m.sc. botany syllabus (cbcs) i semester …. botany syllabus (cbcs) i semester core papers: ......

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M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER Core Papers: PS01CBOT01: Cell & Molecular Biology PS01CBOT02: Bioinstrumentation PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution Elective Papers: Any one paper from the list PS01CBOT04: Practicals of PS01CBOT01and PS01CBOT02 PS01CBOT05: Practicals of PS01CBOT03and PS01EBOT01 PS01CBOT06: Viva voce II SEMESTER Core Papers: PS02CBOT01: Biology and Diversity of lower plants (Algae,Bryophytes & Pteridophytes) PS02CBOT02: Taxonomy & Diversity of seed plants PS02CBOT03: Mycology & Plant pathology Elective Papers: Any one paper from the list PS02CBOT04: Practicals of PS02CBOT01and PS02CBOT02 PS02CBOT05: Practicals of PS02CBOT03and PS02EBOT01 PS02CBOT06: Viva voce III SEMESTER Core: PS03CBOT01: Plant Development & Reproduction PS03CBOT02: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry PS03CBOT03: Environmental & Ecological principles Elective Paper : Any one paper from the list PS03CBOT04: Practicals of PS03CBOT01and PS03CBOT02 PS03CBOT05: Practicals of PS03CBOT03and PS03EBOT01 PS03CBOT06: Viva voce IV SEMESTER Core papers: PS04CBOT01: Plant Biotechnology PS04CBOT02: Medical Botany & Phytochemistry Elective Papers: Any two papers from the list PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02 PS04CBOT04: Practicals of PS04EBOT01and PS04EBOT02

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Page 1: M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER …. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER Core Papers: ... PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution ... Pteridophytes)

M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS)

I SEMESTER Core Papers:

PS01CBOT01: Cell & Molecular Biology PS01CBOT02: Bioinstrumentation PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution

Elective Papers: Any one paper from the list

PS01CBOT04: Practicals of PS01CBOT01and PS01CBOT02 PS01CBOT05: Practicals of PS01CBOT03and PS01EBOT01 PS01CBOT06: Viva voce II SEMESTER Core Papers: PS02CBOT01: Biology and Diversity of lower plants (Algae,Bryophytes & Pteridophytes) PS02CBOT02: Taxonomy & Diversity of seed plants PS02CBOT03: Mycology & Plant pathology Elective Papers: Any one paper from the list PS02CBOT04: Practicals of PS02CBOT01and PS02CBOT02 PS02CBOT05: Practicals of PS02CBOT03and PS02EBOT01 PS02CBOT06: Viva voce III SEMESTER Core:

PS03CBOT01: Plant Development & Reproduction PS03CBOT02: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry PS03CBOT03: Environmental & Ecological principles

Elective Paper : Any one paper from the list PS03CBOT04: Practicals of PS03CBOT01and PS03CBOT02 PS03CBOT05: Practicals of PS03CBOT03and PS03EBOT01 PS03CBOT06: Viva voce IV SEMESTER Core papers:

PS04CBOT01: Plant Biotechnology PS04CBOT02: Medical Botany & Phytochemistry

Elective Papers: Any two papers from the list

PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02 PS04CBOT04: Practicals of PS04EBOT01and PS04EBOT02

Page 2: M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER …. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER Core Papers: ... PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution ... Pteridophytes)

PS04CBOT05: Viva voce OR

PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02 PS04CBOT04: Dissertation PS04CBOT05: Viva voce

List of Elective Papers PSCOEBOT01: Biostatistics PSCOEBOT02: Phytoresource utilization & conservation PSCOEBOT03: Microtechniques PSCOEBOT04: Systematic Botany PSCOEBOT05: Horticulture PSCOEBOT06: Bioinformatics PSCOEBOT07 : Wood Biology PSCOEBOT08: Bioethics, Bio safety and IPR PSCOEBOT09: Research Methodology

Page 3: M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER …. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER Core Papers: ... PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution ... Pteridophytes)

I SEMESTER

PS01CBOT01: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An overview of cell organization; Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cell. Experimental approaches for studying cells : Various types of light microscopy, Electron microscopy, fixation and staining, cytochemical methods and cell fractionation (flow cytometry) Cell organization: Structure and functions of membranes, nucleus, Chlroplast, Mitochondria, Endoplastic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes. The cytoskeleton and cell motility – Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Cell cycle and cell division. Nucleic acids as carries of genetic information; Physical properties and structure of DNA and RNA. Replication of DNA : Enzyme and proteins involved in replication. DNA repair mechanisms. Transcription of DNA, post transcriptional modifications of RNA and control of transcription. Genetic code and its properties. Translation of RNA in pro and eukaryotes. Control of translation and protein targeting. References Books:

Molecular biology of the cell, 1994 : By Bruce Alberts et al; Garland publishing New York. Cell and molecular biology, 1999 : By Gerald Karp, John Wiley, London. Cell and molecular biology, 1987 : By DeRobertis and DeRobertis, Lee and Febiger, Washington. Molecular cell biology, 2000 : By Lodish et al; W. H. Freeman & Company, Newyork.

PS01CBOT02: BIOINSTRUMENTATION

Electrochemistry: pH and buffers, potentiometric and conductometric titration.

Principle and application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, cytophotometry and flow cytometry. Preparation of microbial, animal and plant samples for microscopy. Principle methodology and applications of gel – filtration, ion –exchange and affinity chromatography; Thin layer and gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography, FPLC. Electrophoresis: Principle and applications of Native and SDS PAGE; Agarose and 2D gel electrophoresis.

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Spectroscopy: UV, visible, IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy; MS and MALDI-TOF. Electrophoresis: Principle and applications of Native, SDS, Agarose and 2D gel electrophoresis. Centrifugation: Basic principle and application; Differential, density and Ultracentrifugation. Principle of biophysical method and used for analysis of biopolymer structure; X ray diffraction, flurorescence, Principle and applications of tracer technique in biology: Radioactive Isotopes and half life of isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system; autoradiography; cerenkov radiation; radiation dosimetry; scintillation counting. Biosensors: Principle and application References: Instrumental method of chemical analysis -Sharma BK Instrumental methods of analysis- DA Skoog An introduction to practical Biochemistry -Plummer Instrumentation -Chatwal and Anand Modern experimental Biology- Boyer Sadasivam, S. and A. Manickam : Biochemical Methods. 2nd edition. New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delh. Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C. W. Pratt : Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons, Inc. New York.

Wilson and J. Walker. Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry

D. R. Browning. Spectroscopy :

H. H. Willard et al. Instrumental methods of analysis.

D. Freifelder Physical Biochemistry

S. C. Gupta. Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Pub. House. J. Medhi. Statistical Methods an introductory text. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers. P. S. S. Sudar Rao & J. Richard. An introduction to biostatistics. Prentice Hall of India. N. Delhi.

PS01CBOT03: GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION

Genetics Fundamentals of Genetics: Mendelian analysis, Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, The principle of segregation, Test cross and back cross; The principle of Independent assortment, pedigree analysis. Chromosome structure and function; Probability & Statistics in Genetics: Probability in genetic analysis; probability of combination of events, mutually exclusive events, use of binomial distribution in Genetics; The Chi-square goodness of fit test and its use in Genetics. Interaction of genes: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, lethal genes, epistasis, pleiotropy polygenic traits and quantitative inheritance; Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance: Transmission of sex- linked traits, sex determination; Linkage and

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chromosome mapping and its significance: Linkage, Crossing over- two point crosses, three–point crosses tetrad analysis, chromosome maps.

Maternal effects and cytoplasmic inheritance: Maternal effects in snails, Streptomycin resistance in Chlamydomonas, mitochondrial mutations in yeast, Kappa particles in paramecium, plastid inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, male sterility in plants; Alterations in chromosome number and structure: Ploidy: Aneuploidy and euploidy, polyploidy and its significance: alteration in chromosome structure: Deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations; Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagens, molecular basis of mutations; transposable elements; Reverse mutations & suppressor mutations.

Plant Breeding:

History, methods and objectives of plant breeding; Present status and future prospects; Origin, domestication and introduction of crop plants; Modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction, determination of mode of reproduction in a species, modes of pollination, mechanism of pollination control, self incompatibility, male sterility; Breeding in self pollinate crops; Hybridization: History, objectives and procedures in hybridization, consequences of hybridization; Polyploidy in plant breeding; application of polyploidy in crop improvement and its limitations.

Evolution:

Introduction, Fundamental Evolutionary process. The elemental forces of Evolution. The sources of variation. The role of Natural Selection, Evidence of organic Evolution & theories of organic evolution.

Result of evolution adaptive; Evolutionary devergence : Plant diversity as a result of evolution, Isolating mechanisms.

Reference Books :

Strickberger M. W. Genetics. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing co. New York.

Robert Weaber & Philip W. Hedrick. Basic Genetics, Second Edition. W. M. C. Brown Publishers Dubuque lowq.

Anna C. Pal & Helen M. Roberts. Genetics – its concepts & implications, Prentic – Hall Inc. Engle clifts, New Jersey. USA

Edmund W. Sinnot, L. C. Dunn & T. Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics. McGraw Hill Book company Inc. New York, USA.

A. M. Sr & R. W. Owen. General Genetics, W. H. Freeman & Company, Sanfrancisco.

P. K. Gupta, Genetics. Rastogi Publications. Shivaji Road Meerut, India.

Stebbins G. L. Variation & Evolution in plant.

G. Ledyard Stebbins. Process of organic Evolution.

Jay M. Savage. Evolution

Edward O. Dodson. Evolution : Process & Product.

Page 6: M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER …. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS) I SEMESTER Core Papers: ... PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution ... Pteridophytes)

Paul Amos Moody. Introduction to Evolution.

Elective paper

Any one paper from the list

BOT – 405: Practicals of BOT 401 and BOT 402 BOT – 406: Practicals of BOT 403 and BOT 404 BOT – 407: Viva voce

SEMESTER II PS02CBOT01: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS (Algae,Bryophytes & Pteridophytes) Archebacteria and eubacteria: General account; ultra structure, nutrition and reproduction biology and economic importance; cyanobacteria – salient features and biological importance. Phycology: Algae in diversified habits (terrestrial, freshwater, marine); thallus organization; cell ultra structure; reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); criteria for classification of algae: pigments, reserve food, flagella; Phycology: Classification, salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; algal blooms. Bryophyta: Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history; distribution; classification; general account of Marchantiales; Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphangales, Funariales and Polytrichales; economic and ecological importance.

Pteridophyta : Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; classification; evolution of stele; heterospory and origin of seed habit; general account of fossil pteriodophyta; Introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.

Reference Books:

Kumar, H. D. Introductory Phycology. Affilated East-West Press Ltd., New Delhi.

Parihar, N. S. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

Puri, P. Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.

Round, F. E. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sporne, K. K. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B. I. Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.

Stewart, W. N. and Rathwell, G. W. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press.

PS02CBOT02: TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS

GYMNOSPERMS

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Introduction to Gymnosperms, the vessel-less and fruitless seed plants varying in the structure of their sperms, pollen grains, pollen germination and the complexity of their female gametophyte; evolution of gymnosperms. Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Structure and reproduction in Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.

ANGIOSPERMS

The species concept: taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Salient features of the international code of botanical nomenclature. Taxonomic evidence: morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology; phytochemistry; genome analysis and nucleic acid hybridization. Taxonomic tools: Herbarium; floras; histological, cytological, phytochemical, serological, biochemical and molecular techniques; computers and GIS.

Systems of angiosperm classification: phenetic versus phylogenetic systems; cladistics in taxonomy; relative merits and demerits of major systems of classification. Concepts of phytogeography: endemism, hotspots and hottest hotspots; plant explorations; invasions and introductions; local plant diversity and its socio-economic importance.

Reference Books:

Bhatnagar,S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. Gurcharan Singh. Plant systematics: Theory and Practice Heywood (ed.) Modern Methods in Plant Taxonomy Jeffery, C. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy Jones, S.B., Luchsinger, A.L.1987. Plant Systematics Judd, W.S; Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A; Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach Lawrence, G.H.M. Vascular Plant Systematics Nordenstam, B., EI Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. 2000. Plant systematics for 21st century. Radford, A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics Solbrig, O.T.1970. Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics Sporne, K. Morphologhy of gymnosperms Stace, C. A.1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics Stebins, G.L. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Turrill, W.B. Vistas in Botany vol. IV (Recent Researches in Plant Taxonomy) Woodland, D.W. Contemporary plant systematics.

PS02CBOT03: MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY

Introduction to fungi: History and classification of fungi. Life cycle,

morphology, structure and reproduction in Myxomycotina, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina; Lichens: growth forms and reproductive structures.

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Techniques for mushroom cultivation: Schedule and systems of cultivation;

composting; peak heating; spawn preparation and mushroom strains; spawning and mycelial growth; supplementation; cultivation techniques from casing to ruffling and recovery growth to harvesting; pests and diseases, its protection.

Introduction to plant pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insect pests.

Introduction to plant pathology. Detailed study on symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and control of the following fungal diseases of plants. Late blight; powdery mildew; smuts, rusts; blast, red rot and tikka diseases.

Symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and control of bacterial and viral diseases with reference to leaf blight, leaf spot, canker, brown rot, mosaic diseases in plants. Host-pathogen interactions: Pathogen attack strategies; plant defense mechanisms; HR and SAR in plant defense. Molecular mechanisms in plant defense. References: Alexopoulus, C. J., Mims, C. W. and Blackwel, M., Introductory Mycology, John

Wiley & Sons Inc.

Mandahar, C. L. Introduction to Plant Viruses. Chand & Co. Ltd., Delhi.

Mehrotra, R. S. and Aneja, R. S. An Introduction to Mycology. New Age Intermediate

Press.

Rangaswamy, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India.

Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh R S. Plant diseases. 6th edition. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi

Singh R.S. Principles of plant pathology. 3rd edition. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi

III SEMESTER PS03CBOT01: PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION

Introduction to growth and development of higher plants:

The major groups of plants; The structure of higher plants – The cell, meristems; simple tissue; complex tissues and tissue systems – Protective systems, Absorbing systems, Supporting systems, Photosynthesic systems, Storage systems, Transporting systems; Secretory and Excretory systems, Aerating systems; Movement systems of positional perception, Intra-organismal communication systems. Concepts of plant growth and development from an organismal perspective.

Seed to seedling: Seed germination, seedling growth. Seedling to adult plant – Primary vegetative body of the plant: Growth and Differentiation of the shoot, leaf and root; Secondary body of the plant: The vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, periderm.

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Reproduction : Floral evocation and development of the floral meristem, formation of floral organs, Microsporogenesis and formation of the male gametophyte, Megasprogenesis and formation of the embryo sac, Pollen-pistill interaction and fertilization. Seed and Fruit formation: Endosperm development and embryogenesis, Fruit growth and ripening, Dormancy of seeds and buds. Alternative Development strategies: Embryonic development of somatic cells and pollen grains, Abnormal Growth. Reference Books : Carlquist, S. Comparative Wood Anatomy, Springer – Verlag, Berlin. Cutter, D. F., Applied Plant Anatomy, Logman, London. Cutter, E. G. Plant Aatomy : Experiment and Interpretation : Part 2 – Orgnas.

Edward Arnold, London. Cutter, E. G., Plant Anatomy : Part – 1 Cells and Tissues, 2nd Edition, Edward

Arnold, London. Eames, A. J. and Mac Daniels, L. H. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition,

McGraw – Hill, New York. Fahn, A., Plant Anatomy, 4th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Ltd. Fosket, D. E., Plant Growth and Development : A Molecular Approach. Academic

press, San Diego. Kozolowski, T. T., Growth and Development of Trees. Vols. I and II. Academic

Press, New York. Lyndon, R. F., Plant Development: The cellular basis. Unwin Hyman, London. Maheswari, P. An Introduction to the Embryology of Agiosperms. McGraw-Hill Book

Co., New York. Mauseth, J. D. Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. California. Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2nd Edition Vol – III,

Clarendon Press, Oxford. Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledos, Vols.I and II, Clarendon

Press, Oxford. Murphy, T. M. and Thompson, W. F. Molecular Plant Development, Prentice Hall,

New Jersey. Peter, W., Jeske, H., Jurgens, G. ,Kloppstech, K. and Link, G. Molecular Plant

Development: from gene to plant. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY. Raghavan, V. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book

Co., NY. Raghavan, V. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer – Verlag, NY. Romberger, J. A., Hejnowicz, Z. and Hill, J. F. Plant Structure : Function and

Development : A Treatise on Anatomy and Vegetative Development, with special reference to woody plants, Springer – Verlag, NY

Zimmerman, M. H. and Brown, C. L. Trees – Structure and Function, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

PS03CBOT02: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Plant Physiology

Plant and water relations - Water potential, Absorption of water by land plants,

Transpiration

Mineral Nutrition and Translocation in plants

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General functions of Essential elements, Nutrient roles and deficiency symptoms;

Mineral salt absorption and transport.

Ascent of sap, Mechanism of ascent of sap, phloem transport

Photosynthesis - Light and pigments; Light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis;

Carbon metabolism – The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) cycle; Activation

and regulation of the PCR cycle, The C4 syndrome, Crustacean Acid Metabolism

(CAM), Regulation of C4 photosynthesis and CAM; Translocation and distribution of

photoassimilates, Photorespiration, Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis .

Respiration - Organization of mitochondrial electron transport system in plants,

cyanide resistant pathway and alternative oxidase, its role in regulation of

mitochondrial electron transport. Transport of metabolites across mitochondrial

membrane. Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway and its significance.

Gluconeogenesis. Anaerobic respiration.

Physiology of flowering & Vernalization

Photomorphogenesis: Phytochrome, Physiological effects of Phytochrome,

mechanism of Phytochrome action. Temperature and Plant Development: Influence

of temperature on growth and plant distribution and development. Photoperiodism

and Rhythmic Phenomena: the Biological Clock, Genetic approaches to

photoperiodism, and rhythms.

Plant growth regulators : Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins,

gibberellins, Cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, Polyamines,

Salicylic acid hormone receptors, signal transduction and gene expression.

Physiology of fruit ripening, senescence and abscission.

Physiology of plants under stress: Water stress, Temperature stress, Salt stress,

Plant Biochemistry:

Carbohydrates - Structural interconversions and functions. Biosynthesis and

metabolism of polysaccharides., Cell wall architecture and its componenets

Lipids- Biosynthesis and metabolism of lipids with reference to membrane, structural

and storage lipids. Storage and mobilization of lipids.

Proteins –Biosynthesis, translocation, storage and degradation

Enzymes – Major groups; distribution of plant enzymes; functional

compartmentation; soluble and membrane bound enzymes; purification; localization

of enzymes

Phenolic metabolism – Shikimate /arogenate pathway, Phenylamine /

hydroxycinnamate pathway, Flavonids, Lignins, Tannins and quinones

Nitrogen metabolism – Non-Biological and Biological Nitrogen fixation,

Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen fixation in Cyanobacteria.

References:

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Hopkins, W. G., Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W., Plant Physiology, 4th Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company, California.

Marschner, H., Water relations of plants. Academic Press, New York. Briggs, W. R. (ed.) Plant hormones. Klywer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Kendrick, R. E. and Kroenber, G. H. M., Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd Edition,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Thomas, B. and Vince-Prue, D. Photoperodism in plants, 2nd Edition. Academic

Press, San Dieo. Thimann, K. V. Senescence in plants, CRC Press, Florida. Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. Seeds: Physiology of development and germination.

Plenum, New York. Levitt, J. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Academic Press, New

York. Dey, P. M. & Harborne, J. B. (Eds.) 1997. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press,

London Heldt, H. 2005. Plant Biochemistry (3rd Edn.) Indian Reprint, Elsevier, New Delhi. Dennis, D. T., D. H. Turpin, D. D. Lefebvre and D. B. Layzell : Plant Metabolism.

Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England. Doby, G.: Plant Biochemistry. Inter Science Publishers, New York Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson and M. M. cox 2000: Principles of Biochemistry. CBS

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Witham et. al. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand Renhold Company,

New York. Meidner, H. Class experiments in Physiology. George Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd.,

London Kalra, Y. P. (ed.). Hand book of reference methods for plant analysis. CRC Press,

USA.

PS03CBOT03: ENVIRONMENTAL & ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

Environment and Ecology: Concept of Biosphere, its components, development and functioning, Ecological considerations; population growth; Limiting factors and their operation; Ecological balances and survival thresholds; Need for preservation of environmental quality.

Ecosystems and their functioning: Structural and functional attributes of Ecosystem; Biogeochemical cycles; Natural succession; Dynamic equilibrium and factors contributing to it; Major Ecosystems on Earth; Habitat and Niche; Diversity and stability in the ecosystem.

Impact of human activities on Environment: Over exploitation of natural resources including biological resources; indiscriminate agriculture; big dams; mining; urbanization and industrialization.

Environmental Pollution and Treatment: Atmospheric pollution; water pollution; land degradation; Pollution and Environmental Health.

Fossil fuels and the Environment: Conservation of Non Renewable Energy Resources and Alternative energy resources and Environment.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Management : Concept of Environmental inventory and impact assessment, key steps in EA process with reference to big dams/ chemical industries/ power plants/mining; methods for forecasting, assessing and preparing environmental impact statement, reviewing and evaluating EIA report;

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Environmental Audit: Programme planning, on-site audit, post-audit activities, Restoration of ecosystem.

Environmental Laws: Air quality and emission standards; Air pollution legislation and regulations; Functions of the central Board and the state Boards; Environmental law in independent India.

Environmental Education: Meaning, scope and principles of environmental education; Role of environmental education in bringing awareness among the public in problem solving and management; formal and informal environmental education; Role of various kinds of mass media in environmental education.

Biological diversity concepts and levels, role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and stability, speciation and extinction, local categories of threat, terrestrial biodiversity hot-spots.

Reference Books :

Trivedi, P. R. and Singh, U. K. Global environmental Education

Botkin, D. B. and Keller, E. A. Environmental Science: Earth as a living Planet

Kaufman, D. G. and Fraz, C. M. Biosphere 2000: Protecting our Global Environment

Chary, EP Fundamentals of Ecology

The State of India’s Environment: The second citizen’s Report Centre for Science and Environment

B. C. Rana. Biomonitoring

Botkin, E. B. et al. Changing the Global Environment: Perspectives on Human Involvement

Saxena, A. B. Environmental Education

Khoshoo, T. N. Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development

Mansfield: Effect of Air pollution on plants

Masson, C. J. Biology of pollution

Elective paper: Any one paper from the list PS03CBOT04: Practicals of PS03CBOT01and PS03CBOT02 PS03CBOT05: Practicals of PS03CBOT03and PS03EBOT01 PS03CBOT06: Viva voce IV SEMESTER Core:

PS04CBOT01: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Concepts and scope of Biotechnology:

Cell & tissue culture in plants; callus cultures; in-vitro morphogenesis-organogenesis and embryogenesis; Artificial Seeds Micropropagation; Haploidy; Embryo cultures; Protoplast isolation, culture and protoplast fusion and somatic hybridiztion, Cybrids

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Somaclonal Variation; in-vitro mutation methods; Virus elimination, pathogen indexing; Cryopreservation; Production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation; Principles and methods of genetic engineering, and its applications in Agriculture. Recombinant DNA technology; major events; methodologies and rationale of cloning a gene; Concept of restriction and modification; restriction endonucleases; modifying enzymes, Ligases, Host-Vector system; Plasmids, Phage vectors, M13, cosmids and expression vectors; Different strategies of cloning; genomic libraries, C-DNA libraries, gene tagging, Sequencing and sequence analysis, expression of the cloned genes, isolation and purification of the expressed product, PCR technology Methods for transformation and transgenic plant production. PEG-mediated, microinjection, particle bombardment, electroporation, Agrobacterim tumefaciens and A. rhiogenes; Gene transfer methods in plants; transgenic plants production, principles and methods of genetic engineering and applications in Agricuture.

Algal and fungal Biotechnology – degree and production of single cell protein for food, feed and fuels; mushroom cultivation; Algae in Agriculture; algal biofertilizers Seaweed for industrial production. Biotechnology and intellectual property rights (IPR); Plant genetic resources GATT & TRIPS; Patent for higher plant genes and DNA sequence; International convention; Plant breeder’s rights and farmers rights.

Reference Books :

Plant biotechnology – J Hammond, et. al., Springer Verlag. Plant cell and tissue culture for production of food ingredients – T J Fu, G Singh, et.

al. Biotechnology in crop improvement – H S Chawla. Practical application of plant molecular biology – R J Henry, Chapman & Hall. Elements of biotechnology – P K Gupta. An introduction to plant tissue culture – M K Razdan. Plant propagation by tissue culture : The technology (Vols. 1 & 2) – Edwin George. Handbook of plant cell culture (Vols. 1 to 4) – Evans et. al., Macmillan. Plant tissue and cell culture – H E Street, Blackwell Scientific. Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants (Vols. 1 to 3) – A K Vasil, A. Press. Plant cell culture technology – M M Yeoman. Plant tissue culture and its biotechnological applications – W Bary, et. al., Springer

Verlag. Principles of plant biotechnology : An introduction to genetic engineering in plants –

S H Mantell, et. al. Advances in biochemical engineering / Biotechnology – Anderson, et. al. Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell tissue and organ culture edited by

Reinert & Bajaj Y P S, Springer Verlag. Plant cell and tissue culture – S Narayanswamy, Tata Mc Graw Hill Co.

PS04CBOT02: MEDICAL BOTANY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY Plants as sources of drugs, pharmaceauticals and pharmaceutical aids. Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal medicine; Scope and potential applications. Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of Herbarium specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for

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voucher specimen and for phytochemical screening; application of ethnomedicobotany. Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin. Pharmacognosy of drugs derived from alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, lipids, gums, resins, tannins and saponins. Drugs of botanical origin: Structure, physical properties, biosynthesis and chemistry of secondary metabolites: phenols, phenolic glycosides, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, vitamins and harmones and natural antibiotics. Methods for screening natural sources for bioactive principles.

Secondary metabolites: Major pathways, structure and biosynthesis of plant

pigments, alkaloids, glycosides and lignin.

References Books: Dennis, D. T., D. H. Turpin, D. D. Lefebvre and D. B. Layzell : Plant Metabolism.

Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England. Doby, G. : Plant Biochemistry. Inter Science Publishers, New York Dey, P. M. and J. B. Horborne: Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, London. Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson and M. M. cox 2000: Principles of Biochemistry. CBS

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Sadasivam, S. and A. Manickam : Biochemical Methods. 2nd edition. New Age

International (P) Ltd. New Delh. Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C. W. Pratt : Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley &

sons, Inc. New York. Zubay, G. : Biochemistry. Vol. 1 – 3. Wm. C. brown Publishers, Oxford, England Chadwick,D.J. & Marsh, J.:Bioactive compounds from plants Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search

for new drugs J.B. Harborne: Phytochemical methods J.C. Willis: Pharmacognosy C.K. Kokate: Pharmacognosy Trease, G.E and Evans, W.C.: Pharmacogonosy List of Elective Papers PSCOEBOT01: Biostatistics

Data Collection and Presentation Types of Biological Data: Qualitative Data -Nominal, Ordinal, Ranked; Quantitative Data: Discrete and Continuous. Understanding of Population and sample Methods of Collection of Data: (i) Experimental Data and (ii) Survey Data- Simple random sample (with and without replacement), stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Tables: Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequencies. Graphical Presentation: Bar charts, Histograms, Frequency Polygons, One way scatter plots, Box plots, two-way scatter plots, line graphs. Practicals Using MS-Excel. Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode, quartiles, deciles and percentiles (both for raw data and grouped data) Measures of Dispersion: Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation. Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis. Practicals Using MS-Excel.

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Probability and Probability Distributions: Random Experiment: Elementary outcomes, events, and Sample Space. Mathematical Definition of Probability, Marginal Probability, Marginal Probability and Conditional Probability. Independent Events. Some simple laws of probabilities(Statements only). Random Variables: Discrete and Continuous. Some examples from biological sciences. Probability Distributions: Binomial Distribution, Standard Normal Distribution ,General Normal Distribution; Sampling Distributions- t, chi-square and F distributions. Testing of hypotheses: Statistical hypotheses: Null and Alternative hypotheses. Simple and Composite hypotheses. Statistical Tests: Acceptance region and Rejection Region. Types of errors and power of the test. Goodness of fit tests. Significance Tests for Normal Distribution: One sample tests for mean – z test and t-test. Two sample tests for normal distributions: Tests for means (i) when variances are known (ii) when variances are unknown. Tests for equality of variances. Paired t-test for equality of means. Confidence Intervals. Practicals using MSEXCEL. Bivariate and Multivariate Data Some examples on bivariate and multivariate data. Correlation: Simple, partial and multiple correlation Coefficients. Regression: Simple and multiple linear regressions. Logistic Regression Analysis of Variance: Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Block Design Practicals Based on SPSS PSCOEBOT02: PHYTORESOURCE UTILIZATION & CONSERVATION Plant Biodiversity : Concept, status in India, utilization and concerns. Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Food, forage and fodder crops, (ii) fibre crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants, and (iv) vegetable oil – yielding crops Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal medicine; Scope and potential applications. Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of Herbarium specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for voucher specimen and for phytochemical screening; application of ethnomedicobotany. Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin.

Forest products : Important timber yielding planting. Timber types, identification diagnostic features, structure & quality Important fire wood plants Non Timber forest products bamboos, rattans, fibers pulp; gums, resins, tanins, lotex, fruits & tubers. Innovations for meeting world food demands. Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics. Principles of conservation; extincitons; environmental status of plants based on International Union for Conservation of Nature. Strategies for conservation – in situ conservation : International efforts and Indian initiatives; protected areas in India – sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity.

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ex situ conservation : Principles and practices; botanical gardens, fields gene banks, seed banks, in vitro repositories, cryobanks; general account of the activities of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for conservation, non-formal conservation efforts. Reference Books : Anonymous. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources

(Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Arora, R. K. and Nayar, E. R. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science

Monograph. Baker, H. G. Plants and Civilization. C. A. Wadsworth, Belmont. Bole, P. V. and Vaghani, Y. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees. Oxford University

Press, Mumbai. Chandel, K. P. S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants in India : Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.

Cristi, B. R. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture. Vol. I. In-situ conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. The Useful Plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.

Plant Wealth of India. Special Issue of Proceedings India National Science Academcy B – 63

Rodgers, N. A. and Panwar, H. S. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol. 1. The Report Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.

Sahni, K. C. The Book of India Trees, Oxford University Press, Mumbai. Sharma, O. P. Hill’s Economic Botany. Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi. Swaminathan, M. S. and Kocchar, S. L. Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication

Ltd., London. Thakur, R. S., Puri, H. S. and Husain, A Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central

Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. S.K. Jain: A Manual of Ethnobotany

S.K. Jain: Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany S.K.Jain, B.K. Sinha and R.C.Gupta: Notable plants in Ethnomedicine of India J.K. Maheswari: Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Ethnobotany S.K. Jain: Useful plants of India Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search

for new drugs

PSCOEBOT03: Microtechniques

Light microscopy:- Optical corrections, Properties and types of objectives. Oculars, Illumination. Types of light microscopes: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence, phase contrast, polarizing, differential interference contrast. Micrometry. Electron microscopy: Basic components of electron microscopes. Thermionic and field emission electron guns. Types of electron microscopes: TEM, SEM, STEM, ESEM and HVEM Fixation and storage: Classification of fixatives , formulas. (plant, animal and microbial samples) Factors affecting fixation. Procedures for fixation. Dehydration,

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infiltration and embedding. Media for embedding. Microtomes: Rotary, sliding cryostat, ultramicrotome and freezing ultra microtome. Preparation of biological samples for light and electron microscopy: Sectioning, maceration, squash and clearing technique. Freeze etching and freeze fracturing. Stains for light and electron microscopy. Staining procedures. Photomicrography. Histochemistry: Histo chemical localization of metabolites:- Starch, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, lignin, polyphenols, nucleic acid, histones, cutin, suberin and waxes. Localization of enzymes: Peroxidase, acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase. Ultra structural cytochemistry:- Localization of tannin, protein, cell wall polysaccharide, lignin and membrane. Enzymes: Peroxidase, acid phasphatase. Immunocytochemistry

PSCOEBOT04: SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

Taxonomy – Aims, principles and functions. Levels of taxonomy: Alpha taxonomy, omega taxonomy, numerical taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, structural, biochemical and molecular systematics.

Species concept: – Classical, modern, typological, non-dimensional, multidimensional. Plant Nomenclature: ICBN – principles, rules, recommendations, articles, typification, principle of priority, effective and valid publications, citation of authority, transference, rejection of names, synonyms and homonyms.

Systems of classifications – principles, outlines, merits and demerits of important systems of Plant classifications; Floristic diversity of India, hot-spots, endemic and genetic diversity of plants, floristic works in Gujarat. Class : Magnoliopsida

Salient features, morphological diversity inter-relationships of the following Sub-class : Magnolidae – Magnoliaceae, Piperaceae, Sub-class : Hamamelidae – Casuarinaceae, Urticaceae. Sub-class : Caryophyllidae – Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae. Sub-class : Dillenidae – Tiliaceae, Sapotaceae. Sub-class : Rosidae – Myrtaceae, Geraniaceae. Sub-class : Asteridae – Scrophulariaceae, Gentianaceae.

Class : Liliopsida. Salient features, morphological diversity inter-relationships of the following Sub-class : Alismatidae – Hydrocharitaceae. Sub-class : Arecidae – Araceae. Sub-class : Commelinadae – Commelinaceae. Sub-class : Zingiberidae – Zingiberaceae. Sub-class: Lilidae – Orchidaceae. References:

1. Ahmedullah M. and M. P. Nair. 1987. Endemic Plants of Indian Region. 2. Cronquist A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. 3. Davis P. H. and V. M. Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxnonomy.

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4. Lawrence G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. 5. Naik V. N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 6. Nayar M. P. 1996. Hotspots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan. 7. Rao R. R. 1994. Biodiversity of India. 8. Stace C. A. 1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 9. Rendle A.R. A classification of flowering plants vol I & vol II Cambridge

University press. 10. Sokal, S.R and Sneath P.H, Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. N.H Fremen

& Co. 11. Sivarajan, V.V. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH

Pvt.ltd. 12. Stace Clive, A. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold.

PSCOEBOT05: HORTICULTURE Fundamentals of horticulture (History, nature and scope of horticulture) Origin of Horticulture – Domestication of plants, definitions – scope and impact of horticulture (importance of horticulture in terms of economy, production and employment generation classification of horticultural crops) – pomology, olericulture, spices and planting, ornamental horticulture – climatic zones of India and Gujarat in relation to horticulture – development of horticulture in India - Divisions of horticulture and their importance (Horticultural zones of India and Gujarat) – nutritive value and nutra-ceutical properties of horticultural crops. Factors influencing horticultural crop production Growth and development – respiration – photosynthesis – seed physiology – dormancy and germination – physiology of flowering, pollination, fruitset, fruit ripening and senescence – factors influencing growth and development – soil, light, temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind. Role of plant growth regulators in seed and bud dormancy, juvenility, maturity and senescence, flowering, pollination, fruitset including parthenocarpy, fruit growth, fruit drop and fruit ripening (climacteric and non- climacteric) and fruit colour development, tuber and bulb formation and sex expression and extension of shelf life in fruits, vegetables and flowers. Role of growth regulators in plant propagation. Nutrition of horticultural crops – assessment of nutritional requirements based on soil, tissue analysis, and field experiments. Identification of deficiency symptoms of various nutrients and methods of nutrient application. Assessment of irrigation requirements for different horticultural crops and different methods of irrigation. Pruning and training, their objectives and methods. Pollination and fruit set, problems and requirements, flower and fruit drop, stages, causes and remedial measures. Fruit thinning, objectives, advantages and disadvantages. Unfruitfulness, reasons and remedial measures. Methods of propagation of horticultural crops - Introduction, principles and classification of plant propagation methods: Propagation – definitions – seed propagation – merits and demerits – crops propagated through seeds - Factors affecting seed germination and pre-germination treatments and viability tests – vegetative propagation – merits and demerits – cutting, layering, grafting and budding rootstock influence – stock / scion relationship – specialized structures for

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propagation – micro-propagation, Importance of micro propagation of plants. Role of growth regulators in propagation. Method of production and cultivation Definition and nature of growth of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation and flower crops – system of cultivation and planting systems including HDP for fruits, vegetables, spices and plantation and flower crops – intercultural operations – weed, water and fertilizer management – bearing habits – crop regulatory practices for fruit crops and vegetables – training, pruning, canopy management – off season production in fruits, vegetables and flower crops – protected cultivation- Principles of protected cultivation, Structure and types of green houses, Regulation of controlled environment (RH, temperature and ventilation) and nutrient management. High-tech nursery raising technology, Production technology of high value vegetables like Tomato, Capsicum, Cucumber and flowers viz. Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Lilium, Chrysanthemum. Soil and media, Plant protection, harvesting, grading and packaging. Importance, scope and practicing of organic farming in horticultural crop production Pre and Post-harvest operations and Technologies of horticultural crops Crop loading – pre-harvest operations – maturity indices – harvesting methods for climacteric and non-climacteric fruits – grading – sorting – standards for domestic and export consumption (HACCP) – packing – pre-cooling – storage – transport – quarantine and regulatory measures. REFERENCES 1. Adams, C.R. and M. P. Early. 2004. Principles of horticulture. Butterworth –

Heinemam, Oxford University Press. 2. Chadha, K.L. 2001, Handbook of Horticulture, ICAR, New Delhi. 3. Chandra, R. and M. Mishra. 2003. Micropropagation of horticultural crops.

International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow. 4. Chattopadhyaya, P.K.2001. A text book on Pomology (Fundamentals of fruit

growing) Kalyani Publication, New Delhi 5. Christopher, E.P. 2001. Introductory Horticulture, Biotech Books, New Delhi 6. Edmond, J.B. T.L.Senn, F.S. Andrews and P.G.Halfacre, 1975. Fundamentals of

Horticulture, Tata MC. Graw Hill Publishing Co.New Delhi

7. George Acquaah, 2002, Horticulture-principles and practices. Prentice-Half of India pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

8. Hartman, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1986. Plant propagation – Principles and Practices – Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.

9. Jitendra Singh. 2006. Basic Horticulture. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 10. Kumar, N.1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publication, Nagercoil. 11. Rajan, S. and B.L. Markose. 2007. Propagation of horticultural crops. New India

Publishing, New Delhi.

12. Shanmugavelu, K.G., N. Kumar and K.V. Peter. 2005. Production technology of spices and plantation crops. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

13. Singh, N.P. 2005. Basic concepts of fruit science. International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.

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14. Surendra Prasad and U. Kumar. 1999. Principles of horticulture, Agro-botanica, Bikaner, India.

PSCOEBOT06: Bioinformatics Unit -I Introduction to Bioinformatics: Overview, Internet and bioinformatics, Applications Databases: Databases in Bioinformatics, various biological databases, Protein and Nucleotide sequence Data bases. Protein sequence, structure and Classification databases Sequence analysis: Pairwise alignment, local and global alignment, Scoring matrices, multiple sequence alignment, tools for sequence alignment, programming algorithms Unit-II Gene prediction: Gene structure in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Gene prediction methods: Neural Networks, Pattern Discrimination methods, Signal sites Predictions, Evaluation of Gene Prediction methods. Transcriptomics: Complete transcript cataloguing and gene discovery- sequencing based approach, Microarray based technologies and computation based technologies. RNA secondary structure prediction Unit III Protein Computational Biology: Structural classification of proteins, Protein structure analysis, structure alignment and comparison, Secondary and tertiary structure prediction and evaluation, prediction of specialized structures, Active site prediction, Protein folding, Protein modeling and drug design Tools in Bioinfomatics: Protparam, Translate, Bioedit, findmod, Coils, TMHMM, Rasmol, Deepview. Unit IV Genomics: Comparative Genomics Proteomics: Types of proteomics, tools for proteomics- separation and isolation of proteins, acquisition of protein structure information, databases and applications Phylogenetic analysis: molecular basis of evolution, Phylogenetic trees & different methods for phylogenetic inference Reference Books: Bioinformatics: A Beginners Guide, Clavarie and Notredame Bioinformatics: David Mount Bioinformatics: Rastogi Introduction to Bioinformatics:Arthur M. Lesk Bioinformatics: Principles and applications, Ghosh and Mallick Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and Computer, C A Orengo Protein Structure Prediction: Methods and Protocols, Webster, David (Southern Cross Molecular Ltd., Bath, UK)

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PSCOEBOT07: WOOD BIOLOGY

Histology of wood: Basic structure of wood, Sap wood and hard wood, structure and functions of wood elements in dictos and Gymnospersms, Identification of some common timbers and their uses. Diagnostic features of wood Xylogenesis: differentiation of wood from cambium, secondary wall formation and lignification. Growth rings: Formation of early wood and late wood, factors affecting growth ring formation, types of growth rings and dendrochronology Reaction wood: Compression wood and Tension wood, anatomical variations in relation to normal wood, structure and functions. Sap wood and heart wood, Anatomical variations, transformation of sap wood into heart wood, formation of heartwood and functions Wood Ultrastructure: Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy of wood and cell walls of wood elements Chemistry and Properties of wood and wood components, Seasoning and preservation of wood Derived products of wood. Defects in Timber, Degradation of wood: Biodeteoration of wood, factors affecting decay, dacay causing organisms. Wood anatomy in relation to Phylogeny and taxonomy Suggested Reference Books

1. R Savidge A,Barnett, J.R & . Napier, R: (2000) Cell and Molecular Biology of wood formation.

2. Nair, M.N.B(1998) Wood Anatomy & Major uses of wood, Faculty of Forestry, Malaysia

3. Kovach, E.G (1975) Properties of wood in relation to its structure. PSCOEBOT08: Bioethics, Bio safety and IPR

Unit I

Biotechnology and social responsibility, public acceptance issues in biotechnology, issues of

access, ownership, monopoly, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, benefit sharing,

environmental sustainability, public vs private funding, biotechnology in international

relations, globalization and development divide.

Introduction to bioethics: Social and ethical issues in biotechnology. Principles of bioethics.

Ethical conflicts in biotechnology- interference with nature, unequal distribution of risk and

benefits of biotechnology, bioethics vs business ethics.

Unit II

Biosafety: Definition of bio-safety, Biotechnology and bio-safety concerns at the level of

individuals, institutions, society, region, country and world with special emphasis on Indian

concerns.

Biosafety in laboratory institution: laboratory associated infection and other hazards,

assessment of biological hazards and level of biosafety.

Bio safety regulation: handling of recombinant DNA products and process in industry and in

institutions (Indian context).

Unit III

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Introduction to IPR: IPR, forms of IPR and Intellectual property protection. Concept of

property with respect to intellectual creativity, Tangible and Intangible property.

WTO: agency controlling trade among nations, WTO with reference to biotechnological

affairs, TRIPs. WIPO, EPO.

Unit IV

Concept related to patents novelty, non-obviousness, utility, anticipation, prior art etc. Type

of patents. Indian patent act and foreign patents.

Patentability, Patent application, Revocation of patent, Infringement and Litigation with case

studies on patent, Commercialization and Licensing.

Books Recommended:

1. Fleming, D.A., Hunt, D.L., (2000). Biotechnology and Safety Assessment (3rd Ed)

Academic press.ISBN-1555811804,9781555811808.

2. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (1999). Biotechnology and safety assessment (3rd Ed). CRC

press, Washington. ISBN: 1560327219, 9781560327219

3. Law and Strategy of biotechnological patents by Sibley. Butterworth

publication.(2007) ISBN: 075069440, 9780750694445.

4. Intellectual property rights- Ganguli-Tat McGrawhill. (2001) ISBN-10: 0074638602,

5. Intellectual Property Right- Wattal- Oxford Publicatiopn House.(1997)

ISBN:0195905024.

6. Biotechnology - A comprehensive treatise (Vol. 12). Legal economic and ethical

dimensions VCH. (2nd

ed) ISBN-10 3527304320.

7. Encyclopedia of Bioethics 5 vol set, (2003) ISBN-10: 0028657748.

8. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (2002). Biotechnology and safety Assessment (3rd

Ed)

Academic press.

9. B.D. Singh. Biotechnology expanding horizons.

10. H.K.Das. Text book of biotechnology 3rd

edition.

PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02 PS04CBOT04: Practicals of PS04EBOT01and PS04EBOT02 PS04CBOT04: Dissertation PS04CBOT05: Viva voce