mr. lipman’s apus powerpoint chapter 5 small steps towards democracy
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MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT POWERPOINT
CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5Small steps towards democracySmall steps towards democracy
Themes of ChapterThemes of Chapter
Ethnic and Cultural Diversity BeginsEthnic and Cultural Diversity Begins Triangle TradeTriangle Trade Exports to Other Nations GrowExports to Other Nations Grow Great AwakeningGreat Awakening Zenger TrialZenger Trial Democracy starts to spread slowlyDemocracy starts to spread slowly
Increase in population in America in 1700s Increase in population in America in 1700s In 1700 there were 300,000 people in In 1700 there were 300,000 people in
America; 20,000 blacks America; 20,000 blacks
By 1775 there were 2.5 million people in By 1775 there were 2.5 million people in America; 500,000 were black America; 500,000 were black
• 400,000 were new immigrants; an additional 400,000 were new immigrants; an additional 400,000 were black slaves400,000 were black slaves
• The rest was due to the natural fertility of The rest was due to the natural fertility of Americans; colonists doubled their numbers Americans; colonists doubled their numbers every 25 years every 25 years
America as a melting potAmerica as a melting pot
GermansGermans By 1775 were 6% of the population By 1775 were 6% of the population
(150,000)(150,000) In the early 1700s, they settled chiefly in In the early 1700s, they settled chiefly in
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania • Known as Pennsylvania Dutch (“Deutsch” Known as Pennsylvania Dutch (“Deutsch”
means German)means German)• Moved to the backcountry and worked on farmsMoved to the backcountry and worked on farms
Not loyal to British crown Not loyal to British crown Clung to German heritage and language Clung to German heritage and language
Scots-IrishScots-Irish By 1775 were 7% of the population By 1775 were 7% of the population
(175,000)(175,000) Had been exiled to Ireland before Had been exiled to Ireland before
emigration to America emigration to America Settled chiefly in Pennsylvania as Settled chiefly in Pennsylvania as
squatters, but also rural Maryland, squatters, but also rural Maryland, Virginia, and CarolinasVirginia, and Carolinas
Quick to attack and retaliate against Quick to attack and retaliate against IndiansIndians
No loyalty to British government No loyalty to British government Rebelled against colonial governments Rebelled against colonial governments
dominated by eastern elites dominated by eastern elites
Ethnic and Racial Composition of the Ethnic and Racial Composition of the American People, 1790American People, 1790
AgricultureAgriculture 90% of the colonists were involved 90% of the colonists were involved In the Chesapeake, mainly tobacco & some wheatIn the Chesapeake, mainly tobacco & some wheat In the Middle colonies, primarily grain (the “bread” In the Middle colonies, primarily grain (the “bread”
colonies) was grown colonies) was grown Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living because Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living because
of agriculture than any other people in history beforeof agriculture than any other people in history before
Fishing (including whaling) Fishing (including whaling) Principally in New England Principally in New England Stimulated shipbuilding Stimulated shipbuilding Served as training for future navy Served as training for future navy
Commerce (trade) Commerce (trade) Especially in New England, New York, and Especially in New England, New York, and
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania
Shipped food and forest products to Shipped food and forest products to Caribbean Caribbean
Brought gold, wine, and oranges to Europe Brought gold, wine, and oranges to Europe
Brought industrial goods from EuropeBrought industrial goods from Europe
Triangular tradeTriangular trade Very profitable, though small in relation to Very profitable, though small in relation to
total colonial commercetotal colonial commerce
Rum and raw materials shipped from North Rum and raw materials shipped from North to England to Africa for slavesto England to Africa for slaves
Slaves to West Indies for molasses Slaves to West Indies for molasses
Molasses to New England and distilled into Molasses to New England and distilled into rum rum
Triangular Trade across the AtlanticTriangular Trade across the Atlantic
Manufacturing Manufacturing Secondary to farming because plenty of Secondary to farming because plenty of
good land and British restrictions on good land and British restrictions on industryindustry
Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, household Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, household manufacturing (spinning, weaving), manufacturing (spinning, weaving), carpentry carpentry
Lumbering was the most important single Lumbering was the most important single manufacturing activity for shipbuilding manufacturing activity for shipbuilding (primarily in New England) (primarily in New England)
Shipbuilding Shipbuilding Colonies had important (and relatively rare) Colonies had important (and relatively rare)
materials such as tar, pitch, rosin, and materials such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentineturpentine
Huge trees in colonies used for British Huge trees in colonies used for British ships; colonists were restricted from cutting ships; colonists were restricted from cutting some down because of this some down because of this
A growing trade imbalance between A growing trade imbalance between Britain and colonies Britain and colonies Americans (with increasing population) Americans (with increasing population)
demanded more and more British productsdemanded more and more British products
British population was reaching a British population was reaching a saturation point for imports from America saturation point for imports from America
Americans found new markets for their Americans found new markets for their goods in foreign countriesgoods in foreign countries
Foreign tradeForeign trade Exports to Europe had to pass through Exports to Europe had to pass through
Britain & pay a slice of the profitsBritain & pay a slice of the profits Most important trading partner for colonists Most important trading partner for colonists
was trade with West Indies was trade with West Indies
1733 – Molasses Act1733 – Molasses Act British West Indian planters pressured British West Indian planters pressured
Parliament to stop American trade with Parliament to stop American trade with French West Indies French West Indies
Would cripple American foreign trade and Would cripple American foreign trade and hurt colonists’ standard of livinghurt colonists’ standard of living
Colonists got around law by smuggling and Colonists got around law by smuggling and bribingbribing
Colonial Trade Patterns in 1770Colonial Trade Patterns in 1770
RELIGION ISSUERELIGION ISSUE Two “established” (tax-supported) Two “established” (tax-supported)
churches in 1775 – Anglican and churches in 1775 – Anglican and Congregational Congregational
Considerable part of population did no Considerable part of population did no worship at any church worship at any church
In those colonies that had an established In those colonies that had an established religion only a minority of people belonged religion only a minority of people belonged to that church to that church
The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
By mid 1700s, religion less fervent than in By mid 1700s, religion less fervent than in the 1600s:the 1600s: The Puritan church had 2 burdens:The Puritan church had 2 burdens:
1. Elaborate doctrines1. Elaborate doctrines2. Compromises to liberalize membership 2. Compromises to liberalize membership requirements requirements
Puritan preachers preached overly complex, Puritan preachers preached overly complex, intellectual, and boring sermons, beyond the intellectual, and boring sermons, beyond the understanding of the membership understanding of the membership
Great Awakening began in 1734 in Great Awakening began in 1734 in Massachusetts with Massachusetts with Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards Edwards preached “Sinners in the Hands Edwards preached “Sinners in the Hands
of an Angry God” of an Angry God”
Fought idea that good works were enough Fought idea that good works were enough to be saved – God’s grace was only way to to be saved – God’s grace was only way to get to heaven get to heaven
Preaching style was learned and closely Preaching style was learned and closely reasoned, but used brutal doctrines to reasoned, but used brutal doctrines to catch people’s attention catch people’s attention
In 1738 George Whitefield became In 1738 George Whitefield became prominentprominent Used speaking skills to reach peopleUsed speaking skills to reach people Travelled the colonies, preaching in Travelled the colonies, preaching in
outside forums to thousands of peopleoutside forums to thousands of people Preached message of human helplessness Preached message of human helplessness
and divine omnipotence and divine omnipotence Countless sinners converted; the “saved” Countless sinners converted; the “saved”
groaned, shrieked, and rolled around on groaned, shrieked, and rolled around on ground under influence of God’s powerground under influence of God’s power
Whitefield also inspired many imitators Whitefield also inspired many imitators
Effects of the Great AwakeningEffects of the Great Awakening Increased membership of “new light” churches Increased membership of “new light” churches
(Baptists, Presbyterians) (Baptists, Presbyterians) Undermined “old light” religions (whose authority Undermined “old light” religions (whose authority
had come from education) had come from education) Increased number and competitiveness of Increased number and competitiveness of
American religions American religions Encouraged missionary workEncouraged missionary work ““new light” universities founded (Princeton, Brown, new light” universities founded (Princeton, Brown,
Rutgers, Dartmouth) Rutgers, Dartmouth) First mass movement of American peopleFirst mass movement of American people
• Broke down sectional and denominational linesBroke down sectional and denominational lines• Gave Americans sense that they were a single Gave Americans sense that they were a single
peoplepeople
Schools and CollegesSchools and Colleges
Elementary schools existed in middle Elementary schools existed in middle colonies and South colonies and South Some tax-supported, some privateSome tax-supported, some private
Schools in South hampered by Schools in South hampered by population spread out over large areaspopulation spread out over large areas Wealthy families used private tutors for Wealthy families used private tutors for
their children their children
Corporal Punishment in Schools: Corporal Punishment in Schools: Could We Use Some Today?Could We Use Some Today?
Literature Literature Phyllis Wheatley Phyllis Wheatley
• Was a poet who as a slave girl brought to Boston at age 8Was a poet who as a slave girl brought to Boston at age 8
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin• Edited Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732 – 1758) Edited Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732 – 1758)
Collection of quotes and sayings; Collection of quotes and sayings; homespun wisdom like “Honesty is the homespun wisdom like “Honesty is the best policy”best policy”
More widely read in America than More widely read in America than anything else but Bible anything else but Bible
• Also wrote his famous AutobiographyAlso wrote his famous Autobiography
Pamphlets, leaflets, journals Pamphlets, leaflets, journals Printed by hand-operated printing pressesPrinted by hand-operated printing presses
By 1775, 40 colonial newspapers were in print By 1775, 40 colonial newspapers were in print • Weeklies consisting of 1 large sheet, with complex Weeklies consisting of 1 large sheet, with complex
essays signed with Roman-sounding namesessays signed with Roman-sounding names
• ““news” might lag weeks behind the eventnews” might lag weeks behind the event
Newspapers were powerful way colonists could Newspapers were powerful way colonists could rally support around rebellion against British rally support around rebellion against British
The Zenger caseThe Zenger case Arose in New York Arose in New York John Peter Zenger, newspaper printer, brought to John Peter Zenger, newspaper printer, brought to
court for criticizing a corrupt royal governor court for criticizing a corrupt royal governor Charged with seditious libel (sedition means inciting a Charged with seditious libel (sedition means inciting a
rebellion; libel means printing something that rebellion; libel means printing something that damages someone’s reputation) damages someone’s reputation)
British law said the truth or falsity of what Zenger British law said the truth or falsity of what Zenger wrote did not matter {can’t criticize “king”)wrote did not matter {can’t criticize “king”)
Zenger’s lawyer (Andrew Hamilton) eloquently Zenger’s lawyer (Andrew Hamilton) eloquently argued that “the very liberty of both exposing and argued that “the very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power” was at stakeopposing arbitrary power” was at stake
The Trial of Peter ZengerThe Trial of Peter Zenger
The Zenger decisionThe Zenger decision Jury sided with Hamilton, returning verdict of Jury sided with Hamilton, returning verdict of
not guilty not guilty
Because it was contrary to existing law, it was Because it was contrary to existing law, it was not immediately accepted by other judges not immediately accepted by other judges
Helped establish doctrine that true statements Helped establish doctrine that true statements about public officials were not libellous about public officials were not libellous
Made newspapers (eventually) free to publish Made newspapers (eventually) free to publish responsible criticism of powerful officials responsible criticism of powerful officials
The Great Game of PoliticsThe Great Game of Politics
In 1775, the 13 colonies had governments that In 1775, the 13 colonies had governments that took a variety of formstook a variety of forms
Colonial governors Colonial governors 8 had royal governors 8 had royal governors 3 (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) were under 3 (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) were under
proprietors who appointed governors proprietors who appointed governors 2 (Connecticut, Rhode Island) elected their own 2 (Connecticut, Rhode Island) elected their own
governors under self-governing charters governors under self-governing charters
Colonial legislatures (assemblies) Colonial legislatures (assemblies) Most had 2-house legislaturesMost had 2-house legislatures
The upper house was chosen by those who The upper house was chosen by those who appointed the governor (the crown, proprietors, or appointed the governor (the crown, proprietors, or voters in self-governing colonies)voters in self-governing colonies)
The lower house was chosen by people (those with The lower house was chosen by people (those with enough property to qualify) enough property to qualify)
Backcountry voters were generally underrepresented Backcountry voters were generally underrepresented and resented governmental elitesand resented governmental elites
Self-taxation through direct and local representatives Self-taxation through direct and local representatives was an important privilege colonial to voterswas an important privilege colonial to voters
Colonial assemblies’ attempts to assert their Colonial assemblies’ attempts to assert their authority authority Withheld governor’s salary unless he did Withheld governor’s salary unless he did
what they wanted (“power of the purse”)what they wanted (“power of the purse”)
The London government should have paid The London government should have paid governors from independent sources governors from independent sources • 1767 – Townshend taxes arranged to 1767 – Townshend taxes arranged to
pay governors independent of pay governors independent of legislatures; but by that time colonists legislatures; but by that time colonists were already angry over taxation & were already angry over taxation & became angrier over new taxesbecame angrier over new taxes
DemocracyDemocracy In 1775, America was not a true In 1775, America was not a true
democracydemocracy
BUTBUT America was far more America was far more democratic than England and the rest democratic than England and the rest of Europe, and America was moving of Europe, and America was moving toward democracy toward democracy
By mid 1700s colonies growing together By mid 1700s colonies growing together and becoming similarand becoming similar All basically English in language, customs, All basically English in language, customs,
and Protestantism and Protestantism Widespread presence of diversity Widespread presence of diversity
(ethnic/religious) led to some toleration(ethnic/religious) led to some toleration People had opportunities for social mobility People had opportunities for social mobility
that Europeans did not havethat Europeans did not have All had some self-government (though not full All had some self-government (though not full
democracy) democracy) Communication and transportation among the Communication and transportation among the
colonies was improvingcolonies was improving
Keys to the ChapterKeys to the Chapter
Triangle TradeTriangle Trade
Great AwakeningGreat Awakening
Zenger TrialZenger Trial
Power of the PursePower of the Purse