ms. papish’s ap united states government. what is foreign policy? the goals of the us government...
TRANSCRIPT
FOREIGN AND MILITARY POLICY
Ms. Papish’s AP United States Government
What is foreign policy?
The goals of the US government in regards to other nations. How do we achieve it?
Diplomacy (State Dept), economic aid, technical assistance.
Statements of goals or ideas End world poverty
Sometimes comprehensive efforts Foreign policy process begins with prez.
Influenced by cong and public debate.
What is Foreign Policy?
National Security Policy: to protect the independence and integrity of the US Defense against actual/potential threats.
Based on determinants from the Departments of Defense, State, National Security Council and others. NSC advises the president, and State.
Diplomacy: all of the external relationships Communications to summit mtgs. Settling of disputes/conflicts
Morality vs. Reality in FP We think that our actions should be guided
by our moral and political principals. Truman “The US should take the lead in running
the world in the way that it out to be run.” FP is rooted in moral idealism (see the world as
benign and willing to cooperate for the good of all) Nations should see the wrong in violating human
rights Usually unsuccessful because it assumes Western
morals and politics.
Morality vs. Reality in FP
Opposition to moral idealism is political realism World is dangerous, each nation tries to
survive and cater to it’s interests. FP should only focus on what's best for
USA US prepared to defend itself US should be willing to protect its interests IE: we can sell weapons to dictators that are
willing to support US policies, businesses, repel terrorism.
Both moral and political realism are used. Grant aid to trading partner but attaching
conditions
Who Make FP?
Struggle b/t President and Congress… Constitutional powers of Prez
“Preserve, protect, and defend” Commander in chief
All prez interpret this broadly. Since Washington, US has been in 125 undeclared
wars Negotiates treaties (2/3 congress) Executive agreements (95% of all
understandings since WWII) Appoint ambassadors Recognize foreign governments
Who Make FP?
Informal powers of Prez Access to information-> CIA, State Dept,
Defense Dept Influence amount of funds for some programs Can influence public opinion
Patriotism, fear. Usually get Americans behind him.
Can commit the nation morally to a course of actions Difficult for Congress or anyone to back down
on a commitment.
Who Make FP?
Other sources of FP Department of State- agency most
concerned with FP Supervises US relations with nations, UN
and multi-national groups Staffs embassies and consulates
throughout world Declined in preeminence since WWII Seen as slow, plodding, bureaucratic Changing since 9-11 AKA “The Department of Bad News”
Who Make FP?
National Security Council- advise the president on the integration of domestic, foreign, military polices relating to national security Tries to keep policy continuity from one
administration to the next. Prez, VP, Sec of State and Defense,
Chairperson of Joint Chiefs of Staff. Department of Defense- all the activities
of military under single civilian control Joint Chiefs of Staff created to form a unified
military strategy
Who Makes FP?
The Intelligence Community- 40 or more agencies involved Jan 24, 1978, Carter’s EO 12036 defined
the major members of the intelligence community CIA, NSA, DIA (Defense Intelligence
Agency), Dept of Defense, Bureau of Intelligence and Research @ State, FBI, Army, Air Force Intelligence, Dept of Treasury, DEA.
Limiting the Prez’s Power
Congress keeps trying to limit it. 1973 War Powers Resolution over
Nixon’s veto Limited use of troops w/o congressional
approval. Most presidents don’t actually “consult” Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush II,
Obama. Congress has limited prez’s requests
Angolan Rebels, government of El Salvador, B-1 bomber
Congress has taken initiative… Economic sanctions against South Africa
to end apartheid. Reagan vetoed, but it was overridden.
Domestic Sources of FP
Elite and mass opinion Business, education, communications,
labor, religion. Council on Foreign Relations work to
increase international cooperation. Elites encouraging debate
Generally effective with the attentive public, 10-20% that pay attention.
Domestic Sources of FP
The Military-Industrial Complex- the relationship between the defense establishment and arms manufacturers Defense contracts. Retired military officers become
executives After Cold War, began outsourcing.
Major FP Themes
The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements FP negative, FF mistrusted Europe.
1700-1800s, avoided Europe Monroe Doctrine continued into the 19th century
Expansionist in our hemisphere. 1803- LA Purchase 1839- Annex HI 1845- Annex TX 1847- Purchased AK
Spanish-American War and WWI ended the isolationism
Major FP Themes
The Era of Internationalism Dec 7, 1941… Pearl Harbor permanently
ended isolationism. After WWII
US was the only strong nation, economically. Only one with nukes
Cold War- deteriorated relations with SU Split German, created the Soviet Bloc, US
rearmed W. Europe US under the Truman Doctrine created a
Containment Policy
Major FP Themes
Superpower Relations. US vs. Soviets No actual fighting, only proxy wars
Korea (1950-3) and Vietnam (1954-74) Cuban Missile Crisis Détente at the end of the 1960s
Threat of nuclear war became real Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I):
Permanently limited development and deployment of ABMs
Major FP Themes
Reagan-Bush Years Reagan took a hard line, Star Wars in
1983. 1985, US and Soviet reestablished cultural
and scientific exchanges. 1987, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force
Treaty Dismantled 4,000 .
Bush continued negotiations 1992 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
(START): reduces the # of long range nuclear weapons.
Challenges in World Politics Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 Dec. 26, 1991, SU officially dissolved
Nuclear Proliferation No longer scared of nukes US and Russia continue to negotiate
dismantling 32,000 warheads in stock
Challenges in World Politics The New Power: China
Trying to engage in diplomatic and economic relationships Clinton increased outreach b/c China
allowed free enterprise Granted most-favored-nation status
Challenges in World Politics Global Economy
Intertwined with everyone. Stock crash in 1987. 1997-1998 Asia had issues… affected
America. US has a net trade deficit
We are a debtor nation 2000 EU became a major trading
partner. They are now going broke
Challenges in World Politics Terrorism- What is terrorism?
Weapon of choice in domestic/civil conflicts
If planned against foreign targets… make an international statement.
Buses parked near a terminal in central Baghdad were destroyed by two car bombs at 7:50 a.m. August 17.
Al-Qaeda Attacks
1993 World Trade Center bombing: Underground damage after the bombing
April 11, 2007 Algiers bombings. Two bombs exploded within a short time of each other, one at the prime ministers office and the other at a police station
The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack against the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000 while it was harbored and refueling in the Yemeni port of Aden. Seventeen American sailors were killed, and 39 were injured. This event was the deadliest attack against a U.S. Naval vessel since 1987.
Number of Terrorist Incidents
Other Terrorist Attacks 1920, 16 September: Wall Street Bombing killed 38 people and wounded 300 others 1920, 16 September: Wall Street Bombing killed 38 people and wounded 300 others 1920, 16 September: Wall Street Bombing killed 38 people and wounded 300 others
Irish Republican Army BombingsLeft Clockwise: The Grand Hotel, the South Key Hotel, and the Aftermath of Bloody Friday (22 Bombings in one day).
The Munich massacre is an informal name for events that occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually murdered by Black September, a militant group allegedly associated with Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization
Image of terrorist Khalid Jawad looking over the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at Building 31 of the Munich Olympic village. This is the most widely recognizable and iconic photo of the event
Israeli hostages Kehat Shorr (left) and
Andre Spitzer (right) talk to German officials during
the hostage crisis
Barajas Airport parking after the bomb
Repairs to the Balmaseda law courts after a bombing in 2006
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna or ETA (English: Basque Homeland and Freedom; pronounced), is an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization. The group was founded in 1959 and they evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group with the goal of gaining independence for the Greater Basque Country from a Marxist-Leninist perspective.
Theodore "Ted" John Kaczynski (born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (University and Airline Bomber), is an American mathematician and social critic, who carried out a campaign of deadly mail bombings. From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23. In his Industrial Society and Its Future (also called the "Unabomber Manifesto"), he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy in support of the Iranian Revolution
A group photograph of the former hostages in the hospital. The 52 hostages are spending a few days in the hospital after their release from Iran prior to their departure for the United States.
The Sarin attack on the Tokyo subway, usually referred to in the Japanese media as the Subway Sarin Incident, was an act of domestic terrorism perpetrated by members of Aum Shinrikyo on March 20, 1995.In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released sarin on several lines of the Tokyo Metro, killing thirteen people, severely injuring fifty and causing temporary vision problems for nearly a thousand others. The attack was directed against trains passing through Kasumigaseki and Nagatachō, home to the Japanese government. It was and remains the most serious attack to occur in Japan since the end of World War II
The Oklahoma City bombing was a bomb attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995 by Timothy McVeigh, an American militia movement sympathizer[citation needed] who detonated an explosive-filled truck parked in front of the building.
McVeigh about to exit the Perry, Oklahoma, courthouse on April 21, 1995
The 7 July 2005 London bombings, also known as 7/7, were a series of coordinated suicide attacks on London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. The bombings were carried out by four Muslim men, three of British Pakistani and one of British Jamaican descent, who were motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq War.
Number of fatalities
Aldgate 7
Edgware Road 6
Kings Cross 26
Tavistock Square 13
Suicide bombers 4
Total 56
Regional Conflicts
Haiti 1992, military regime ousted Jean-Bertrand
Aristide. Clinton installed sanctions and sent troops in 1994. Haiti still poor and corrupt.
Earthquake killed 100,000s. Cuba
1994, swarm of Cuban refugees. Clinton took away the open-door policy Helms-Burton Act- illegal to invest in gov
controlled business. Elian Gonzalez- US gov vs. Cubans in Miami.
Regional Conflicts
The Middle East US supports Israel, try to end the
Palestinian conflict Very hard to do!!!
All Arab states must recognize Israel Require Israelis to work with the PLO
(terrorists) Constantly opening talks, and then stopping
talks. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
Bush had to protect ally and oil. Saudi Arabia asked for troops. Did not oust
Saddam Hussein
Clockwise from top left: Protesters gathering in Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt; Demonstrators marching through Habib Bourguib Avenue in Tunis, Tunisia; Political dissidents in Sana'a, Yemen; Protesters gathering in Pearl Roundabout in Manama, Bahrain; Hundreds of Thousands in Douma, Damascus, Syria; Demonstrators in Bayda, Libya.
Regional Conflicts
Eastern Europe After the soviets, some became
democracies, some dictatorships. Yugoslavian Conflict
35,000 rapes