m.s. project report
TRANSCRIPT
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Access-Wiki
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Boston University
Himanshu Thapar
Advisor: Professor Thomas Little
February 15, 2013
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Prof. Thomas Little for his guidance and support throughout the semester. I
would also like to thank James Goebel for helping me install all the software required in the
Multimedia & Communications Laboratory. I would like to thank Prof. John Brackett for
reviewing my project and providing me with valuable suggestions.
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ABSTRACT
The combination of the limited mobility and inaccessible built environments position disabled
individuals at risk of exclusion from the opportunities and activities that many take for granted.While a trip to a store maybe a routine activity for a peripatetic (traveling on foot) person, for a
people who use a wheelchair, minor features of the built environment such as a curb or a small
step can prevent access. Therefore, there is a need to assist people with disabilities in navigating
urban environments by providing them with personalized accessible routes. Access-Wiki is web-
based system for assisting pedestrians of differing abilities to navigate through urban
environments. The PHP Web Application serves as an interface with the MySQL database and
maximizes the number of people who can use the application by serving it over the World Wide
Web.
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INTRODUCTION
Accessibility is an important issue in todays urban and built environments. Urban designers and
architects are actively developing new spaces that are easy for people to navigate. However,
retrofitting existing urban environments to assist people with disabilities in compliance with
legislation has proven to be difficult. For example, in attempt to facilitate ease of movement in
urban areas, municipalities have installed curb cuts at major intersections. While this effort has
made it easier for wheelchair users, it in turn made it more difficult for the visually impaired
person to identify where the sidewalk ended and the street began. While much work is being
completed in the planning realm, there is a need for furthering research to assessing the
accessibility of pedestrian networks and assisting people with disabilities in navigating urban
environments.
Access-Wiki is a World Wide Web-based geo-routing system that allows users to obtain optimal
pedestrian routes through a built environment. Similar to other navigational tools (Google
Map, Map Quest and Map Point), Access-Wiki allows users to select an origin and a
destination. However, in addition users are also able to search for specific POIs, which eases
their navigation further.
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PRELIMINARIES
PHP (v6.0):
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP
generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It
can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be
deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with
many relational database management systems.
PHP's principal focus is server-side scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting
languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's
ASP.NET system, Sun Microsystems' Java Server Pages, and mod_perl.
MySQL (phpMyAdmin 2.10.3):
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) and is popular for web
applications and acts as the database component of the LAMP, BAMP, MAMP, and WAMP
platforms (Linux/BSD/Mac/Windows-Apache-MySQL-PHP/Perl/Python). MySQL is written in
C and C++. To administer MySQL databases one can use the included command-line tool(commands: MySQL and mysqladmin) or the GUI administration tools: MySQL Administrator
and MySQL Query Browser.
Apache Web Server (v2.2.4):
Apache is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide
Web. The application is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including UNIX,
FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, TPF, and
eComStation. Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules
which extend the core functionality ranging from server-side programming language support to
authentication schemes. Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based
authentication databases, and content negotiation. It is also supported by several graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) which permit easier, more intuitive configuration of the server.
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HARDWARE
The hardware used in this project was the GPS enabled phone, which was used to capture the
images. We used the AT&T Tilt for this purpose. The theme of our application is geo-taggingimages and for this reason we needed a device which has a built-in GPS feature.
The configuration of the phone is as follows:
Operating System: Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional
Processor: Qualcomm MSM 7200 Chipset 400 MHz
Memory: 256 MB FLASH ROM / 128 MB SDRAM
Built-In Camera: 3 mega-pixel CMOS imagine sensor with AF and 10x Zoom, NO Flash
GPS: Qualcomm gpsOne A-GPS Chipset
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Hacking the TILT registry
The Tilt has a built-in GPS feature, which is turned off in the default factory-settings. The only
way we could have geo-tagged the images without the GPS feature was to take the images,physically record the address where the image was taken, and look-up the coordinates by using
some third party application or by recording the coordinates using an external GPS device. Both
these methods could be cumbersome, so instead we altered the registry and turned on the GPS
feature in Tilt.
We installed the PHM RegEdit, which is a free registry editor for Mobile and Smart phones. The
PHM software allows you to do the following tasks:
Explore the registry to find the operating system and applications configuration.
Modify system and applications tweaks not available from the standard options screens.
Export all or parts of the registry to .reg files.
Backup and restore the complete registry.
Perform search on the registry data.
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In order to get this feature working, go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\HTC\Camera\ and in the folder named P9 change the
value from 0 to1.
Once that is done it will give an option for GPS photo in the type of photo you can take in your
camera interface. Once you go to this option it will then initialize the embedded SIRF Star GPS
chip. Once the chip is initialized, the camera will grab the Latitude and Longitude from the
streaming NMEA (in the WGS 84 datum) and embed it into the EXIF header the moment the
photo is taken. It then saves the GPS tagged image in the My Documents folder in a folder
named My POI.
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SOFTWARE
The Server module is implemented on a Windows Desktop
Platform:
Windows XP, 1 GB RAMJ
phpMyAdmin 2.10.3
Apache Web Server 2.2.4
PHP 6.0
Dreamweaver 8.0
Running MySQL 5.0.4-dev
Components:
To achieve the functional and performance requirements, the Server module is implemented as
two main components:
Web Application
MySQL Database.
The requirement of having a GUI to show analyzed data using profile authentication for an end-
user is achieved using a Web Application developed in Dreamweaver 8.0.
The requirement of efficient data logging capabilities is achieved using a MySQL database.
The functional requirement of the server being able to retrieve and fetch pages is achieved
through the use of the Web Service component for which Apache Web Server is used.
The requirement of having the capability to properly analyze raw data added/uploaded by the
user, extract relevant information and convert the data into cooked values is implemented in the
Web service component.
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Components Architecture
The diagram below shows the components of the Server module and the overall architecture.
The Web Service performs operations on the user data and then stores the processeddata/information in a local Database server. The users PDA or laptop has a Web Application
with a Web interface (GUI) that would enable the user to authenticate his credentials and review
the information to get directions to a destination or to identify the access points and barriers in
his/her path.
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Web Application
The Web Application provides a user-friendly interface to the end-users. It takes processed data
from the database and shows them on the GUI according to user submitted query. It also enables
profile authentication before logging a user into the application.
The Web Application is 2-tier architecture as follows:
Presentation Layer - This layer contains the UI/Interface code and logic.
Data Access layer This layer contains the code to access the database and insert,
update and delete data. The SQL Queries for performing the insert/update/delete
functions are also implemented in this layer.
This architecture brings modularity into the Web Application such that if the database
implementation changes, which might happen if, further advancement in making this application
more scalable is made, the Presentation layer would remain unchanged.
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The user interface and the functionality provided by the Web Application are shown below:
Registering with Access-Wiki
This page is the landing page for the application.
We have implemented a very basic registration page with the basic details required from the
user. Details like Username, Full Name, Email Address and Password are only required for a
successful registration.
For incorporating a secure registration, we take care of the following details:
Every username is unique
No 2 users have the same email address
Confirm the authenticity of each email address; this is done by sending an email to the
user after the registration procedure is completed.
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The code snippet which achieves this functionality is in signup.php and is as follows:
if($_POST)
{ extract($_POST);
$quserexist = getSqlQuery("select * from users where username = '$username' || email='$email'");
$userexistresult = mysql_num_rows($quserexist);
$quserexistelse = getSqlQuery("select * from users where username = '$username'");$userexistresultelse = mysql_num_rows($quserexistelse);
$quserexistelse1 = getSqlQuery("select * from users where email='$email'");$eserexistresultelse1 = mysql_num_rows($quserexistelse1);
if($userexistresultelse>0 || $eserexistresultelse1>0 || $username=="" || $fullname=="" || !eregi("^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.
[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*(\.[a-z]{2,3})$", $email) || ($re_email != $email) || $password =="" ||
($password != $re_password) || $agree == "")
{
if($userexistresultelse>0) { $uexistcount="yes"; }
if($eserexistresultelse1>0) { $eexistcount="yes"; }if($username == "") { $userisempty="yes"; }
if($fullname == "") { $fullnameempty="yes"; }
if(!eregi("^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*(\.[a-z]{2,3})$", $email)) { $emailidempty ="yes"; }
if(($re_email != $email)) { $emailnotmatch="yes"; }
if($password == "") { $passwordisempty = "yes"; }
if($password != $re_password) { $retypepasswordnotmatch = "yes"; }
if($agree == "") { $agreeempty = "yes"; }} else {
function random_generator($digits)
{
srand ((double) microtime() * 10000000);
//Array of alphabets
$input = array ("A", "B", "C", "D", "E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q",
"R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z");
$random_generator="";// Initialize the string to store random numbers
for($i=1;$i
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Logging into Access-wiki
This page authenticates the user before he/she can view their respective profile. Thus the
application can support multiple user profiles.
After the user has successfully registered, they can login into their account. At this time, we
confirm their details by comparing the values from the database.
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The code snippet which does this is in verifylogin.php and is:
$qAdmin = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE username= '".$_POST['username']."' AND password= '".
$_POST['password']."' AND status =1";
$rsAdmin = getSqlQuery($qAdmin);
$no_rows = getSqlNumber($qAdmin);
if ($no_rows > 0){
$resAdmin = getSqlFetch($rsAdmin);
session_start(); //start a sessiion
$_SESSION['userid'] = $resAdmin['user_id'];
$_SESSION['username'] = $resAdmin['username'];
if($_POST['remember'] == '1') {
setcookie('username',$_POST['username'],time()+ 60 * 60 * 24 * 365,"/");
setcookie("password", $_POST['password'], time()+ 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");setcookie("save",$_POST['remember'] , time()- 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");
setcookie("save",$_POST['remember'] , time()+ 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");
} else {
setcookie("username", "", time()-60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");setcookie("password", "", time()-60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");
setcookie("save",$save12 , time()- 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");
setcookie("save",$save12 , time()+ 60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "/");
}
header("location:view.php");
exit;
}else{
header("location:login.php?msg=error");
}
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Different features inside Access-Wiki
This is the homepage of any particular user, i.e. the page after you login to the system.
After a user logins into their account, they have the following 3 options:
Home Folder - Access their Home Folder
Map Me - Get directions to/from an address
Search POIs - Search for Points of Interests within a particular radius of a zip code or
address
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Home Folder
This page is the users Home Folder, where a list of images uploaded by the user is maintained.
Within the home folder we maintain a list of all the images that are uploaded by the user. In this
section, the user can either upload a new image or edit an existing image. They can also add
some text to the image to provide details which can be useful to other users.
Also, once a new image is being uploaded we extract the EXIF information in the backend. We
check if the image has any location information associated with it.
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The code snippet responsible for uploading images:
if($_POST){
extract($_POST);
if($new_action == 'new'){$image= $_FILES['image']['name'];
$sqlnumquery = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM uploadedimages WHERE image = '$image'");$sqlnumber = mysql_num_rows($sqlnumquery);
if( $sqlnumber
if(confirm("You will not be able to view this image in Map as there is no Exif data. Do you still want to
continue?")){
} else
{
document.location.href = 'maps.php?act=new&nogps&dtnew=';
}
For all the images that we have this extra information, can be viewed in the Map. So the user can
check all such images and place them in the Map. Also when a new image is being uploaded we
ask the user to specify a category that the image belongs to. The reason for this is so that we can
differentiate between these images and also if some other user is only interested in a particular
category, we can only show them images of their interest.
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The code snippet for viewing an image in the Map:
for($e=0;$e
var WINDOW_HTML = '
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Map Me
This page is used by the users for getting driving/walking directions from/to any destination.
In this section of the application, the user can get directions to/from any address. For this section,
we have integrated Google Maps into our website. The entire direction functionality is provided
by the Google API code. This consists of both the driving and walking directions. However in
the case of walking directions, we have included a certain piece of code which checks if these
walking directions are the shortest route. The reason for this being that the Google API checks
for sidewalks and pathways in walking directions, however does not confirm if they are available
or not. So in the application we get these directions and verify if it is the shortest route between
the 2 points. If not, we neglect these directions and get the one which provides the shortest route.
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The code snippet for obtaining directions:
var map;
var gdir;
var lsc;
var geocoder = null;
var addressMarker;var startPoint = new GLatLng(-0, +0);
var polygon;
function initialize() {
if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) {
map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas"));
map.addControl(new GSmallMapControl());
map.addControl(new GMapTypeControl());
map.setCenter(startPoint, 15);
gdir = new GDirections(map, document.getElementById("directions"));
GEvent.addListener(gdir, "load", onGDirectionsLoad);GEvent.addListener(gdir, "error", handleErrors);
var options = {
suppressInitialResultSelection : true
};
lsc = new google.maps.LocalSearch();
map.addControl(new google.maps.LocalSearch(options));
setDirections("", "", "");
}
}
function setDirections(fromAddress, toAddress, locale12) {
if(locale12 == 'G_TRAVEL_MODE_DRIVING') {
var travel=gdir.load("from: " + fromAddress + " to: " + toAddress,
{travelMode:G_TRAVEL_MODE_DRIVING});
} else {
gdir.load("from: " + fromAddress + " to: " + toAddress, {travelMode:G_TRAVEL_MODE_WALKING});
}
}
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Search POIs
In this part of the application, we assist the user in finding Points of their interest. The idea
behind this is that a person with a particular disability can prepare themselves in advance for
some access or barrier before visiting the place.
The way this works is, the user provides with an address or zip code. Then they mention a radius
they are interested in around this point. So what they can do now is actually search for some
attribute within this radius.
Example: A person on wheelchair is interested in going to Fenway Park for a Red Sox game.
They have never been to that neighborhood before and are not aware of the directions and other
information. In that case, they can get the directions to Fenway Park by using any application
such as Google Maps, Map Quest or they can have an automobile GPS system. Then if they need
additional information like finding exactly where the Handicapped Parking area is, where the
automated door entrance is, and other information like this, all they can do is access the Fenway
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Park website which may or may not provide this information. So in our application we try to
combine both these features of getting the directions and finding that extra piece of information.
All the user has to do is mention Fenway park, Boston and then mention a particular radius
around it like 3 miles, 5 miles and search for particular attributes within this radius like
Parking Lots, Entrances/Exits, Rest Areas, Elevator access, Side-Walks, Curb cuts and so on. At
this point, we give the directions to the user and also show them all the information that we have
in the database regarding these attributes. At this point, the user can also see a panorama view
generated which gives the actual satellite view of the area. This view is the Street View feature
from Google. But the way we enhance it is, that we restrict the scope of this Street View to the
search radius desired by the user and so the resolution of it increases substantially.
The code for this entire functionality is in the sop.php file and a snippet of couple of its functions
are as follows:
// ----------------------------------------
function searchgeo(){
address = $("#searchval").val();
if(address == ""){alert('please enter address.');
return ;
}
dirObj.clear();
geocoder.getLocations(address, function(resp){
if ( ! resp || resp.Status.code != 200) {
alert("Status Code:" + response.Status.code);
return ;
}
if (resp.Status.code == 200){
if(currentLocation){map.removeOverlay(currentLocation);
}
place = resp.Placemark[0];
point = new GLatLng(place.Point.coordinates[1], place.Point.coordinates[0]);
marker = new GMarker(point);
currentLocation = marker;map.addOverlay(marker);
map.setCenter(point, map.getZoom());redrawPoly();
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}
}
);
}
// --------------------------------------
function loadjson(s){
if(s.data.length == 0){
alert('No records found!!');
return;
}
for(i = 0; i < s.data.length; i ++ ){
point = new GLatLng(parseFloat(s.data[i].lat), parseFloat(s.data[i].lng));
icon = new GIcon();
icon.image = "images/newicon.png";
icon.iconSize = new GSize(22, 22);
icon.shadowSize = new GSize(22, 22);icon.iconAnchor = new GPoint(6, 15);
icon.infoWindowAnchor = new GPoint(5, 1);
marker = new GMarker(point, icon);
marker.id = s.data[i].iid;
marker.img = s.data[i].img;
marker.imt = s.data[i].imt;
marker.imd = s.data[i].imd;smarkers.push(marker);
amarkers.push(marker);map.addOverlay(marker);
markerevents(marker);
marker.hide();
}
}
// -----------------------------------------
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Database
The database serves as the repository for analyzed data gathered from the uploaded information
by the user.
The database consists of 5 main Tables:
tbl_user - Contains the account information of the user
tbl_uploadedimages Maintains the list of images uploaded by the user
tbl_imgdata Maintains the Image Id, latitude and longitude by extracting this
information from the images
tbl_imagetypes Maintains the type of image uploaded by the user which is mainly
categorized into 2 types: Access Points or Barriers
tbl_admin Customizable table for the admin to store metadata which can be used in the
future
The database diagram is shown below:
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Database Implementation
For implementing the database we use the GUI tool phpMyAdmin v2.10.3. This is a very
interactive tool where we can import sql files or write the sql query to create the database and itssubsequent tables.
We name our database maps and create it through the UI option provided in this tool. Within
this database created, we write sql queries to implement 5 tables within maps.
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tbl_usr Users table
In this table we store all the information pertaining to the user like user name, Full name, email
address and password. We make sure that each user has a unique user name and no email address
is repeated in any 2 accounts. The primary key in this table is the User Id.
The query for implementing this table and the screenshot is as follows:
CREATE TABLE `users` (
`user_id` int(55) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`username` varchar(55) NOT NULL default '',
`fullname` varchar(55) NOT NULL default '',
`email` varchar(55) NOT NULL default '',
`password` varchar(55) NOT NULL default '',
`verify` varchar(111) NOT NULL default '',
`status` varchar(55) NOT NULL default '',
PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=22 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
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tbl_uploadedimages Uploaded Images table
In this table we maintain a list of all the images uploaded in Access-Wiki. To identify which
image belongs to which user we have included the user_id as one of the indexes.
Also the permissions in this table are as such any user is free to view any image in this table.
Also once the image is successfully uploaded, we dont save the actual copy of the image in the
table since this could increase the size of the database drastically and would be a major
performance hit. Instead we maintain a link to the image where it is saved on the server. For
instance, we create a temporary copy of the image somewhere in the root directory, in our case in
a folder called Google Images. In this way we save that extra space and also a reliable way of
saving the image is achieved.
The query for this table is as follows:
CREATE TABLE `uploadedimages` (
`id` int(111) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`userid` int(111) NOT NULL default '0',
`image` varchar(111) NOT NULL default '',
`date` date NOT NULL default '0000-00-00',
`status` tinyint(11) NOT NULL default '0',`imagetype` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
`description` text NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=69 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
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tbl_imgdata Image data table
In this table we maintain a list of the GPS coordinates associated with each uploaded image.
While the upload is happening, we extract the GPS coordinates in the backend using php
exif_read_data() function, analyze it in a way in which it is easy to store these values and place it
in the table. As these values are associated with an uploaded image, we have the image_id as one
of the indexes. Also it is possible that an image without this information is uploaded, in that case
we put in garbage values in the table which cannot be plotted on the map (even 0, 0 makes sense
and cannot be used here).
The query for this table is:
CREATE TABLE `imgdata` (
`id` int(111) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`imgid` int(111) NOT NULL default '0',
`lat` varchar(111) NOT NULL default '',
`lon` varchar(111) NOT NULL default '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=56 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
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tbl_imagetypes Active attributes table
In this table, we maintain a list of all the attributes that are offered to the users in the application.
We have an index called status, the value of which indicates if the attribute is active or not. A
value of 1 indicates active and a value of 0 indicates that it is not being offered at that particular
time. The general lists of attributes that are always maintained in this table are Parking Lots,
Curb cuts, Rest Areas, Public transport, etc.
A very simple script is required in case we need to add or delete any attribute.
The query for creating this table is:
CREATE TABLE `imagetypes` (`imetypeid` int(111) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`imagetype` varchar(111) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',PRIMARY KEY (`imetypeid )
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=11 ;
Also we have some attributes in the application which are active. For this purpose, we need to
insert some data into this table. The query for this is as follows:
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (1, 'Parking Lot', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (2, 'Curb Cut', 1);INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (3, 'Rest Area / Parks', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (4, 'Entrances / Exits', 1);INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (5, 'Public Transport', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (6, 'Construction Sites', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (8, 'Stairs w/o railings', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (9, 'Elevator', 1);
INSERT INTO `imagetypes` VALUES (10, 'Side-Walks', 1);
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tbl_admin Admins table
This is a restricted access table which is only available to the admin/s of the application. The
admin has special privileges to add/delete users, edit another users content, add/delete attributes,
and save any metadata that can be useful in the future development of the application.
The query is as follows:
CREATE TABLE `admin` (
`admin_id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`admin_fname` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`admin_lname` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`admin_password` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`admin_email` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`admin_dor` date NOT NULL default '0000-00-00',
`admin_type` int(11) NOT NULL default '0',
`admin_status` tinyint(1) NOT NULL default '0',
PRIMARY KEY (`admin_id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=34 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
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Conclusion
We have achieved a stable framework, a platform where the user can interact with the system.
The user can register, upload images, add useful text for the images and edit the information. Wealso have the code in place where we can extract the GPS coordinates from these images, convert
them to the desirable format and tag these images in the Map.
The user can get driving directions from/to any destination, which has been achieved by
embedding Google Maps in the application. The user can also opt for walking directions, which
makes sure that the user has access to pedestrian pathways for most of the route. The user can
search for various attributes which can help them prepare in advance for any barrier in their way
of travel. The accuracy of making sure that the user has this access is between 85 to 90% right
now.
Future Work
Access-Wiki is designed for both planning purposes and to assist disabled people to identify
access points and barriers in their routes trying to reduce the obstacles they have to face daily.
There is a lot of research going on with respect to this particular application but there is still
much work to do in order to better route disabled people as a whole through urban environments.
As this is a Wiki model, we need to increase the information in the database, so that users can get
all kinds of information that they expect.
Also, the resolution of the application is at the street level as of now. We would want to increase
that to 3-dimensional and also provide coverage inside building structures. But for this, we are
also limited by the GPS technology. However further advancements in that field will also add to
the betterment of Access-Wiki.