mrs. ramon ap biology chapters 29-30: diversity of plants
TRANSCRIPT
Mrs. Ramon
AP Biology
Chapters 29-30: Diversity of Plants
Intro. to the Plant Kingdom
What Is a Plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Photosynthetic organisms
Special adaptations for life on dry land Cuticles Stomates Vascular tissues Seeds
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Section 22-1A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species
Floweringplants235,000 species
Section 22-1The Diversity of Plants
HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS
Spores(N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
FERTILIZATION
Sperm(N)
Eggs(N)
Section 22-1Generalized Plant Life Cycle
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First land plants
Bryophytes Depend on water for
reproduction Lack vascular tissue Lifecycle dominated
by haploid gametophyte stage
Major groups: Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta
(liverworts) Anthocerophyta
(hornworts)
Rhizoid
Capsule
StalkSporophyte
Gametophyte
Stemlikestructure
Leaflikestructure
Section 22-2The Structure of a Moss
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Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Maturesporophyte(2N)
Gametophyte(N)
Gametophyte(N)
Youngsporophyte(2N)
Zygote(2N)
Sperm(N)
Sperm(N)
Egg(N)
Spores(N)
Capsule(sporangium)
Protonema(young gametophyte)(N)
Malegametophyte
Femalegametophyte
Antheridia
Archegonia
Section 22-2The Life Cycle of a Moss
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First vascular plants
Pteridophytes (ferns) Vascular tissues, roots
and leaves Life cycle dominated by
sporophyte stage Homospory Ferns and their relatives
True roots, leaves and stems
Lycophyta- club mosses Pterophyta- ferns, whisk
ferns, and horsetails
Haploid gametophyte (N)
Diploid sporophyte (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Maturesporophyte(2N)
Gametophyte(N)
Frond
Sperm
Egg
Spores(N)
Antheridium
Archegonium
Developingsporophyte(2N)
Sporophyteembryo(2N)
Maturegametophyte(N)
Younggametophyte(N)
Sporangium(2N)
Section 22-3The Life Cycle of a Fern
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First Seed Plants
Gymnosperms Vascular Heterospory Bear seeds on the surfaces of
cones Pollen Life cycle dominated by sporophyte
stage Four main phyla:
Ginkgo Ginko biloba
Cycads Resemble palms
Gnetophytes Vine-like plants Mormon tea
Conifers
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Section 24-1The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Cone scale
OvulesSeed cone
Pollen cone
Pollen grains (N)(male gametophytes)
Femalegametophyte
(N)
Ovule
Haploid cell (N)
Egg cells
Pollen tube
Sperm nucleus
Zygote (2N) (new sporophyte)Gametophyte tissue (N)
Embryo (2N)
Seed coat (old sporophyte)SeedGerminated seed
Seedling
Maturesporophyte
First flowering plants
Angiosperms Vascular Heterospory Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage Unique reproductive organs (flowers) Flowers contain ovaries which surround and
protect seeds Angiosperm = enclosed seed
After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit (thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed)
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Section 24-1The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Ovule
Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)(male gametophyte)
Pollentubes
Haploid cell(N)
Embryo sac (N)(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
SpermPollen tube
Endosperm nucleiEndosperm(3N)
Zygote(2N)FruitSeed coat
Endosperm
Embryo(2N)Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Maturesporophyte
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring
Taproot
Section 22-5
Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
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The Structure of a Flower Sepals at the base of the flower
are modified leaves that enclose the flower before it opens.
Petals lie inside the ring of sepals
Stamens, the male reproductive organs Stalk (the filament) and a
terminal sac (the anther) where pollen is produced.
Carpals are female reproductive organs At the tip of the carpal is a
sticky stigma that receives pollen.
A style leads to the ovary at the base of the carpal.
Ovules and, later, seeds are protected within the ovary.
FilamentAnther
StigmaStyle
Ovary
Carpel
PetalSepal
Ovule
Stamen
Reproduction of Seed Plants
Fruit Mature ovary Seed dispersion
Animals Wind and water
Types: Simple fruits: derived from a single ovary.
Fleshy, such as a cherry, or dry, such as a soybean pod. Aggregate fruit: results from a single flower with
several carpals. Blackberry
Multiple fruit: develops from an inflorescence, a tightly clustered group of flowers Pineapple