In 2014, we enrolled 32 subjects to MPD‐111, 21 subjects to MPD‐112, 10 subjects to MPD‐114, and 9 subjects

MPD‐RCNewsletter

Insidethisissue

Project 3 Update ...................... 2  Who’s Who in the MPD‐RC ...... 2  Project 4 Update ...................... 2  Project 5 Update ...................... 3  Project 6 Update ...................... 3  List of Open and Accruing  Clinical Trials ............................ 4 

 

Project1Update(PI:JosefT.Prchal,MD)We have published in 2 papers in 2014 next NGS of PV and shown that almost always JAK2V617F is 

associated with  other  soma c  and  at  mes  also  germline muta ons.  Unlike  in  acute  leukemia, 

majority of these muta ons involve epigene c modifiers. During female embryogenesis, the most of 

genes in one X‐chromosome are randomly inac vated. The X‐inac ve specific transcript gene (XIST), 

which encodes long non‐coding RNA, is expressed only from the inac ve X‐chromosome and plays a 

crucial role in this process. Condi onal dele on in female mice of Xist leads to aggressive MPN and 

eventual death from leukemia. 

Using a quan ta ve,  transcrip onal  clonality assay based on polymorphisms on 5 X‐chromosome 

genes  (MPP1,  FHL1,  IDS,  BTK,  and G6PD), we  analyzed over  150  informa ve  PV  and  JAK2V617F‐

posi ve  ET  females  and  all were  clonal. However, we  recently  encountered  4  excep onal  cases, 

these  females  appeared  polyclonal  using  an  IDS marker,  and  one  female  using  a  G6PD marker, 

whereas all of these females appeared clonal using at least 1 other X‐chromosome marker in these 

cells. We are pursuing hypothesis and collec ng suppor ve data that that reac va on of inac ve of 

some X‐chromosome genes in these females contributes to the PV/ET phenotype. 

Project2Update(PI:HeikeL.Pahl,PhD)NF‐E2targetgenesparticipateinanovelregulatoryloopregulatingproliferationandhistonemethylation

We have demonstrated that ac vity of the transcrip on factor NF‐E2 is aberrantly elevated in MPN 

pa ents. This confers a prolifera ve advantage by increasing expression of the cell cycle regulators 

CDK4, CDK6 and CyclinD3. We have now shown that these three cell cycle regulators as well as the 

histone methyltransferases MLL2 and MLL4 cons tute direct NF‐E2 target genes. Moreover, mRNA 

expression  of  all  five  target  genes  is  significantly  increased  in  primary  cells  of  pa ents with  PV 

compared to healthy controls. Correspondingly, primary cells from PV pa ents showed a significant 

eleva on in global H3K4m1 levels, a chroma n mark conferred by the MLL proteins. 

NF‐E2 serves as a scaffold and is required for recruitment of MLL2 to the beta‐globin locus and for 

chroma n remodeling at these sites. Here we show that NF‐E2  likewise acts to direct MLL2 to the 

CDK6 gene. 

Our data establish a novel interac on network where NF‐E2 both regulates the expression levels of 

MLL2 while at the same  me modula ng its epigene c ac vity at NF‐E2 target genes, which include 

cri cal cell cycle regulators. 

These  data  provide  a  molecular  basis  for  pre‐clinical  inves ga on  into  the  effects  of  CDK4/6 

inhibitors as well as of histone methyltransferase inhibitors on MPN cell biology. 

January2015Volume4,Issue1

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Who’sWhointheMPD‐RC

We have had several new sites join 

our consor um since the last 

newsle er: 

University of Kansas  

Oregon Health & Science 

University 

University of Chicago 

Rush University 

Roswell Park 

Washington University 

Roswell Park 

Cleveland Clinic 

Massachuse s General 

Hospital 

Project3Update(PI:JerrySpivak,MD)Iden fying  the  ini a ng  hematopoie c  stem 

cell  (HSC)  popula on  in  polycythemia  vera 

(PV)  is  central  to  our  understanding  of  its 

pathogenesis and vital  for developing animal 

models  to  study  the disease  in  vivo.   To  this 

end,  we  exploited  the  fact  that  the  most 

primi ve  HSC  (CD34+CD38‐)  are  rich  in 

aldehyde dehydrogenase  (ALDHhigh) and can 

be  iden fied by flow  cytometry on  the basis 

of expression of this enzyme.  Using single cell 

sor ng and allele‐specific PCR for JAK2 V617F, 

we  genotyped  circula ng  CD34+  cells  from 

PV, essen al thrombocytosis (ET) and primary 

myelofibrosis  (PMF) pa ents. We  found  that 

JAK2  V617F  was  present  in  the  circula ng 

ALDHhigh, CD34+CD38‐ cells in all three MPN, 

indica ng  unequivocally  that  this  is  the 

ini a ng  cell  popula on  in  these  three 

disorders.  As  expected,  the  CD34+CD38‐ 

ALDHhigh  allelic  burden was  highest  in  PMF 

and  lowest  in  ET.  The  CD34+CD38‐ALDHhigh 

frac on also harbored addi onal  lesions such 

as  trisomy  8,  trisomy  9,  dele on  of  5q  and 

11q,  and  ASXL1  and  TET2  muta ons.  Two 

pa erns of leukemia were observed. The first 

pa ern  in  7  pa ents  was  iden cal  to  that 

seen  in  de  novo  AML, with  emergence  of  a 

unique CD34+CD38‐ frac on with lower ALDH 

expression (ALDHint); in 3 of these, the clonal 

leukemic  CD34+CD38‐ALDHint  frac on  was 

JAK2  V617F‐nega ve, while  the  CD34+CD38‐

ALDHhigh  frac on  from  these  same  cases 

remained JAK2 V617F‐posi ve.  

PROJECT 4: Immunostaining with an an body that recognizes GR of macrophages differen ated in

culture from the blood of a normal donor and from a P. Vera pa ent.

Project4Update(PI:AnnaRitaMigliaccio,PhD)

In 1958, Marcel Bessis first described the presence  in  the marrow of  islands  formed by macro‐

phages surrounded by erythroid cells. Ramos et al and Chow et al provided evidence that macro‐

phages may represent a niche promo ng erythroid differen a on by demonstra ng that macro‐

phage  deple on  in  mice  greatly  impairs  the  response  to  erythroid  challenges  (Nat  Med 

2013;19:437‐445 and 429‐436).  

In a paper in press in Haematologica, we describe that macrophages play an important role also 

in the expansion of erythroid cells observed in cultures of human CD34pos cells s mulated with 

dexamethasone, the ligand for the glucocor coid receptor (GR). Live phase‐contrast videomicros‐

copy allowed us to  iden fy that physical  interac on with macrophages promotes the prolifera‐

on of erythroid  cells observed  in  these  cultures. These  interac ons occurred also  in  cultures 

s mulated  with  a  macrophage‐specific  form  of  dexamethasone  covalently  linked  to  CD163. 

Therefore, GR ac va on promotes the erythroid ac vity of the macrophage niches. In Polycythe‐

mia Vera, GR ac va on is hampered by the fact that the JAK2V617F muta on favors expression 

of  the dominant‐nega ve GRβ  isoform  (Varricchio et al. Blood. 2011;118:425‐36).  It  is possible 

that in these pa ents, reduced levels of GR ac vity may lead to macrophage dysfunc on contrib‐

u ng to erythrocytosis.  This hypothesis is currently under inves ga on. 

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Our data indicate that the MF splenic microenvironment is characterized by enhanced levels of intact func onal CXCL12 (Project 5)

Myelofibrosis  (MF)  is characterized by  the cons tu ve mobiliza on of hematopoie c stem cells  (HSC) and hematopoie c progenitor 

cells  (HPC)  and  the  establishment  of  extramedullary  hematopoiesis  (EMH).  The  mechanisms  underlying  this  abnormal  HSC/HPC 

trafficking pa ern  remain poorly understood. We demonstrated  that both splenic and peripheral blood  (PB) MF CD34+ cells equally 

share a defec ve ability to home to the marrow but not the spleens of NOD/SCID mice. This trafficking pa ern could not be a ributed 

to discordant expression of integrins or chemokine receptors other than CXCR4 by CD34+ cells.  The number of both splenic MF CD34+ 

cells and HPCs that migrated towards splenic MF plasma was, however, significantly greater than the number that migrated towards PB 

MF plasma. The concentra on of the intact HSC/HPC chemo‐a ractant, CXCL12, was greater in splenic MF plasma than PB MF plasma 

as quan fied using mass spectrometry. Concentra ons of truncated products of CXCL12 which are not effec ve HSC chemo‐a ractants 

and are the product of proteoly c degrada on by serine proteases were detected at similar levels in splenic and PB MF plasma. Equal 

amount of an ‐CXCL12 neutralizing an bodies resulted in a less blocking of the migra on of splenic MF CD34+ cells towards splenic MF 

plasma as compared to PB MF plasma. Our data indicate that the MF splenic microenvironment is characterized by enhanced levels of 

intact func onal CXCL12, which contributes to the localiza on of MF CD34+ cells to the spleen and the establishment of EMH.  

MPD‐RC Project 6 has been steadily increasing enrollment to the 

open & accruing clinical trials (listed on page 4).  We are excited 

to announce that MPD‐RC #115, a Phase  I clinical trial en tled  ‐  

Open Label Phase I Study of Single Agent Oral RG7388 in Pa ents

with Polycythemia Vera and Essen al Thrombocythemia (With

pilot feasibility study in combina on with pegylated interferon

alfa 2a for pa ents who do not respond to the single agent at

each dose level), will  in  the very near  future be opening  for en‐

rollment at  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and will be 

then distributed to par cipa ng sites.  In the next upcoming year, 

we are focused on enrollment to these clinical trials—your help is 

greatly appreciated and highly valued! 

Project5Update(PI:RonaldHoffman,MD)

Project6Update(PIs:RonaldHoffman,MD&JohnMascarenhas,MD)

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Sep‐11 Dec‐11 Mar‐12 Jun‐12 Sep‐12 Dec‐12 Mar‐13 Jun‐13 Sep‐13 Dec‐13 Mar‐14 Jun‐14 Sep‐14 Dec‐14

  MPD‐RC 112

  MPD‐RC 111

  MPD‐RC 114

  MPD‐RC 109

Subject Accruals Over Time 

(6‐month accrual  rate @ 2.3333 pts/month)

(6‐month accrual  rate @ 3.6667 pts/month)

(6‐month accrual  rate @ 1.3333 pts/month)

(6‐month accrual  rate @ 1.1667 pts/month)

No.of Subjectsenrolled

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#111: Phase II study of Pegasys in ET & PV pa ents  

#112: Phase III randomized study of Pegasys vs. 

 Hydroxyurea in PV & ET pa ents 

#114: Allogeneic transplant trial with RUX condi oning 

  for MF pa ents 

#109: Combina on RUX & Decitabine for accelerated & 

 blast phase MPN pa ents 

LISTOFOPEN&ACCRUINGCLINICALTRIALS

In 2014, we enrolled 32 subjects to MPD‐111, 21 subjects to MPD‐112, 10 subjects to MPD‐114, and 9 

subjects to MPD‐109!

 

Follow Us 

@MPDRC 

W ’       ! 

. ‐ .  

PrincipalInvestigator: Ronald Hoffman, MD 

Editors‐in‐Chief: Jill Kleczko & Jane Lew 

CentralOf ice: Icahn School of Medicine  

          at Mount Sinai  

          Tisch Cancer Ins tute 

          One Gustave L Levy Place 

          New York, NY 10029