m.sc. semester i and ii botany syllabus credit based and ...m.sc. semester i and ii botany syllabus...
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M.Sc. Semester I and II Botany Syllabus
Credit Based and Grading System
To be implemented from the Academic year 2018 - 2019
SEMESTER I
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L / Week
BPSBO101
Paper Title: Plant Diversity :CryptogamsI ( Algae and Fungi)
I Algae
4
1
II Applied Phycology 1
III Fungi 1
IV Applied Mycology 1
BPSBO102
Paper Title: Plant Diversity - Spermatophyta I
(Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
I Gymnosperms I
4
1
II Origin of Angiosperms 1
III Angiosperms I 1
IV Angiosperms II 1
BPSBO103
Paper Title: Plant Physiology
I Photosynthesis I (Eukaryotes)
4
1
II Photosynthesis II (Prokaryotes) 1
III Proteins 1
IV Plant Hormones 1
BPSBO104
Paper Title: Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology
I Cytogenetics
4
1
II Molecular Biology 1
III Recombinant DNA technology 1
IV Applications of R-DNA technology 1
BPSBOP101 Plant Diversity :Cryptogams I (Algae and Fungi) 2 4
BPSBOP102 Plant Diversity - Spermatophyta I
(Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) 2 4
BPSBOP103 Plant Physiology 2 4
BPSBOP104 Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology &Biotechnology 2 4
SEMESTER - II
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L / Week
BPSBO201
Title of the Paper: Plant Diversity : Cryptogams II
(Bryophyta and Pteridophyta)
I Bryophyta I
4
1
II Bryophyta II 1
III Pteridophyta I 1
IV Pteridophyta II 1
BPSBO202
Title of the Paper: Plant Diversity: Spermatophyta II
(Anatomy, Developmental Botany and Palynology)
I Anatomy I
4
1
II Anatomy II 1
III Developmental Botany 1
IV Palynology 1
BPSBO203
Title of the Paper: Plant Physiology and Environmental
Botany
I Seed Physiology
4
1
II Stress Physiology 1
III Environmental Botany I 1
IV Environmental Botany II 1
BPSBO204
Title of the Paper: Medicinal Botany and Dietetics
I Medicinal Botany I
4
1
II Medicinal Botany II 1
III Dietetics I 1
IV Dietetics II 1
BPSBOP201 Plant Diversity : Cryptogams II
(Bryophyta and Pteridophyta) 2 4
PSBOP202
Plant Diversity: Spermatophyta II
(Anatomy, Developmental Botany and
Palynology)
2
4
BPSBOP203 Plant Physiology and Environmental
Botany 2 4
BPSBOP204 Medicinal Botany and Dietetics 2 4
Semester - I Detailed Syllabus Theory
Course code: BPSBO101
Botany - I
Sr. No. Modules / Units
Plant Diversity-Cryptogams I (Algae and Fungi)
Credits
1
1.1
Unit I: Algae
Classification of Algae up to orders, according to the system
proposed by G.M Smith.
1
2
2.1
2.2
Unit II: Applied Phycology
1. Techniques of culturing Algae
2. Algae as biofuel
1
3
3.1
3.3
Unit : III Fungi
1. Classification of fungi, upto orders, according to the system
proposed by Alexopoulos.
2. General account of spore bearing organs and their
arrangements in various groups of fungi; spore release and
dispersal.
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit : IV Applied Mycology
1. Mycorrhiza; type, distribution and significance with reference
to agriculture and forestry.
2. Study of the following diseases with reference to symptoms,
causal organism and disease cycle :
i. Late blight of potato
ii. Covered smut of jowar
1
Course code: BPSBO102
Botany - II
Sr. No. Modules / Units
Credits
Plant Diversity - Spermatophyta I (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
1
1.1
1.2
Unit I: Gymnosperms I
1. Classification of gymnosperms upto orders according to the system
proposed by C. J. Chamberlain.
2. General characters; affinities and interrelationships of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales.
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Origin of Angiosperms
Origin and evolution of angiosperms; the primitive angiospermic
flower; primitive and advanced character in angiosperms.
1
3
3.1
3.2
Unit : III Angiosperms I
1. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.) History and
basic Principles.
2. Principles for assessment of relationships, delimitation of taxa and
attribution of rank: a. criteria b. guidelines c. practical considerations, d.
use of categories.
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit : IV Angiosperms II
1. Evolution, variation and speciation, Biosystematic categories,
Biotypes and Ecotypes.
2. Concept of characters: - Introduction, type function values of
taxonomic characters- numerical taxonomy, chemotaxonomy,
Molecular systematics.
1
Course Code: BPSBO103
Botany - III
Sr. No. Modules / Units Credits
Plant Physiology
1
1.1
1.2
Unit I: Photosynthesis I (Eukaryotes)
1. Regulation of C3, C4 and CAM pathways of photosynthesis: Role
of light in the activation of dark phase enzymes, regulation of
RUBISCO, PEPcase, light effect, modulators and coordination of
light, dark phase. C4 Photosynthesis: inter and intra-cellular transport
of metabolites, carbonic anhydrase, PEPcase, NADP-MDH and
PPDK. Regulation of CAM through transport of metabolites.
2. Pentose Phosphate Pathway and its importance.
1
2
2.1
Unit II: PhotosynthesisII (Prokaryotes)
Photosynthesis of prokaryotes: Pigment systems in bacteria and
Cyanobacteria, light harvesting mechanisms, reductive TCA cycle.
1
3
3.1
Unit : III Proteins
Proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structural
features and their analysis - Theoretical and experimental; protein
folding - biophysical and cellular aspects.
1
4
4.1
Unit : IV Plant Hormones
Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport
1
Course code: BPSBO104
Botany - IV
Sr. No. Modules / Units
Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Credits
1
1.1
Unit I: Cytogenetics
Cell division and cell cycle: Steps in cell cycle and control of cell
cycle.
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Molecular Biology
Microbial Genetics: Molecular basis of transformation, transduction,
Conjugation; fine structure of the gene, T4 Phage, complementation
analysis, deletion mapping, cis-trans tests.
1
3
3.1
Unit : III Recombinant DNA Technology
Vectors in gene cloning: pUC19, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors. High and low copy number plasmids and its regulation.
1
4
4.1
Unit : IV Applications of Recombinant DNA technology
Application of recombinant DNA technology for production of
herbicide resistant plants, insect resistant plants, improving seed
storage proteins and golden rice.
1
Practical-I
Code Title Credits
BPSBOP101 Plant Diversity :Cryptogams I (Algae and Fungi) 2
1 Study of following type with reference to their systematic position, thallus
and reproductive structures: Scytonema, Lyngbya, Anabaena, Volvox,
Scenedesmus, Ulothrix, Enteromorpha, Pithophora, Closterium, Nitella,
Padina and Gracilaria.
2 Extraction of algal pigments and their separation by paper chromatography.
3 Preparation of algal herbaria.
4 Study of the following type with reference to their systematic position, thallus
and reproductive structures: Stemonitis, Saprolegnia, Phytophthora, Xylaria,
Peziza, Daedalea, Claviceps, Fusarium and Trichoderma.
5 Study of the disease mentioned in the syllabus (theory) with reference to the
symptoms.
Causal organisms and disease cycle.
BPSBOP102 Plant Diversity - Spermatophyta I
(Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
2
Gymnosperms: A study of following types
Cordaites (Fossil) Auraucaria, Cupressus, Podocarpus and Juniperus.
Angiosperms: A study of the following plant families their morphological
pecularities and economic importance :
Menispermaceae, Portulacaceae, Guttiferae, Passifloraceae, Rhamnaceae,
Sapindaceae, Lythraceae, Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Liliaceae,
Scitaminae, Cyperaceae.
Identification of genus and species with the help of flora volumes. (In addition to
the above mentioned families, all families studied in undergraduate classes are
included).
BPSBOP103 Plant Physiology 2
Major experiments
1 Enzyme kinetics : Determination of Km and Vmax of the enzyme amylase
purified amylase)
2 Extraction of cellulase from a suitable fungal culture and study of enzyme
activity by DNSA method.
3 Immobilisation of yeast cells and study of invertase activity.
4 Quantitative study of diurnal fluctuation in titratable acid number (TAN) in a
CAM plant.
5 Extraction and estimation of GOT and GPT from suitable plant material.
6 Estimation of the total nitrogen content of a plant using Kjeldahl’s method.
Minor experiment
1 Separation of organic acids by paper chromatography.
2 Separation of sugars by paper chromatography.
3 A study of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, from potato peels.
Solvent extraction of chlorophyll a/b, xanthophylls and study of absorption pattern.
BPSBOP104 Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 2
1. Preparation of cytological stains, fixatives and pretreatment agents.
2. Squash preparation from pre-treated root tips (colchicines/
Paradichlorobenzene/ Aesculin.
3. Squash preparation from mutagen treated root tips for study of aberrations.
4. Smear preparation from any suitable plant material.
5. Problems based on:
Restriction map analysis and construction of restriction maps,
Tetrad analysis in Neurospora – two genes and centromere.
Deletion mapping in Bacteriophage.
Semester - II
Detail Syllabus Theory
Course Code: BPBO201
Sr. No. Modules / Unit Credits
Plant Diversity- Cryptogams II (Bryophyta and Pteridophyta)
1
1.1
1.2
Unit I: Bryophyta I
1. Classification of Bryophyta, upto orders, according to the system
proposed by G.M.Smith.
2. Alternation of generation in Bryophta.
1
2
2.1
2.2
Unit II: Bryophyta II
1. Origin and evolution of Bryophyta with reference to habitat and
form
2. Evolution of the Sporophyte in Bryophyta.
1
3
3.1
Unit : III: Pteridophyta I
Classification of Pteridophyta, upto orders, according to the system
proposed by G.M.Smith.
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Unit : IV Pteridophyta II
1. The geological time scale and a study of fossil Pteridophytes
(Rhinia, Horneophyton, Lepidodendron, Calamites, Cladoxylon,
Sphenophyllales, Coenopteridales)
2. Economic importance of Pteridophytes;
3. Cultivation and maintenance of ornamental Ferns.
1
Course code BPBO202
Sr. No. Modules / Units Credits
Plant Diversity - Spermatophyta II (Anatomy, Developmental Botany
and Palynology) 4
1
1.1
Unit I: Anatomy I
1. Meristems: Definition type of meristems, apical cell theory, histogen
theory and Tunica corpus theory
2. Sensory and tactile tissue system: Tactile sense organs, gravitational
and optical sense organs
1
2
2.1
2.2
Unit II: Anatomy II
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot
and root apical meristems; shoot and root development, leaf
development and phyllotaxy; transition of flowering, floral meristems
and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum.
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Unit : III Developmental Botany
1. Male gametophyte: Pollen development and gene expression male
sterility sperm dimorphism and hybrid seed production; pollen tube
growth and guidance; pollen storage; pollen embryos .
2. Female gametophyte; Types of embryo sacs; structure of embryo sac
cells.
3. Pollination, pollen-pistil interaction and fertilization: floral
characteristics.
4. Mechanism of Pollination and Fertilization: vectors involved in
pollination; breeding system; commercial considerations, structure of
the pistil; pollen-stigma interactions, sporophytic and gametophytic
self- incompatibility (cytological, biochemical and molecular aspects);
double fertilization; in vitro fertilization.
5. Seed development and fruit growth; endosperm development during
Early, Maturation and Desiccation stages; embryogenesis,
ultrastructure and nucellar cytology; cell lineage during late embryo
development; storage proteins of endosperm and embryo; apomixis;
embryo culture; dynamics of fruit growth; biochemistry and molecular
biology of fruit maturation.
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit : IV Palynology
1. Special relationships of pollen grain in pollen tetrads.
2. Pollen wall morphogenesis, ultrastructure, primexin formation.
3. Pollen proteins and allergens.
1
Course code: BPBO203
Sr. No. Modules / Units Credits
Plant Physiology and Environmental Botany
1
1.1
Unit I: Seed physiology:
Physiology and biochemistry of seed germination mobilization of food
reserves, germination and growth factors, seed dormancy, control and
release of dormancy.
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Stress Physiology:
Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic
(water, temperature and salt) stresses; mechanism of resistance to
biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress.
1
3
3.1
Unit : III Environmental Botany I
1. The Enviroment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic
and abiotic interactions.
2. Habitat and Niche: concept of habitat and niche; niche width and
overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning;
character displacement.
3. Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population
growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K
selection); concept of metapopulation - demes and dispersal,
interdemic extinctions, age structured population.
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Unit : IV Environmental Botany II
1. Species interactions: types of interactions, interspecific competition,
herbivory, carnivory, pollination and symbiosis.
2. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island
biogeography; biogeographical zones of India.
3. Environmental Botany- Present concern: Conservation of genetic
resources, gene pools land races, Global warming and costal
ecosystems. Depletion of forest cover, threats to mangroves.
Urbanization and plant cover.
1
Course code: BPBO204
Sr. No. Modules / Units Credits
BPSBO204 Medicinal Botany and Dietetics 4
1
1.1
Unit I: Medicinal Botany I
Biological source, geographical distribution, physicochemical
analysis of
Tylophora asthmatica (leaf), Fennel and Plantago (fruit/seed),
Cinnamon and Holarrhena (bark) and Acorus (rhizome) and Tinospora
root.
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Medicinal Botany II
Essential oils (Cinnamon, Eucalyptus and Citronella)
fatty oil (Sesame, Safflower and coconut).
Vegetable fat (Cocum butter and Mahua butter ) and Medicinal uses
of the above
1
3
3.1
Unit : III Dietetics I
Therapeutic value of Indian plant foods :-a) rice wheat ; b) gram,
green gram c) lemon, grapes and bananas; d) ginger, turmeric,
coriander, garlic, asafoetida, cumin and clove.
1
4
4.1
Unit : IV Dietetics II
Plant food in the treatment of diseases - anorexia, arthritis
constipation, diarrhoea, diabetes, exhaustion, hypertension, memory
and piles.
1
Modules / Units credit
BPSBOP201 Plant Diversity : Cryptogams II
(Bryophyta and Pteridophyta) 2
1. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures in Targionia Plagiochasma
Fimbraria, Pellia and Pgonganatum.
2. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures in : Isoetes, Ophioglossum
Pteris, Angiopteris, Lygodium and Azolla
3. Study of fossils: Sigillaria, Calamites, Rhynia, Sphenophyllum and
Glossopteris.
BPSBOP202 Plant Diversity: Spermatophyta II
(Anatomy, Developmental Botany and
Palynology)
2
1. Study of wood elements in Annona, Michelia, Sterculia and Thuja, using
the maceration technique.
2. Study of the following leaves with respect to leaf surface characters (wax,
cuticle, epidermis, stomata, epidermal outgrowth): Pistia , Ficus,
Avicennia and Peperomia.
3. Photosynthetic system in Pinus (arm palisade): Cyperus, Ficus, and
Oxalis.
4. A study of Microsporogenesis and megasorogenesis with the help of
permanent sides
5. In vitro germination of pollen grains, effect of temperature on pollen
viability and short term storage.
6. Study of the morphology of the pollen (using Chitale’s and acetolysis
method) from the families; Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae,
Labiatae and Graminae.
Minor experiments
1. Effect of water and salinity stress on chlorophyll content of leaves.
2. Effect of water and salinity stress on Proline content of leaves.
3. Determination of Stomatal Index of leaves
4. Determination of epidermal architecture of leaves.
5. Determination of LAI of different types of trees.
6. Assessment of pollution in ambient air, on the basis of injured leaf area.
Field exercises
1. Assessment of erosion status of land along a ‘stream’ on a slope or on flat
land.
2. Assessment of status of waste land, on the basis of its appearance and visible
plant growth.
Assessment of degradation of a forest on the basis of its canopy cover and
height, strata and species diversity.
PSBOP203 Plant Physiology and Environmental
Botany
2
Practical exercises are planned for better understanding of the state of
environment, rather than 5- hour units. Field exercises are expected to be
completed during excursion and field diaries maintained for submission during
tests. Other practical work can be carried out in the laboratory with help of
plant and soil samples collect from the field.
Major experiments
1 Breaking of seed dormancy by Physical and Chemical methods
2 Assessing seed viability by TTC method
3 Determination of Nygard index of algae in a water body.
4 Determination of dust load on lives of roadside plant.
5 Comparison of two population of a species collected from two areas.
6 Determination of primary production of an area by harvest method.
7 Determination of primary production of an area by chlorophyll method.
8 Determination of primary aquatic production by harvest method.
9 Determination of mechanical composition of soil by international pipette
method.
BPSBOP204 Medicinal Botany and Dietetics 2
1. A study of the macroscopic and microscopic characters and identification
of active ingredients of drugs mentioned in the syllabus for theory by means
of chemical tests / TLC.
2. Identification of medicinally important plants like Tinospora, Holarrhoena
and Ginger with respect to their morphological and anatomical characters
for authentication.
3. Estimation of FW/ DW ratio and total ash content from any medicinal
plant material as per Indian Pharmacopeia standards.
4. A study of the following medicinal plants/plant parts with respect to their
morphological, anatomical and biochemical characters for authentication
of the drug source: Tinospora cordifolia, Holarrhoena antidysenterica,
Ricinus communis, Zingiber officinalis.
5. Morphological identification of plants with similar nomenclatures in the
Ayurvedic system of medicine.
a. Brahmi – Centella asiatica and Bacopa monieri
b. Asoka – Saraca indica and Polyalthia longifolia
c. Karanj – Caesalpinia bonducella and Pongamia pinnata
M.Sc Botany Semester - III
Outline of the Course: BPSBO301 and BPSBO302 are common papers for all
specializations.
BPSBO301: Techniques and Instrumentation
BPSBO302: Cell and Molecular Biology
BPSBO303 and BPSBO304 are Optional Papers in any one of the following
specializations.
1. Mycology and Plant Pathology (MPP)
2. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (PPB)
3. Angiosperms and Phytochemistry (ANP)
4. Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
5. Environmental Botany (EB)
Theory BPSBO301 4 Credits
BPSBO302 4 Credits
BPSBO303 4 Credits
BPSBO304 4 Credits
Practicals (based on all 4 courses): BPSBOP301, BPSBOP302,
BPSBOP303 & Project
8 Credits
SEMESTER III
Common Papers
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L / Week
BPSBO301
Title of the Paper: TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION
I Biostatistics
4
1
II Bioinformatics 1
III pH and buffers and
Electrophoresis 1
IV Colorimeter, UV-visible
Spectrophotometer 1
BPSBO302 Title of the Paper: Molecular Biology
I DNA replication 4 1
II Transcription 1
III RNA processing 1
IV Translation 1
Specialization : Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
BPSBOMCB303
Title of the Paper: Plant Biotechnology
I Plant Tissue Culture I 4 1
II Plant Tissue Culture II 1
III Biotransformation 1
IV Commercial aspects 1
BPSBOMCB304
Title of the Paper: Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics
I Cytology
4
1
II Cancer Biology 1
III Immune System 1
IV Genetic Diseases 1
BPSBOMCBP303 Plant Biotechnology 2 4
BPSBOMCBP304 PROJECT 2 4
SEMESTER IV
Common Papers
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L / Week
BPSBO401
Title of the Paper: Techniques and Instrumentation
I Centrifugation
4
1
II Chromatography 1
III Tracer Technique & PCR 1
IV Nanotechnology & IPR 1
BPSBOP401 Techniques and instrumentation 2 4
BPSBOP402 Molecular Biology 2 4
BPSBO402 Title of the Paper: Molecular Biology
I Gene Regulation I
4
1
II Gene Regulation II 1
III Gene Regulation III 1
IV Cell signaling 1
Specialization : Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
BPSBOMCB403
Title of the Paper: Plant Biotechnology
I Environmental Biotechnology
4
1
II Traditional Knowledge & IPR 1
III Nanotechnology 1
IV Food Biotechnology 1
BPSBOMCB404 Title of the Paper: Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics
I Plant Breeding I 4 1
II Plant Breeding II 1
III Molecular plant Breeding 1
IV Plant Genetic Engineering 1
BPSBOMCBP403 Plant Biotechnology 2 4
BPSBOMCBP404 PROJECT 2 4
Detailed Syllabus
Semester - III
General Papers
Course Code: BPSBO301
Sr. No. TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION 4
11
1.1
1.2
1.3
UNIT I: Biostatistics
Hypothesis testing: Theory of errors - Type I and Type II errors, Null
Hypothesis, z-test, Test of significance.
Introduction to ANOVA, One-way & two way ANOVA, Dunett’s test.
Randomized Block Design and Latin Square (5 problems to be solved
in each category).
1
22
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Unit II: Bioinformatics
Organization of biological data, databases (raw and processed),
Queering in data bases.
Gene finding, motif finding and multiple sequence alignment.
Protein sequence analysis (theory and algorithms).
Exploration of databases, retrieval of desired data, BLAST etc
1
33
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Unit III: pH and Buffers; Electrophoresis
pH and buffer solutions, acids and bases, hydrogen ion concentration,
dissociation of acids and bases, measurement of pH, titration curves.
Physiological Buffers.
Electrophoresis: Theory and application
PAGE (Native & SDS) and AGE
2D Electrophoresis
1
44
4.1 Unit IV: Microscopy & Spectroscopy
Principles, instrumentation, working and applications of
Fluorescence microscope, TEM, SEM, Biological sample preparation for electron microscopy
IR, AAS , Plasma Emission spectroscopy, NMR, MS
1
Course Code: BPSBO302
Sr.No. Molecular Biology 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
UNIT I: DNA Replication
Molecular details of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Assembly of raw DNA into nucleosomes.
DNA recombination, holliday model for recombination.
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Unit II: Transcription
Transcription, RNA synthesis, classes of RNA and the genes that code
for them.
Transcription of protein coding genes, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
mRNA molecule.
Transcription of other genes, ribosomal RNA, and ribosomes, tRNA.
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Unit III: RNA processing
Capping, polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons.
snRNA, Types of snRNA, snRNA in spliceosome, significance of snRNA
Non coding RNAs, ribozyme, riboswitches, RNA localization.
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit IV: Translation
Protein structure, nature of genetic code, translation of genetic
message.
Post translational modifications, localization, chaperons.
1
BPBSOP301 TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION Cr 2 4
Hypothesis testing, Normal deviate test.
ANOVA- one way & two way.
Randomized block Design and Latin square
Multiple alignments
Phylogenetic tree.
BLAST
Motif finding
Preparation of buffers (phosphate and acetate)
Determination of pKa
BPBSOP302 Molecular Biology Cr. 2 4
Aseptic techniques, safe handling of microorganisms.
Establishing pure cultures, streak plate method (T-streak and pentagon method), Pour plate, spread plate.
Maintenance of cultures - Paraffin embedding, Lyophilisation.
Preparation of culture medium, stock solutions
Determination of cell number, viable count method (using pour plate and serial dilution technique).
Separation of seed proteins using PAGE.
Analysis of proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Genomic DNA isolation and quantification.
Specialization: Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
Course Code: BPSBOMCB303
Sr. No Plant Biotechnology 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
UNIT I: Plant Tissue Culture I
Micropropagation of floricultural and medicinal plants using
organogenensis and embryogenensis.
Factors responsible for in vitro and ex vitro hardening.
Plant improvement through somaclonal variations.
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Unit II: Plant Tissue Culture II
Plant cell cultures as chemical factories: Cell suspension, enhancement of
product formation using biotic and abiotic elicitors, immobilization,
permeabilization and product recovery.
Problems in plant tissue culture: contamination, phenolics and recalcitrants.
In vitro storage of germplasm, Cryopreservation
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Unit III: Biotransformation
Biotransformation using: Freely suspended plant cells and Immobilized
plant cells,
Biotransformation for Vanillin production from Capsicum cell cultures.
In vitro storage of germplasm, cryopreservation.
Studies on Agrobacterium mediated transformed root cultures.
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Unit IV: Commercial aspects
The quest for commercial production from plant cell: scaling up of cell
cultures.
Bioreactors: factors for bioreactor design, pneumatically agitated
bioreactors, comparison of bioreactors, operating mode, batch, fed-batch,
semicontinuous, two stage operation, continuous cultivation.
Factors for growth in Bioreactors.
Shikonin production by Lithospemum erythrorhizon cell cultures.
1
Course Code: BPSBOMCB304
Sr.No. Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
UNIT I: Cytology
Cell membrane and permeability: Molecular models of cell membrane,
cell permeability. Differentiation of cell membrane, intercellular
communications and gap junctions. Cell coat and cell recognition, cell
surface.
Cell Cycle and Apoptosis: Mechanism of Cell division; Regulation, Roles
of Cyclins and Cyclin dependent kinases, Cell Plate formation, PCD.
Organization and function of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes.
1
2
2.1
2.2
Unit II: Cancer Biology
Cancer cells: Characteristics, division, spread, treatment. Course of
cancer cell formation, Carcinogens: radiations, chemicals, oncogenic
virus.
Cancer and mutations, reproductive properties of transformed animal cell
in culture, oncogenes, protoncogenes and their conversion. Oncogenes
and growth factors.
1
3
3.1
3.2
Unit III: Immune System
Phylogeny of immune system, innate and acquired immunity, nature and
biology of antigens, major histocompatibility complex cells of immune
system, regulation of immune responses. Production of antibodies by plant
cells and organs.
Immunity in Health and Disease: Immunodeficiency and AIDS
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit IV: Genetic Diseases
Genetic disorders, genetic counseling and gene therapy
Biochemical disorders, sex linked disorders, cardiovascular disorders.
1
M.Sc Botany Semester IV
Outline of the Course: BPSBO401 and BPSBO402 are common papers for all specializations
BPSBO401: Techniques and Instrumentation
BPSBO402: Cell and Molecular Biology
BPSBO403 and BPSBO404 are Optional Papers in any one of the following specialisations.
1. Mycology and Plant Pathology (MPP)
2. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (PPB)
3. Angiosperms and Phytochemistry (ANP)
4. Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
5. Environmental Botany (EB)
Theory BPSBO401 : 4 Credits
BPSBO402 : 4 Credits
BPSBO403 : 4 Credits
BPSBO404 : 4 Credits
Practicals (based on all 4 courses) :
BPSBOP401, BBPSBOP402, BPSBOP403 &
Project
8 Credits
BPSBOMCBP303 Plant Biotechnology Cr. 2 4
Preparation of stock solutions and MS medium.
Callus induction and regeneration.
Isolation of bioactive compounds from callus and plant source using TLC.
Types of Bioreactors.
BPSBOMCBP304 Projects will be allotted in third semester and
students will submit project work having
introduction, review of literature, well defined
material and methods, expected results and
references
2 4
Detailed Syllabus
Semester - IV
General Papers Course Code: BPSBO401
Sr. No. TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
UNIT I: Centrifugation
Basics principle of Sedimentation
Types of rotors
Differential & density gradient centrifugation
Preparative centrifugation & Applications; Analytical centrifugation &
applications
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Unit II: Chromatography
General Principle of chromatography.
Techniques and applications of Ion exchange, Affinity
Chromatography& HPLCB
Application of HPTLC & HPLC in validation of herbal drugs
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Unit III: Tracer techniques & PCR
Pattern and rate of radioactive decay, Units of radioactivity, Stable
Isotopes
Principle, instrumentation & technique: Geiger-Muller counter,
Liquid scintillation counters & Autoradiography
Applications of isotopes in biology: Tracer techniques &
Autoradiogrpahy
PCR and its applications
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Unit IV: Nanotechnology & IPR
Synthesis of nanoparticles using biological samples.
Characterization of nanoparticles (FTIR, SEM, TEM, STEM, Scanning
Tunneling Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, UV-Vis,).
IPR: Objectives, process & scope
1
Course Code: BPSBO402
Sr. No. Topic Credits
Molecular Biology 4
1
1.1
1.2
UNIT I: Gene Regulation I
Regulations of gene expression in bacteria - trp operon, ara operon,
histidine operon.
Regulation of gene expression in bacteriophage λ
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Gene Regulation II
Control of gene expression in eukaryotes, Transcriptional control,
RNA processing control, mRNA translocation control, mRNA
degradation control, protein degradation control
1
3
3.1
Unit III: Gene Regulation III
Genetic regulation of development in Drosophila Developmental stages
in Drosophila – embryonic development, imaginal discs, homeotic
genes
1
4
4.1
4.2
Unit IV: Cell signaling
Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, , intracellular
receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal relay
pathways-signal transduction pathways, second messengers,
regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component
systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum
sensing.
Forms of signalling (paracrine, synaptic, autocrine, endocrine, cell to
cell contact)
1
BPBSOP401 TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION Cr. 2 4
Separation of proteins by Ion exchange chromatography
Separation of amino acids by two dimensional chromatography.
Viscosity studies of proteins: standard BSA and varying concentrations of urea
Synthesis of nanoparticles
Characterization of nanoparticles by UV spectroscopy.
Filing a patent
Industrial visit and report submission.
BPBSOP402 Molecular Biology Cr. 2 4
Isolation of plasmid DNA
Quantification of plasmid DNA
Agarose gel electrophoresis separation of plasmid DNA
Restriction enzyme digestion and separation of fragments
Southern blot transfer technique
Transformation of E. coli cell by plasmid DNA
β-galactosidase expression and assay
Specialization: Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics and Biotechnology (MCB)
Course Code: BPSBOMCB403
Sr. No. Plant Biotechnology 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
UNIT I: Environmental Biotechnology
Biosorption: use of fungi, algae and biological components
Biomass for energy: Sources of biomass, advantages
&disadvantages, uses of biomass
Biogas production from food processing waste: vegetable canning waste, flour, molasses, etc.
Ethanol from biomass and Lignocellulosic residue
Risks of GMO
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Unit II: Traditional Knowledge & IPR
Different property rights & IPR in India
TRIPS &Patent laws: Introduction & standards for patent protection
WTO& Indian Patent Laws
Protection of traditional knowledge– objective, concept of
traditional knowledge, holders, issue concerning, bio-
prospecting and biopiracy; Advantages of IPR , some case
studies
International Depository authority ,Gene patenting, plant
variety protection, trade secrets & plant breeders right
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Unit III: Nanotechnology
Introduction, properties of nano-materials.
Green synthesis of nano-materials, biological methods, use of
microbial system & plant extracts, use of proteins & templates
like DNA
Application of nano-materials in food, cosmetics, agriculture,
environment management and medicine
Risk of Nanomaterial to human health and Environment
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Unit IV: Food Biotechnology
Factors affecting spoilage
Quality control of food
Enzyme immunoassays (ELISA)
Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Monoclonal antibodies and DNA
probes.
1
Course Code : BPSBOMCB404
Sr. no. Topic Credits
Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Unit I: Plant Breeding I
Aims and objectives, plant introductions and acclimatization.
Selection - mass, pure line and clonal.
Hybridization techniques, hybridization in self pollinated and
cross pollinated plants.
Genetic control and manipulation of breeding systems including
male sterility and apomixes
1
2
2.1
Unit II: Plant Breeding II
Distant hybridization: In nature ( plant breeding) – Barriers to the
production of distant hybrids; Unreduced gametes in distant
hybridization; Sterility in distant hybrids; Consequences of
segregation in distant hybrids; 2.Applications and Achievements of
distant hybridization in crop improvement; Limitations of distant
hybrids.
1
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Unit III: Molecular plant Breeding (Transgenic Crops)
Natural method of gene transfer (Agrobacterium and virus),
selectable markers
Artificial methods of gene transfer: Direct DNA uptake by
protoplast, electroporation, liposome mediated and particle gun
transformation
Production of Transgenic plants :virus resistant & Herbicide -
resistant, plants, Bt Cotton, Golden rice
1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Unit IV: Plant Genetic Engineering
Production of bio pharmaceuticals in transgenic plants.
Edible vaccines & Plantibodies
DNA-based molecular marker aided breeding: RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, STS, ISSR, Microsatellites
1
REFERENCES:
1. Fundamentals of applied biostatistics- Gupta and Kapoor.
BPSBOMCBP403 Plant Biotechnology Cr. 2 4
Identification of mutant genotype in Drosophila and Arabidopsis stocks
maintained by the department.
Field exploration for detection of male sterile plants and estimation of their
pollen fertility in locally grown plants (Tomato, Brassica, Linum).
Study of mitotic index.
Culturing of Drosophila and study of genetic traits.
Blood group testing.
Identification of genetic diseases by chemical tests.
Karyotypes of genetic disorders.
BPSBOMCBP404
Research methodology will be discussed and well
defined material and methods, discussion, results
and conclusions, references and its presentation
based on some advanced techniques in Botany
2 4