Mr. MarstonGeography

Dominion Christian High School

Europe is ethnically diverseMigrationCultural diffusionConflictChanging borders

Europe

,

Europe160 million ethnic groups: shared ancestry,

language, customs, and religion.

Ex.Sweden: ethnic majority (Swedes)Belgium (Flemings and the Walloons)Flemings (56%)Walloons (32%)

Ethnic Tension: YugoslaviaBalkan Peninsula (See Yugoslavia powerpoint)SerbiaCroatiaBosnia-HerzegovinaKosovoAlbania

Ethnic Cleansing: the expulsion or killing of rival ethnic groups.

Refugees: people who flee to a foreign country for safety.

Sources of Unity: Common attitudes and ValuesEuropeans value the past and the cultural

achievement of their ancestorsPride in familiesCommitment to democracy Commitment to free markets, but with some

governmental regulationLeft leaning in government orientation

Europe: Population Characteristics2nd in land area to Australia3rd in population behind Asia and Africa620 million people live in Europe________the largest country in terms of

population________the smallest country in terms of

population

Population Density: 2nd highest population density behind Asia.

Where people liveFavorable climatesPlainsFertile soilMineral resourcesInland waterways

Major population areasa.United Kingdom to France into the Czech

Republic and Polandb.Southeastern France to Northern Italy

UrbanizationIndustrial Revolution transformed Europe from

an agricultural society to an urban one.Urbanization: concentration of populations in

towns and cities.75% of Europeans live in cities.Paris, France Stockholm, SwedenLondon, England Budapest, HungaryRome, Italy Athens, GreeceMadrid, SpainBerlin, Germany

Population Movements1800’s and early 1900’s: many Europeans migrated

to the Americas, Africa, and the South Pacific.Fewer Europeans have left since the mid 1900’s.More foreigners are moving to Europe for economic

opportunities.France: immigrants from North AfricaGermany: Turkey, Greece, and Balkan countriesBritain: South Asia, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern

countriesBalancing act between accommodation of immigrants

and limiting further immigration

History an GovernmentEarly Civilizations:

a)Ancient Greece

Greek city states: independent towns (Athens, Sparta, Corinth) with own government and military, but possessed similar culture and language as other city states in Rome.

Athens introduced Western democracy, although only male citizens could vote.

a)Rome: From Republic to Empire. Rome controlled much of Europe and parts of the Middle East at its height of power.

Ancient Greece

Roman Empire

Hail Caesar!

ChristianityUnder the Emperor Constantine, Christianity

became religiously tolerated in the Empire in 313 A.D.

Split of Roman Empire

Byzantine EmpireCapital of Constantinople Eastern Orthodox ChurchPresent day Istanbul

Middle Ages (500 to 1,000 A.D.)Feudalism: system in which monarchs or

lords gave land to nobles in return for pledge of fealty (loyalty)

Roman Catholic Church became primary institution in western Europe

Cathedrals and monasteries were major centers of learning

Islam and Judaism influenced Europe.

Expansion of EuropeCrusades: series of wars fought against the

Muslims in the Middle East: to win back the Holy Land.

One result: Opened up trade routes to the East (Spices, jade, porcelain) and other goods were traded with Asia

Renaissance (1300-1500)“Rebirth” of ancient Greek and Roman TextsAn intentional examination of ancient works

that emphasized and focused on the individual

Elevation of man Invention of movable type printing

Reformation 1517-1600Religious movement which emphasizedSola scripturaSola fidePriesthood of all believersDeemphasized Roman Catholic Church rituals

and practicesMartin Luther: Started the Reformation in Holy

Roman Empire (Germany) that led to the growth of Protestantism

European ExplorationSpain and Portugal discovered new

waterways to Asia and explored North America

Later explorations sponsored by France, England, and Holland

Enlightenment (1600’s-1700’s)Enlightenment: a movement that questioned

many of the longstanding traditions and values of the time.

MedicineMedical innovationsAstronomy: From a ge0-centric to a helio-

centric view

RevolutionsEnglish Revolution: passed Bill of Rights that limited

the king’s power. Parliament would become supreme.French Revolution: overthrew the king and spread the

forces of liberty, equality, and fraternity (brotherhood)Revolutions of 1830 and 1848: attempts at

overthrowing the status quo monarchies of Europe.Industrial Revolution: transformed Europe from an

economy based on agriculture to an urban based one.Industrial capitalism: an economic system in which

business leaders used profits to expand their companies.

New social classes developed under industrial capitalism

Middle class of merchants and factory ownersWorking class of factory laborers

Social problems led to the rise of Communism: a philosophy that called for a

society based on economic equality in which the workers would control the factories and means of production.

World War I and World War IIEnd of Empires: Russia, Austro-Hungary and

GermanyIndependent countries form in SE EuropeReparations: payments made to victorious side to

pay for war.

World War II:Rise of fascism and totalitarian regimes in Italy and

Germany.Holocaust: the purposeful mass killing of millions of

Jews during World War II.

Europe Divided: 1945-1989Capitalist WestCommunist East

Cold War: a struggle between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies throughout Europe and the world.

Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation:

West Germany formed from British, American, and French zones

East Germany: formed from Russian zone

Construction of the Berlin Wall: “Anti-Imperialist Wall”

1950’s to 1980’sChallenges against Communism took placeHungary 1956Czechoslovakia: “Prague Spring” in 1968

Poland under Lech Walesa and Solidarity, the first free labor union in the communist world.

1989: Eastern European governments began to fall.Reunification of GermanyCzechoslovakia split into Czech Republic and

Slovakia

Languages and DialectsDialects: local forms of languagesLanguage family: group of related languages

that developed from an earlier language.SlavicBalticGermanicRomance: Languages of the Roman EmpireNot Indo-European:Uralic: Finnish, Estonian, and HungarianBasque: in Spain

ReligionChristianityRoman Catholic and ProtestantJudaismIslam

Changes in Western EuropeEU: “European Union.” organization of

countries that reduced trade barriers and made the movement of goods and services easier.

The Maastricht Treaty: (1992) set goals for a central bank and a common currency (Euro)