m.sc. h.s. syllabus in botany w.e.f. e

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH(Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

M.Sc. (Hon

1st

EXAMINATIONS

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 (INDIA)(Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI

FOR

M.Sc. (Hons. School) in Botany

st to 4th Semester

EXAMINATIONS

2018-2019

--:O:--

160014 (INDIA) enacted by the Govt. of India)

in Botany

1

Outlines of tests, syllabi and courses of reading for M.Sc. (Hons. School) in Botany (Semester System) I-IV examinations of 2018-19.

M.Sc. (Hons. School) I Semester Botany

THEORY (500 marks)

Paper I : Bryology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper II : Pteridology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper III : Gymnosperms 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-IV : Plant Resource Utilization 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-V Angiosperms: Phylogeny & Embryology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA)

M.Sc. (Hons. School) II Semester Botany

THEORY (500 marks) Paper I : Phycology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper II : Plant Anatomy 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper III : Taxonomy of Angiosperms 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-IV : Cytogenetics & Plant Breeding 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-V : Conservation Biology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA)

M.Sc. (Hons. School) III Semester Botany THEORY (500 marks)

Paper I : Mycology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper II : Plant Physiology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper III : Plant Biochemistry 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-IV : Molecular Biology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-V : Ecosystem Ecology and Forestry 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA)

M.Sc. (Hons. School) IV Semester Botany

THEORY (500 marks)

Paper I : Plant Pathology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper II : Biostatistics & Research methodology 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper III : Plant Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering 75 (60A+15CA) + 25 (20A+ 5CA) Paper-IV Paper-V

: :

Comprehensive Test & Field Botany Project & Seminar

50+50 50+50

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M.Sc. (Hons. School) I Semester Botany

Paper– I : Bryology Theory: 75 (60A+15CA)

Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA) Objectives: To expose the students to the key fundamentals and queries in the recent advances in bryophytes with an objective to mould them to be excellent teachers/scientists in the subject of Bryology. To enable the students to solve various short-answer questions which they are likely to face at various competitive examinations like NET, GATE, All India Civil Service Examinations etc. Teaching Methodology: 1. Enquiry approach is adopted while delivering the lectures which makes the students equal

partners in teaching-learning process and also inspires them for discussions and questioning. 2. To make teaching-learning process interesting and inspiring, the lectures are accompanied by

teaching aids such as overhead projections, slide projections, computerized illustrations etc. alongwith demonstrations of living materials in the lab and in the field are used while teaching bryophytes.

Instructions for the Paper-setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I

1. Modern system of classification with salient features of different taxonomic categories upto the orders level.

2. Morphological Diversity in the gametophyte and sporophyte of (i) Takakiales (ii) Polytrichales (iii) Sphagnales (iv) Andreaeales (v) Jungermanniales (vi) Anthocerotales (vii) Marchantiales.

UNIT-II

3. Evolution of thallose condition in bryophytes. 4. Ontogeny of Antheridia and Archegonia in major taxonomic groups of bryophytes : Exogenous

and Endogenous sex organs, development by an apical cell. 5. Ontogeny of sporophytes in bryophytes : Filamentous, quadrant, Octant and Bipolar embryo,

Fate of amphithecium and endothecium, Archesporium and its products. Spore-elater division. 6. Evolution of sporophyte in bryophytes.

UNIT-III 7. Conduction and Water Relations: Uptake of water and nutrients, characteristic features of

Endohydric, Ectohydric and Mixohydric Bryophytes. Gametophytic and sporophytic structures specialized for external conduction, cells involved in internal conduction.

8. Drought tolerance, Desiccation and Rehydration; Mechanism of Damage.

UNIT-IV

9. Substratum Ecology: Epiphytes, Epiphylls, Epiliths Litter species Fire mosses, Coprophilous

species, Calcicoles and Calcifuges, Halophytes, Epizoic Bryophytes 10. Bryogeography and Conservation of bryophytes: Dispersal of bryophyte diaspores, Major

patterns of bryophyte distribution. Bryophyte endemisms. Indian bryodiversity with particular emphasis to Himalayas. Threatened bryophytes; strategies to conserve bryodiversity at National and Global levels.

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Practicals

1. Morphology and Internal Organization of the following : Representatives of Polytrichales: Polytrichum, Atrichum; Sphagnales: Sphagnum; Fissidentales: Fissidens; Pottiales: Barbula, Eubryales: Mnium; Entodontales: Entodon; Thuidiales: Thuidium; Jungermanniales : Porella, Frullania; Metzgeriales : Pellia; Marchantiales : Targionia, Plagiochasma, Athalamia, Conocephalum, Reboulia, Wiesnerella, Dumortiera; Anthocerotales: Anthoceros, Phaeoceros, Notothylas.

2. To compare the structure and behaviour of endohydric and ectohydric mosses. 3. To study regeneration potential of dried moss leaves and stem fragments.

Essential Reading

1. Goffinet, B. and Shaw, A.J. Bryophyte Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. 2. Richardson, D. H. S. Biology of Mosses, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1981. 3. Schofield, W.B. Introduction to Bryology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1985.

Further Reading

4. Chopra, R. S. Taxonomy of Indian Mosses, CSIR, New Delhi, 1975. 5. Dyer, A. F. and Duckett, J.G. The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes, Academic Press, London, 1984. 6. Kashyap, S.R. Liverworts of Western Himalayas and Punjab Plains, Researchco Publications, New Delhi, 1932. 7. Schuster, R.M. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America. Vol. I-IV, Columbia University Press, New York, 1966-1973. 8. Schuster, R.M. New Manual of Bryology, (Vols. I & II), Jour. Hattori. Bot. Lab., Nichinan, Japan, 1983, 1984. 9. Kumar, S.S. An Approach towards Phylogenetic Classification of Mosses, Jour. Hattori Bot. Lab. Nichinan, Japan, 1984.

Semester-I

Paper– II : Pteridology Theory : 75 (60 A+ 15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA)

Objective : To familiarize students with the diversity of Pteridophytes (both ferns and fern allies), their evolutionary history and origin, economic importance, classification, detailed study on the representative ferns of major families with reference to their morphology, anatomy and reproduction. Practicals and exposure of students to fern flora in the surrounding areas and botanical garden further add to their knowledge. Teaching Methodology: Teaching is done in any way (following both traditional and modern methods) so as to sensitize and inspire students on the subject. Instructions for the Paper-setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I 1. Origin and evolution of Pteridophytes 2. Economic importance of Pteridophytes 3. Diversity and distribution of Pteridophytes in India.

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UNIT-II 4. Classification of Pteridophytes with special reference to ferns, Criteria for classification of ferns. 5. Comparative morphology of the sporophyte, stelar system, sporangial characteristics and

reproduction of the living ferns belonging to major fern families especially Marattiaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Osmundaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae, Marsileaceae, Salviniaceae, Azollaceae, Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae etc.

UNIT-III 6. Spore structure, types and patterns of spore germination in ferns. 7. Structure, types and development of fern prothalli 8. Antheridium-inducing substances in ferns

UNIT-IV

9. Natural and induced apogamy and apospory in pteridophytes, heterospory and its significance. 10. Utility of ferns for phytoremediation, ferns as hyperaccumulators of arsenic, mechanism of

uptake, transfer and tolerance. 11. Cytological evolution of fern flora.

Practicals

1. Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the representatives of the fern families mentioned in the theory part.

2. Taxonomical characters of ferns for generic identification and characterization of families. 3. Studies on the fern spores and their morphology.

Essential Reading

1. Khullar, S.P. An Illustrated Fern Flora of West Himalayas (Vols. I and 2), International Book

Distributors, Dehradun, 2000. 2. Rashid, A. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishers, New Delhi, 1999. 3. Sporne, K.R. The Morphology of Pteridophytes, B.I., Publications, Bombay, Delhi, Madras,

1982. Further Reading

4. Dyer, A.F. The Experimental Biology of Ferns, Academic Press, London, 1979.

5. Gifford, E.M. and Foster, A.S. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1989.

6. Kubitzki, K. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Kramer, K.U. and Green, P.S. (eds.) Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1991. 7. Mehra, P.N. and Gupta, A. Gametophytes of Himalayan Ferns, Publisher: Mehra, P.N., Bot

Department, P.U., Chandigarh, 1986.

Semester-I

Paper– III : Gymnosperms Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA)

Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: The course will involve detailed study about the vegetative and reproductive morphology of various gymnosperms specimens and their economic importance. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc. Instructions for the Paper-setter

Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole

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syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I

1. Current trends in the classification of Gymnosperms. 2. General characteristic features of Gymnosperms and their affinities with pteridophytes and

angiosperms. 3. Distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to Indian members and emphasis on their

distribution in the Himalayas. UNIT-II

4. Vegetative morphology and reproductive organs only (excluding developmental stages) of Indian representatives of : Living Coniferopsida : Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Araucariaceae.

5. Range and form of structure in the leaves of Coniferales.

UNIT-III 6. Vegetative morphology and reproductive organs only (excluding developmental stages) of

Indian representatives of: (a) Gnetopsida : Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, and Welwitschiaceae. (b) Ginkgopsida : Ginkgoaceae.

UNIT-IV 7. Economic importance of Gymnosperms. 8. Cytological studies in Gymnosperms. 9. Comparative of analysis of various gymnosperm taxa on the basis of their distribution,

morphology and reproductive structures.

Practicals

1. Wood Anatomy in Cedrus, Ginkgo, Ephedra and Gnetum 2. Leaf Anatomy in Cedrus, Abies, Picea, Podocarpus Cryptomeria, Cephalotaxus. 3. Male cones (external morphology) & microsporophylls in Cedrus, Abies, Cephalotaxus,

Podocarpus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Thuja and Juniperus. 4. Female cones in Cedrus, Abies, Picea, Taxodium, Auraucaria, Cunninghamia. Seed scale

complex in Cryptomeria, Cupressus, and Thuja.

Essential Reading

1. Beck, C. E. Gymnosperm Phylogeny, Bot. Rev., 51: 176-294, 1985. 2. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. Gymnosperms. New Age International Limited, New Delhi,

1996. 3. Sharma, O.P. ad Dixit, S. Gymnosperms. Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2001.

Further Reading

4. Bierhorst, D.W. Morphology of Vascular Plants, The Macmillan and Co., New York, 1971 5. Dalimore, W., Jackson, A.B. and Morrison, S.L. A Handbook of Coniferae including

Ginkgoaceae, Edward Arnold and Co., London, 1966. 6. Meyen, S.V. Basic Features of Gymnosperms, Systematics and Phylogeny as Evidenced by

the Fossil Record, Bot. Rev., 50 : 1-112, 1984. 7. Rothwell, G.W. The Role of Comparative Morphology and Anatomy in Interpreting the

Systematics of Fossil Gymnosperms, Bot. Rev., 51: 318-327, 1985. 8. Sporne, K.R. The Morphology of Gymnosperms, B. I. Publications, Delhi, 1974.

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Semester-I

Paper –IV : Plant Resource Utilization Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: To acquaint the students about the origin and uses of cereals, psychoactive drugs and medicinal plants and their resource utilization. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc. Instructions for the paper setter

Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I

1. General Account, centre of origin and uses of (a) Minor cereals – Millets, barley, oat (b) Oil crops – Mustard, groundnut, coconut and linseed (c) Legumes – chickpea, red gram, soyabean, lentil, pea, fodder legume.

2. Psychoactive drugs and Narcotics: Source, botany, active principle and commercial significance.

UNIT-II

3. Medicinal Plants: History and classification of drugs; source, part used, active principle and uses of important drugs of B.P. & I.P.

4. Aromatic Plants: Source, botany and uses.

UNIT-III 5. Innovations for meeting world food demands. 6. Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics. 7. Insecticides: Source and uses of plant based insecticides.

UNIT-IV 8. World centres of primary diversity of domesticated plants: The Indo-Burmese centre; plant

introductions and secondary centres. 9. Green Revolution: Benefits and adverse consequences.

Practicals

The Practical Course is divided into two units; (1) Laboratory Work; and (2) Field Survey and Scientific Visits.

Laboratory Work:

1. Food Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, chickpea (Bengal gram), potato, tapioca, sweet potato, sugarcane. morphology, anatomy, microchemical tests for stored food materials.

2. Forage/fodder Crops: Study of any five important crops of the locality (for example fodder sorghum, bajra, berseem, clove, guar, bean, gram, Ficus sp.).

3. Vegetables Oils: Mustard, groundnut, soyabean, coconut, sunflower, castor, morphology, microscopic structure of the oil-yielding tissues, tests for oil and iodine number.

Field Survey :

1. Prepare a list of 10 most important sources of firewood and timber in your locality. Give their local names, scientific names and families to which they belong. Mention their properties.

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2. The students should be taken to a recognized botanical garden or a museum (such as those at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun; National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow) and to a CSIR Laboratory doing research on plants and their utilization and an ICAR Research Institute or a field station dealing with crops.

Essential Reading

1. Simpson, B.B. and Conner-Ogorzaly. E.M. Economic Botany- Plants in Our World, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1986.

2. Kocchar, S.L. Economic Botany of the Tropics, 2nd edition, Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi, 1998. 3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D. Plants, Food and People, W.H. Freeman and Co., San

Francisco, 1977 Further Reading

4. Pimentel, D. and Hall, C.W. (Eds.). Food and Natural Resources, Academic Press, London, New York, 1989.

5. Pinstrup-Anderson, P. et al. World Food Prospects: Critical Issues for the Early 21st Century, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A, 1999.

6. Sharma, O.P., Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. A.F. Hill, adapted by O.P. Sharma), Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.

7. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L., (Eds.). Plants and Society, MacMillan Publications Ltd., London, 1989.

8. Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. and Husain, A., Major Medicinal Plants of India, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow, 1989.

Semester-I

Paper–V : Angiosperms : Phylogeny and Embryology Theory : 75 (60A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA)

Objective: To acquaint the students about the origin and evolution of angiosperms, developmental stages of gametophyte and embryo development. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc.

Instructions for the paper setter

Question paper will have four sections. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I 1. The Origin of Angiosperms: The first traces of angiosperms, probable ancestors and

diversification, origin of monocots, relationship of monocots and dicots. 2. General Evolutionary Trends in Angiosperms: Habits and habitats, leaf structure,

inflorescence and flowers. UNIT-II

3. Development of Male and Female Gametophytes: Ultrastructural details and relationships. 4. Fertilization: Zygote and embryo development; Suspensor, Structural organization and

functional aspects. UNIT-III

5. Apomixis : Types and evolutionary significance. 6. Sexual Incompatibility: Significance, types, Self- incompatibility: genetic basis, barriers

to fertilization, biological significance. UNIT-IV

7. Polyembryony : Classification, causes, experimental induction, and practical applications.

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8. Experimental Embryology: Seed, embryo, and proembryo culture; regulation of gene activity during embryogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis, its cytological and physiological basis; Pollen embryogenesis, pathways, competence and cytogenetics.

Applied aspects of embryogenesis in vitro, embryo rescue in inviable crosses; Clonal multiplication, preservation of germplasm.

Practicals

1. Study of phenetic variability and character analysis of representative members of various angiospermic families represented in the local flora and study of their phylogenetic relationships.

2. Study of stigma, style and pollen types; Histological aspects of stigma; pollen germination and path of pollen tubes; pollen-stigma incompatibility and controlled pollination; and experiments related to experimental embryology (somatic embryogenesis, methods of testing pollen viability, hanging drop method of pollen germination).

3. Some basic techniques for study of pollen structure and viability.

Essential Reading 1. Bhojwani,S.S., Bhatnagar,S.P. and Dantu P.K. , The Embryology of Angiosperms, (6th

Edition), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 2015. 2. Naik, V. N., Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1984. 3. Raghavan, V., Embryogenesis in Angiosperms - A Developmental and Experimental

Study, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.

Further Reading

4. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. Plant Tissue Culture - Theory and Practices, Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc., New York, 1983.

5. Johri, B.M. (Ed.), Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 6. Maheshwari, P., An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms, McGraw-Hill Inc., New

York, 1950. 7. Maheshwari, P., Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms, Int. Soc. Pl.

Morphologists, Delhi, 1963. 8. Swamy, B.G.L. and K.V. Krishnamurthy, From Flower to Seed : Embryology of Flowering

Plants, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill, New Delhi, 1980.

M.Sc. (Hons. School) Botany Semester –II Paper - I : Phycology Theory : 75 (60A+15CA)

` Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA)

Objective: To acquaint the students about the morphology, biology and importance of algal organisms. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, practicals and field visits etc.

Instructions for the paper setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I 1. Criteria for algal classification (pigments, reserve food, flagella, chloroplast endoplasmic reticular

membrane etc.); Comparative account of important systems of classification (Fritsch and Lee); Salient features of major divisions (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta; Phaeophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta and Rhodophyta).

UNIT-II

2. Diversity in algal habitats (terrestrial, freshwater and marine).

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3. Thallus organization in algae including evolutionary trends.

UNIT-III 4. Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual), origin and evolution of sex, life cycles. 5. Current concepts and relationships of prochlorophycean algae.

UNIT-IV

6. Rhythms and bioluminiscence in dinoflagellates. 7. Economic Importance of algae (algal biofertilizers, algal blooms, algae as food and feed, uses in

industries etc.). Practicals

1. Collections and culture (media preparation, sterilization, inoculation and incubation). 2. Range of thallus and sex organs in major algal groups. 3. Heterocysts and their frequency in some cyanophycean genera.

Essential Reading

. 1. Kumar, H.D., Introductory Phycology, East West Press, New Delhi, 1999 2. Lee, R. E., Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008 3. VanDen Hock, C., Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H. M. Algae : An Introduction to Phycology,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.

Further Reading

4. Ahluwalia, A.S., (Ed.) Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications, Daya Publishing

House, New Delhi, 2003. 5. Bold, H.C. and Wyne, M.J. Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 1978. 6. Carr, N.G. and Whitton, B.A. The Biology of Cyanobacteria, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, 1982. 7. Chapman, N. J. and Chapman, D. J. The Algae, ELBS and Macmillan, New York, 1977. 8. Fritsch, F.E., The Structure and Reproduction of Algae (Vol. I & II), Vikas Publishing House Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi, 1979. 9. Graham, L. E., Graham, J.M. and Wilcox, L.W. Algae, Prentice Hall, USA, 2000. 10. South, G.R. and Whittick, A., Introduction to Phycology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,

1987.

Semester –II Paper–II : Plant Anatomy Theory : 75 (60 A+ 15CA)

Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: To acquaint the students about the detailed structure of xylem, phloem, leaf and seed coat anatomy.

Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc.



UNIT-I

1. Structure and activity of vascular and cork cambia. Xylem: Constituents, Differentiation of treachery elements – ultrastructural approach. Variation in wood structure, Reaction wood.

UNIT-II

2. Phloem: Constituents, Differentiation of sieve elements and companion cells – an ultrastructural approach. Abnormal behaviour of cambium in Angiosperms.

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UNIT-III

3. The Leaf: Variation in structure, Kranz anatomy, Leaf abscission, Transfer Cells.

UNIT-IV

4. Seed coat anatomy with reference to legumes and cereals. Anatomy in relation to taxonomy, phylogeny and ecology. Ultrastructural systematics.

Practicals

1. T.S., L.S. and R.L.S. of selected hard and soft woods. Maceration of some gymnospermous and Dicotyledonous woods and studying the constituents of xylem and phloem tissues.

2. T.S. of various types of leaves (isobilateral, bifacial, hydrophytic, xerophytic, C3 and C4 leaves). 3. Abnormal activity of cambium in selected and available taxa. 4. Study of ergastic substances. 5. Fixation and maceration techniques, staining techniques of plant tissues. 6. Microtomes and microtomy.

Essential Reading

1. Esau, K., Anatomy of Seed Plants, John Wiley, New York, 1977. 2. Fahn, A., Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. 3. Dickison, W.C. Integrative Plant Anatomy, Academic Press, USA, 2000.

Further Reading

4. Dawes, C.J., Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy, Barnes & Noble, Inc., New York,

1971. 5. Jane, F.W. The Structure of Wood, Adam and Charles Black, London, 1970. 6. Metcalfe, C.R. and Chalk, L., Anatomy of Dicotyledons, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950. 7. Vijayraghwan, M.R. and Shukla, A.R., Histochemistry – Theory and Practice, Bishan Singh,

Mohinder Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1990.

Semester –II

Paper–III : Taxonomy of Angiosperms Theory : 75 (60A + 15CA) Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA)

Objective: To acquaint the students about the basic concepts in plant taxonomy, various systems of classification, ranks and nomenclature of taxa. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc. Instructions for the paper setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT- I 1. Significance, aims and procedures of plant taxonomy; Alpha- and Omega- taxonomy;

Biosystematics. 2. Herbarial practices and Herbaria. 3. Botanical gardens and their importance.

UNIT- II 4. Artificial, Natural, and Phylogenetic systems of classification. Summary of Bentham and Hooker’s

system of classification. 5. Diagnostic keys.

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UNIT- III

6. Ranks of taxa and Nomenclature of taxa according to their ranks. 7. Botanical Latin; Plant nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

(Summary of Saint Louis Code 2000); Typification.

UNIT- IV 8. Taxonomy as a synthetic discipline. 9. Numerical Taxonomy: Definition and aims; applications of numerical taxonomy; merits and

demerits of using numerical methods. 10. Botanical Survey of India, its organization and role.

Practicals

1. Study of phenetic variability and character analysis of representative members of various

angiospermic families represented in the local flora and study of their phylogenetic relationships. 2. Plant collection, identification, and preservation. 3. Study of local flora. 4. Derivation of families of local flowering plants using diagnostic keys.

Essential Reading

1. Gupta, R. Plant Taxonomy – Past, Present and Future, TERI Press, New Delhi, 2012. 2. Chopra, G.L. Angiosperms: Systematics and Life Cycle, Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar,

1984. 3. Saxena, N.B. and Saxen, Shamindra. Plant Taxonomy, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2001.

Further Reading

4. Benson, L.D., Plant Taxonomy : Methods and Principles, Ronald Press, New York, 1962. 5. Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H., Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Oliver, and Boyd, Edinburg,

1963. 6. Naik, V.N., Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1984. 7. Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R., Numerical Taxonomy, W.H. Freeman, San Franciso, 1973. 8. Solbring, O.T., Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics, The MacMillan Co., New York,

1970. 9. Stace, C.A., Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Contemporary Biology Series. Edward

Arnold, London, 1984.

Semester –II

Paper-IV: Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: Course objective is to study about genomes, functioning of genes and chromosomes and their characterisation and various methods of plant breeding. Teaching Methodology: Traditional and power point presentations. Instructions for the paper setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT- I

1. Genomes: Organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, law of DNA constancy and C value

paradox. Organization of plastid and mitochondrial genomes.

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2. Chromatin and chromosomal organization: Chromosome structure and DNA packaging,

euchromatin and heterochromatin, karyotype analysis and banding patterns. Special chromosome types: polytene, lampbrush, B and sex chromosomes.

3. Fine structure of gene Coding and noncoding sequences, unique and repetitive DNA; pseudogenes, gene families.

UNIT – II

4. Cell cycle: Phases, cell cycle checkpoints, genetic regulation of the cell cycle. 5. DNA enzymes: Enzymes involved in replication, polymerase, topoisomerase, methylase,

nucleases and restriction endonucleases; replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication.

6. DNA damage and repair: Causes of DNA damage; Photoreactivation, excision, mismatch, post replication and error prone repair systems.

UNIT – III

7. Genetic recombination: Crossing over and chiasma formation; molecular basis of genetic recombination.

8. Sex determination: Mechanism of sex determination, sex chromatin and dosage compensation, Sex linked inheritance and common genetic disorders.

9. Gene mapping methods: Genetic and physical maps of chromosome, mapping with molecular markers and somatic cell hybrids.

UNIT – IV

10. Principles of plant breeding: Principles and objectives, methods of breeding self and cross pollinated crops; heterosis and hybrid vigour; utility of hybrids in genetics and plant breeding.

11. Male sterility: Concept, classification, genetic control, inheritance pattern and breeding utility.

Practicals 1. Preparation and study of prefixatives, fixatives and stains. 2. Staining and study of polytene chromosomes. 3. Characteristics and behavior of B chromosomes. 4. Preparation and study of karyotype. 5. Mitosis and meiosis in higher plants. 6. Study of aberrant meiosis in Rhoeo,Tradescantia and Chrysanthemum. 7. Calculation of mitotic index and chiasma frequency.

Suggested Reading

1. Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology, J., Wiley and Sons, USA, 1999. 2. Poehlman, J.M., Sleper, D.A., Breeding Field Crops, AVI. Publ., U.S.A, 1995. 3. Snustad, D. P., Simmons, M.J., Principles of Genetics, J. Wiley and Sons, USA, 2003.

Further Reading

4. Brown, T. A., Genetics: A. Molecular Approach, Chapman & Hall, USA, 1999. 5. Brown, T. A., Genomes, J. Wiley & Sons, USA, 2001. 6. Hayward, M.D., Bosemark, M.O., Romagosa, I., Plant Breeding: Principles and Prospects,

Chapman and Hall, U.K, 1993. 7. Lewin, B., Genes VII, Oxford Univ. Press, UK, 2000. 8. Lodish, H., Berk, A. Zipursky S. L., Matsudaira, P. Baltimore, D. Darnell, J., Molecular Cell

Biology, W.H. Freeman & Co., U.S.A, 2005.

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Semester –II Paper–V: Conservation Biology Theory : 75 (60A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: After going through the content of this course, the students are expected to understand and appreciate the current ecological and environmental problems confronted by man at local, regional, national and global level for the present and the future, especially pollutions of different types, conservation for posterity apart from issues of climate change and biodiversity. It also aims at appreciating the efforts of different governments of the world to combat the problems individually as well as collectively. Teaching Methodology: Teaching is done in any way (following both traditional and modern methods) so as to sensitize and inspire students on the subject. Instructions for the paper-setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I

1. Conservation Biology: Definition, scope, objectives and principles of conservation biology,

Protected areas, National and International organizations involved in conservation practices, case study particularly from India, Conservation of plant genetic diversity, Conservation strategies required at national and international level.

2. Restoration Ecology: Definitions, Scope, Mechanisms, Pattern process and action of

restoration ecology, case study from India; concept and mechanisms of ecological restoration,

land use change and habitat degradation, soil restoration and soil degradation.

3. Importance of Restoration Ecology for Ecosystem, Biodiversity and natural resource

conservation practices in India.

UNIT-II 4. Management and Conservation of Natural Resources: Types of resources, Sustainable

development and ecological economics. Sustainable utilization of natural resources (economic, sociological, ecological and socio-cultural dimension).

5. Management and Conservation of Biological Resources: Biodiversity Concept, definition(s),

Scope and limitations of Biodiversity Science, Scales and composition of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species, Ecological/Ecosystem Diversity, cultural, rituals role in biodiversity saving. Biodiversity threats and measurements. Values and applications with humankind; Indian case studies especially - Project Tiger and Elephant.

6. Biosphere Reserves and Biodiversity hotspots: The concept, major functions and current

status in India and world; Risk categories of plants: Major risk categories, IUCN Red List of threatened species, RLI.

UNIT-III

7. Global Environmental Changes: Global warming, climate change, Reasons, possible effects and measures to combat the problem.

8. Ozone Depletion: Phenomenon, reasons, possible ecological effects and measures to check the depletion of ozone.

9. Protection of Environment: International concern and efforts for environmental protection, global plan, Stockholm Summit, priority issues; Earth Summits.

.

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UNIT-IV

10. Invasion Ecology: Definition, factors (both Intrinsic and extrinsic) affecting invasion, Status and impact of plant invasion on native flora; use and ecological role of weeds in Indian Agro-ecosystems, Major-weeds of the world; Ecological approach to weed management.

11. Field Experiments and Methods: Vegetational analyses, Ecosystem analyses, Biodiversity quantification, analyses of synthetic and analytical characters of local plant community. Ecological problems of Sukhna Lake Wetland. Nutrient analyses especially C, N and P in plant and soil sample.

Practicals

1. An introduction to various methods of sampling vegetation 2. Determination of density, dominance and cover area and Importance values Index 3. Determination of various ecological indices 4. Vegetation analysis – Direct gradient analysis and Ordination and indirect methods 5. Methods to study species association Jaccard’s and Sorenson Similarity indices 6. Demonstration of impact of pollutants on plants through field studies and laboratory

experiments 7. Demonstration of allelopathy under laboratory and field conditions 8. An assignment on the floral diversity of weeds and other common herbs of the Panjab

University Campus.

Essential Reading

1. Singh, J.S., Singh S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment Science and Conservation, S. Chand & Company, Private Ltd., New Delhi, 2014.

2. Martha, J.G. Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, USA, 2006.

3. Dyke, F.V., Bigelow, M.J., Anderson, L. and Ebihara, J. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications, Springer, USA, 2008.

Further Reading

4. Sodhi, N.S. and Ehrlich, P.R. Conservation Biology for All, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 2010.

5. Botkin, D. and Keller, E., Environmental Science, John Wiley, New York, U.S.A., 1995. 6. Newman, E. I. Applied Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, UK, 1994. 7. Odum, E. P. Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders Toppan, U.S.A, 1971. 8. Rice, E.L., Allelopathy, Academic Press Inc., U.S.A., 1987. 9. Cain, M. Bowman, W.D. and Hacker, S.D., Ecology, Third Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Publishers, U.S.A., 2013.

M.Sc. (Hons. School) III Semester

Paper –I : Mycology Theory : 75 (60A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA) Objective: To acquaint the students about the morphology, biology, systematics and importance of fungal organisms.



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UNIT-I 1. Kingdom Fungi: Introduction to Fungi and their significance to humans. 2. Characteristics of fungi and fungal systematics. 3. Recent trends in classification of fungi.

UNIT-II A general account, structure and reproduction of the following: 4. Phylum Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. 5. Phylum Ascomycota: Introduction to Ascomycetes 6. Phylum Ascomycota: Archiascomycetes, Saccharomycetales and Eurotiales. 7. Phylum Ascomycota: Pyrenomycetes, Discomycetes and Loculoascomycetes. 8. Deuteromycetes: Asexual Ascomycetes and other asexual fungi.

UNIT-III A general account, structure and reproduction of the following: 9. Phylum Basidiomycota: Introduction to Basidiomycetes. 10. Phylum Basidiomyctoa: Agaricales and Gasteromycetes 11. Phylum Basidiomycota: Aphyllophorales (Polypores, Chantarelles, Tooth fungi, Coral fungi and

Corticiodis) 12. Phylum Basidiomycota: Uredinales – The Rust fungi 13. Phylum Basidiomycota: Ustilaginales – The Smut fungi.

UNIT-IV A general account, structure and reproduction of the following: 14. Phylum Oomycota: Introduction, general characteristics and classification. A detailed account of

the different orders with specific reference to Saprolegnia, Achlya, Lagenidium, Pythium, Phytophthora and Albugo.

15. Phylum Hyphocytriomycota: General characteristics and classification. 16. Phylum Labyrinthulomycota: Net slime moulds 17. Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota: Endoparasitic slime moulds. 18. Phulum Dictyosteliomycota: Dictyostelid cellular slime moulds 19. Phylum Acrasiomycota: Acrasid cellular slime moulds. 20. Phylum Myxomycota: True slime moulds.

Practicals

Morphological study of the following genera:

Peronospora Chaetomium Drechslera Puccinia Albugo Morchella Phoma Ustilago Mucor Melamspora Penicillium Yeast Phallus Aspergillus Polyporus Colletotrichum

Essential Reading

1. Alexopolous, C.J. , Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. Introductory Mycology, John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 1996. 2. Webster, J. and Webes R. Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 3rd

Edition, 2007. 3. Moore, L., Fundamentals of the Fungi, Prentice Hall, New York, 1972. 4. Kendrick, B. The Fifth Kingdom. Focus Publishing, Newburyport, M.A. U.S.A, 2000.

Further Reading

5. Bilgrami, K.S. and Verma, R.N., Physiology of Fungi, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi,

1978. 6. Burnett, J.H., Fundamentals of Mycology, Edward Arnold, London, 1976.

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7. Carlile, M.J., Watkinson, S.C. and Gooday, G.W. 2001. The Fungi, Academic Press, New York. 8. Esser, K.A. & Lemke, P.A. (eds.).The Mycota,,Vol. I., Springer-Verlag, 1998. 9. Ingold, C.T., Fungal Spores, Their Liberation and Dispersal, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971. 10. Kirk, P.M., Canon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J.A. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th Edition,

CAB International, U.K, 2008.

Semester-III Paper –II : Plant Physiology Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA)

Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: The course would deal with advances in plant physiology especially involving molecular concepts. Beginning with overview of the cell and its organelles, the course would cover the advances in membranes (structure and function), photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, plant hormones, reproductive physiology and conclude with responses of the plants to abiotic stresses. The course has been designed keeping in view the UGC-NET syllabus. Teaching Methodology: The teaching methodology would provide comprehensive information on board along with demonstration through models, slides and practicals.



UNIT-I

1. Membranes: Recent concepts of structure and composition of membrane with various classes of pumps and their significance.

2. Plant Respiration: Detailed mechanism; Glycolysis and TCA cycle, Mitochondria as biological oxidators; Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP; CN- resistant respiration and metabolic inhibitors regulating the respiration.

UNIT-II

3. Photosynthesis: Energy pathway in photosynthesis; Chloroplast as an energy transducing organelle, Composition and characterization of photosystem-I and -II; Electron flow through cyclic, non-cyclic and pseudo-cyclic photophosphorylations, Pathways of CO2

fixation; (C3, C4 and CAM) and regulation of photorespiration; RUBISCO as an example of model enzyme for semi-autonomy at the molecular level.

4. Nitrogen fixation by free and symbiotic organisms: An overview - mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation; Nodule formation and Nod factors; Interrelationship between photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism; Mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation; Sulfur and phosphorus uptake; transport and assimilation.

UNIT-III

5. Plant Hormones: A critical discussion on hormones, their molecular mechanism of action and

role in modulating metabolism, tropisms and reproduction at tissue cell and at genetic level. 6. Reproductive Physiology: Phytochrome/Hormones in reproduction.

UNIT-IV

7. Stress physiology: Introduction to various abiotic stresses, effects at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels.

8. Secondary Metabolites: Terpenes, Phenols, Nitrogenous substance; roles.

Practicals

1. Determination of water potential by various methods.

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2. Separation and identification of sugars, amino acids by paper chromatography/Thin layer chromatography.

3. Spectroscopic determination of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins under varied environmental conditions.

4. Determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b ratio in C3 and C4 plants. 5. Seed germination as affected by environmental factors. 6. Bioassays of Hormones.

7. Preparation of biovisual aids with respect to plant metabolic or molecular process(es).

Essential Reading

1. Wilkins, M.B., Advanced Plant Physiology, Pitman, New York, 1984. 2. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E., Plant Physiology, (5th Edition), Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Massachusetts, USA, 2010. 3. Hopkins, W.G. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., USA, 1999.

Further Reading

4. Bonner, B. and Varner, J.E., Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, London, 1976. 5. Stryer, L., Biochemistry (4th Edition), W.H., Freeman and Co., New York, 1995. 6. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1995. 7. Srivastava, A.K., Plant Growth and Development, Associated Press, 2002.

Semester-III Paper –III : Plant Biochemistry Theory : 75 (60A+15CA)

Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA)

Objective: To acquaint the students about the basic concepts of plant biochemistry including composition, structure and functions of bio-molecules. Teaching Methodology: The teaching methodology would involve elaborative description of the various topics on board along with demonstration through models and practicals. Instructions for the paper setter


UNIT-I

1. Carbohydrates: Classification, composition and structure of Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides,

Glycoproteins and Peptidoglycan), Stereoisomerism, Transformation of Carbohydrates, Synthesis and degradation of Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose.

2. Lipids: Classification, Structure and functions; Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids.

UNIT-II

3. Amino acids and Proteins: Structure types, properties and Metabolism of Amino acids; Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quatenary structure of proteins ; stability of protein structure; Classification of proteins based on composition, solubility function; Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot.

4. Bioenergetics: Concept of free energy changes, Laws of Thermodynamics, Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions, Entropy and Energy, Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant, Redox potential.

UNIT-III

5. Enzymes: Nomenclature and Classification; Enzyme Kinetics; Mode and Mechanism of Enzyme Action, Enzyme Regulation, Activators, Inhibitors and Isoenzymes : Allosteric enzymes.

6. Vitamins: Structure, and functions of Thiamine, Riboflavin, Nicotinic Acid, Pantothenic Acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12 , Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A , D , E and K.

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UNIT-IV

7. Compounds of Energy Transfer and Redox Reactions: Compounds of Energy Transfer:

Adenosine Triphosphate, Uridine Triphosphate. Cytidine Triphosphate, Guanosine Triphosphate

Practical

1. Detection of reducing, non reducing and total sugars. 2. Quantitative estimation of total carbohydrates by anthrone reagent. 3. Qualitative tests of protein like Biuret test, Ninhydrin test. 4. Quantitative estimation of amino acid and phenols by using Spectrophotometer.

Essential Reading

1. Lehninger, A. Principles of Biochemistry, Worth Publishers, 1982. 2. Conn, E.E. and Stumpf, P.K Outlines of Biochemistry, 5th Ed. Academic Press, London, 1987. 3. Deb, A.C. Fundamental of Biochemistry, 9th ed. New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata,

2008. 4. Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, London, 1997.

Suggested Readings 5. Hames, D. and Cooper, N. Biochemistry, Garland Science Publishers, U.S.A., 2008. 6. Jain, J.L., Jain, S. Jain and Jain N. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New

Delhi, 2007. 7. Mathews, K. Vanhold and Ahren. Biochemistry, Pearson Edu. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003. 8. Palmer, T. Enzymes, Affiliated East – West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004. 9. Reghumat Rai, K. Text Book of Biochemistry, PHI., 1980. 10. Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E. The Biochemistry of Plants – A Comprehensive Treatise,

Academic Press, London, 1981. 11. Voet, D. and Voet, .J.G. Biochemistry, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons_Inc., 2006. 12. Malik, C.P. and Singh, M.B. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymolog,. Kalyani Publishers, 1980. 13. Plummer, D.T. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, T.M.H., 1979.

Semester-III Paper-IV: Molecular Biology Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: Objective of this course is to expose students to current knowledge of plant molecular biology and the experimental basis of that knowledge. Teaching Methodology: Traditional and power point presentations.



UNIT – I

1. Analysis of macromolecules: Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA and proteins and their analysis by gel electrophoresis.

2. RNA synthesis and processing: Structure and functions of different types of RNA, formation of initiation complexes; Transcription factors, activators and repressors, RNA polymerases. RNA processing (capping, splicing polyadenylation); RNA editing and RNA transport.

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UNIT – II

3. Control of gene expression: Regulation of gene expression in, prokaryotes and eukaryotes; role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing.

4. Gene expression analysis: DNA microarrays for gene expression analysis, types, target preparation; Probe synthesis and hybridization, data analysis.

UNIT- III

5. Gene libraries: Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC

and YAC vectors. 6. DNA sequencing: Principle, dideoxy chain termination and chemical methods. Strategies for

genome sequencing; automated sequencing. 7. Polymerase chain reaction: Principle and procedure; types, applications of PCR in basic and

applied research. UNIT – IV

8. Blotting techniques: Concept of nucleic acid hybridization; Southern, Northern and Western

blotting. 9. Molecular markers: Types and characteristic features, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SNP

techniques. Applications of molecular markers in germplasm assessment and conservation.

Practicals 1. Extraction and estimation of DNA from plant material. 2. Extraction and estimation of RNA from plant material. 3. Genomic DNA isolation. 4. DNA analysis by gel electrophoresis. 5. Protein isolation and their separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 6. To prepare a restriction digest by using different restriction enzymes. 7. DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction.

Essential Reading

1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular biology of the cell, (5th Edition), Macmillan Publishers Ltd, New York, USA, 2005.

2. Cooper GM and Hausman RE. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, (6th Edition), ASM Press and Sinauer Associates, 2014.

3. Cox, M.M., Doudna J.A., O. Donnell M, Molecular Biology: Principles and Practices, (1st Edition), W.H. Freeman and Company, 2012.

Further Reading 4. Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology (7th Edition), J. Wiley & Sons, USA, 2013. 5. Lodish H., Berk A., Zipursky S.L., Matsudaira P., Baltimore D., Darnell J. Molecular Cell biology

(7th Edition), Jones and Bartlett Publ., USA, 2005. 6. Primrose S.B., Primrose, R.M. Principles of gene manipulation & Genomics (8th Edition),

Blackwell Publ, UK, 2015.

Semester-III

Paper –V : Ecosystem Ecology and Forestry Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: This syllabus is designed with the view to sensitize and familiarize the students of M.Sc with the basic concepts of ecology and forestry. The major goals for designing this course include: to make students learn various ecological theories, their applications and implementation and to provide them a platform for further studies and competitive exams. Teaching Methodology: Teaching is done in any way (following both traditional and modern methods) so as to sensitize and inspire students on the subject.

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UNIT- I

1. Basic concepts of Ecology: Physical conditions of Environment, resources. Concept of

habitat and niche: Types of niche (Fundamental and Realized), Resource partitioning and

character displacement.

2. Ecosystem: Structure and function, energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP), primary production and decomposition, structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, estuarine).

3. Ecological succession: Types, mechanisms, changes involved in succession, concept of climax.

UNIT- II

4. Population ecology: Characteristics of populations, population growth curves, population

regulation, life history strategies (r and K selection), Metapopulations- demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations

5. Community ecology Nature of communities, community structure and attributes, levels of species diversity and its measurement, edges and ecotones.

6. Species interactions: Various types of positive and negative interactions - Competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, Mutualism, symbiosis, proto-cooperation.

UNIT- III

7. Conservation at the population and species level: Problems of small populations, effective

population size, minimum viable population, loss of genetic variability, demographic variations,

approaches to establishing new populations,

8. Conservation biology: Approaches to conservation, Ex-situ conservation strategies (Zoos, botanical gardens, aquaria, seed/germplasm banks).

9. Establishment protected areas: Establishment and classification of protected areas, existing protected areas, creating new protected areas.

UNIT- IV

10. Designing and management of protected areas: Issues of reserve design, protected area

networks, landscape ecology and park design. Various management tools, identifying and

managing various threats to protected areas. Indian case studies on conservation (Project

Tiger, Biosphere reserves).

11. Forest Types: Climate of India, different climatic regions of India. Central characters and distribution of the different forest types of India.

12. Forest Ecosystem Services: What are ecosystem services, Classification of various forest ecosystem services and their management.

Practicals /Assignments

1. To determine various sampling techniques to study plant communities 2. To determine various ecological indices in the open grassland areas 3. To determine degree of association between two species by Chi-square method 4. To determine index of similarity between vegetation of two communities 5. To calculate and understand alpha, beta and gamma diversity 6. To study the ecological attributes some important invasive exotic plants found in Chandigarh

21

7. To demonstrate and write a small project on allelopathy (a type of plant-plant interaction) 8. To measure tree height and diameter at the breast height of important tree species in the

Panjab University Campus 9. To identify and enlist various ecosystem services 10. An assignment on the Trees, herbs and shrubs of Panjab University campus

Essential Reading

1. Primack, R.B. Essentials of Conservation Biology, Sinauer Associates, USA, 2010 2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environmental Science and

Conservation, S. Chand Publishing, India. 2015. 3. Stiling, P. Ecology: Theories and Applications, Prentice Hall, India, 2002.

Further Reading

4. Cain, M.L. Bowman, W.D. Hacker, S.D. Ecology, Sinauer Associates, USA, 2014. 5. Kormondy, E.J. Concepts of Ecology, Prentice Hall, India, 2007. 6. Odum E.P. and Barrett, G.W. Fundamentals of Ecology, Cengage Learning India Private Ltd.,

India, 2014. 7. Townsend, C. R., Begon, M., and Harper, J. L. Essentials of Ecology, Wiley-Blackwell

USA, 2008. 8. Weathers, K.C., Strayer, D.L. Likens, G.E. Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science,

Academic Press, USA, 2013.

M.Sc. (Hons. School) IV Semester

Paper –I : Plant Pathology Theory : 75 (60A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20A+ 5CA) Objective: To acquaint the students about the history of plant pathology and detailed study about various diseases and their defense mechanisms.




UNIT-I 1. Introduction, History of Plant Pathology. 2. Pathogenesis: Introduction, prepenetration, penetration and development inside host tissue. 3. Enzymes and Toxins in Plant Diseases: Enzymes in plant diseases, composition of cell wall

materials and middle lamella, enzymes for waxes and cutins, Hemicellulases, macerating enzymes, cellulolytic, lignolytic and proteolytic enzymes. Toxins and their classification.

UNIT-II 4. Host Parasite Interaction: Alteration in plant physiological functions. 5. Defence mechanism. 6. Genetics of Plant Pathogen Interaction: Resistance and susceptibility, vertical and horizontal

resistance, mutation, heterokaryosis, transformation, transduction and physiological specialization.

UNIT-III

7. Dispersal of Plant Pathogens: Direct and indirect transmission.

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8. Plant Disease Epidemiology and Disease Forecasting: Introduction, epiphytotic growth and analysis, computer simulation of epidemics, methods used in plant-disease forecasting.

9. Disease Control: Cultural and chemical control, breeding for disease resistance.

UNIT-IV

10. Symptoms, life-cycles and control measures of the following diseases of plants: White rust, Downy mildews, Powdery mildews, Rusts, Smuts, Ergot, Groundnut leaf spot, Red rot of Sugarcane, Wilt diseases, Paddy blast, Citrus canker, Bacterial blight of paddy, leaf spot of disease.

Practicals

1. V. S. of White Rust of Crucifer. 2. T. S. of Linseed Rust. 3. Rust on Wheat and Barberry. 4. Smut diseases: Wheat, Rice, Sorghum, Sugarcane and Grass. 5. Downy mildew of Grapes. 6. Powdery mildew of Grapes. 7. Red rot of Sugarcane. 8. Tikka disease of Groundnut. 9. Late blight of Potato. 10. Early blight of Potato. 11. Diseases caused by fungi imperfecti. 12. Study of Viral diseases. 13. Study of Nematode diseases. 14. Bunt diseases of Wheat and Rice. 15. Wart disease of Potato. 16. Apple scab. 17. Citrus canker. 18. Tundu disease of Wheat.

Essential Reading

1. Agrios, G.N. Plant Pathology, Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 2. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aggarwal, A. Plant Pathology, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003. 3. Sharma, P. D. Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publ., Meerut, 1998.

Further Reading 4. Bilgrami, K.S. and Dube, H.C. A Text Book of Modern Plant Pathology, Vikas Publishing House,

New Delhi, 1990. 5. Mundkur,B. B. Fungi and Plant Disease, MacMillan & Co. Ltd., New York, 1959. 6. Stewens, N.E.The Fungi which Cause Plant Disease, Int. Books & Periodicals, New Delhi,

1984. 7. Mukerji, K.G. Biotechnological Approaches in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens, Int. Books and

Periodicals, Delhi, 1999. 8. Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter D.W. and Stalpers, J.A. Dictionary of the Fungi, CAB, UK,

2008.

Semester-IV Paper-II : Biostatistics & Research Methodology

Theory : 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA) Objective: This course is designed to make students learn and understand the applications of various statistical methods in plant sciences and the research methodology as to how to design experiments, write research papers and familiarize them with Science citation index, impact factor etc. and importance of ethics in research. This course content of this paper is prepared on the patterns of relevant topics of the life sciences paper of UGC-CSIR with the aim of imparting comprehensive knowledge to the students.

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Teaching Methodology: Teaching is done in any way (following both traditional and modern methods) so as to sensitize and inspire students on the subject.


Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising Four questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt at least one question from each unit apart from the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

SECTION (A): Biostatistics UNIT-I

1. Introduction, objectives and applications of statistical methods in plant sciences; Collection,

compilation and presentation of data; 2. Central tendency: mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic) median and mode. Standard

deviation and standard error; 3. Probability distributions (Normal, Binomial and Poisson), Tests of hypothesis and statistical

significance; 4. Test for comparing means of one or two samples.

UNIT-II

5. Analysis of variance (one way) multiple comparisons – Duncan’s Multiple range test, 6. Dunnett’s test, Tukey test; 7. Correlation and Regression analysis: Simple correlation, Scatter diagrams, Linear and Co-linear

regression. 8. Tests of association, goodness of fit using chi-square test

SECTION (B): Research Methodology

UNIT-III 1. Basic principles and significance of research design; 2. Experimental set-up; 3. Randomized Block Designs (RBD), completely randomized designs, 4. Research articles research papers, popular research articles and reviews,

UNIT-IV

5. How to write a research paper, reference styles, process of reviewing; 6. Important journals in plant sciences, 7. An introduction to science citation index and impact factor of a journal; 8. Copyright act, academic frauds, plagiarism.

Practicals Data collection, calculation of mean, median and mode, standard deviation and error, t-value, F-value and r value, One way analysis of variance and introduction to post hoc tests with the help of statistical softwares, Calculation of chi square value. Listing of important journals of botany, introduction to online submission of research papers and calculation of impact factor of a journal.

Essential Reading

1. Daniel, W.W. Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences, Wiley and Sons,

Singapore, 2006. 2. Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. 2nd revised ed. New Age

International Publishers, India, 2009. 3. McKillup, S. Statistics Explained: An Introductory Guide for Life Scientists, Cambridge University

Press, UK, 2006..

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Further Reading 4. Bailey, N.T.J. Statistical Methods in Biology, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, UK, 1994. 5. Dobbs, S. and Miller, J. Statistics 1, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2006. 6. Dobbs, S. and Miller, J. Statistics 2, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2006. 7. Mahajan, B.K. Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers, Jaypee

Brothers Medical Publishers, India, 2006. 8. Selvin, S. Biostatistics – How it Works. First Impression, Pearson Education Inc., India, 2007.

Semester-IV

Paper - III : Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Theory: 75 (60 A+15CA) Practical: 25 (20 A+ 5CA)

Objective: Objective of this course is to expose students to current knowledge of plant molecular biology, genetic engineering and their experimental basis. Teaching Methodology: It will involve class room lectures, power point presentations, charts, models, practicals and field visits etc. Instructions for the paper setter Question paper will have four units. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All questions may carry equal marks, unless specified.

UNIT-I

1. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology: New Technologies, Origin of Biotechnology and History.

2. Plant Biotechnology: Its definition, terminologies, scope and applications. 3. Plant regeneration: Definition, pre-conditions, role of plant material, effect of culture media and

culture conditions, and biotechnological utilization of regeneration potential.

UNIT-II

4. Single Cell Suspension Culture and Secondary Metabolite Production. 5. Somatic Embryogenesis; factors affecting somatic embryogenesis and its utility. 6. Germplasm Storage, Artificial Seeds and their utility in micropropagation.

UNIT-III 7. Somaclonal variations and their applications. 8. Haploid Production: Definition, androgenesis, Gynogenesis, culture techniques and induction

factors, biotechnological utilization of haploid production. 9. Somatic Hybridization: Protoplast fusion, culture, hybrid selection and regeneration,

application in biotechnology.

UNIT-IV

10. Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Plants, recombinant DNA technology, cloning vehicles, gene engineering through cutting and joining DNA molecules, restriction endonucleases, ligases, applications of genetic engineering.

11. Gene Transfer Methods in Plants, targeted integration of foreign DNA; gene targeting, basic pre-requisites of stable transformation.

Practicals

1. Laboratory organization and techniques for tissue culture. 2. Different nutrient Media; their preparation and sterilization. 3. Selection of different explants, surface sterilization and inoculations to initiate cultures. 5. To study different regeneration pathways in explants, under controlled conditions. 6. To study effect of different growth regulators in in vitro cultures. 7. Anther and pollen culture techniques to establish haploid cultures.

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8. Technique of single cell cultures and suspension culture. 9. Technique of production of haploids. 10. Technique of encapsulation of shoot meristem/somatic embryos in calcium alginate beads.

Essential Reading

1. Bhojwani, S. S. and Razdan, M. K. Plant Tissue Culture - Theory and Practice., Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc., New York, 1983.

2. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. Principles of Gene Manipulation : An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985.

3. Street, H. E. Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1973. Further Reading

4. Chawla, H.S. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi, 2002. 5. Kumar, H.D. A Text Book on Biotechnology. Affiliated East West press, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,

1991. 6. Razdan, M.K. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, 1983. 7. Smith, R.H., Plant Tissue Culture, Technique and Experiments. Academic Press, New York,

2000. 8. Trevan, M.D., Buffey, S., Goulding K.H., and Stanbury, Plant Biotechnology – The Biological

Principles, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.

Semester-IV

Paper-IV: Comprehensive Test & Field Botany (Marks: 50+50) Objective: The basic objective of this course is to acquaint the students with natural flora and fauna in various regions through field trips. Teaching Methodology: It will involve organizing botanical excursions and visits to various herbaria and botanical gardens of the country.

The students will have to go for field study trip to the place of the choice of the course incharge/Academic Committee and prepare a field report. The team of accompanying teachers will evaluate the level of academic interest, team-spirit, cooperativeness, discipline and other non-scholastic attributes, apart from the Field Report submitted by the students. The Teacher-in-charge of the Course / Academic Committee will also arrange a comprehensive test based on the Field Botany.

Semester-IV

Paper-V:(A) Project Work & (B) Seminar Marks : (A) 50 & (B) 50) Objective: The paper will involve seminar presentations by the students on topics pertaining to their course study and submission of project report based on field trips. Teaching Methodology: It will involve power point presentations followed viva-voce examinations

• The topic of Project work shall be of the choice of the students in consultation with the Academic Committee.

• Topics of current interest and related to the theory papers shall be selected by the student and approved by the Academic Committee.

• Each student has to present her/his seminar on the assigned topic.

• The schedule of the seminar shall be decided and finalized by the Chairman

• Attendance in the seminar is compulsory.

• There is no internal assessment as such

• Credit to be given for attendance and participation in discussion by the board of examiners

• End written examination will be conducted from within the topics of the seminar. *******

m.sc. h.s. syllabus in botany w.e.f. e

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