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8/2/2019 Mu Ham Ma Diy Ah

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PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PROF.DR.HAMKA

MID SEMESTER

Nama : Teguh Eko Setio

N I M : 1108066041

Mata Kuliah : Philosophy of Muhammadiyah

Tahun Akademik : 2011/2012

Program Studi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Semester / Angkatan : I / X

Dosen : Dr. H. Abdul Mukti

1. DEFINITION OF RELIGIUS

Muhammadiyah considers that the current era of life in an atmosphere full of paradox;

therefore, advances in science and technology is remarkable along with such adverse

effects of environmental polluted (pollution) and suffered a massive uncontrolled

exploitation. The development of reason of an instrument, it makes weak natural human

instinct, generating further secularity causing loss of human life balance; that is religious.

The progress of modern life that gave birth to post-modern anti-thesis that making all-free

trend free life, all show the value of life than make more open systematic anti-religious


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and anti-God. The modern era states that religion is a collection of cultural systems,

belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to

spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols,

traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the

origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a

preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. It is worse that

some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories:

world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous

religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and

new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths. One modern

academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern

concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the

Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define

human beings, and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-

Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a

substantially simpler construct. The main Abrahamic religions are Christianity, Islam,

Judaism. These religions are monotheistic faiths,that recognize a belief that originated in

the middle east and identifies with Abraham. These religions are derived from an Islamic

term Millat Ibrahim and in the Muslim context, it is thought only Islam reflects the Faith of

Abraham. Arab Muslims, have a relationship to Abraham through his son Ismail, which is

extended to include Muhammad.

Definition in Manhaj Muhammadiyah isnt directly mentioned, but implicitly placed

on the enclosure of Quran in the surah Asy-Syuura 43:13


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He has ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah and that

which We have revealed to you, (Muhammad), and what We enjoined upon

Abraham and Moses and Jesus - to establish the religion and not be

divided therein. Difficult for those who associate others with Allah is that to

which you invite them. Allah chooses for Himself whom He wills and guides

to Himself whoever turns back (to Him).

Asy-Syuura 43:13 explains directly about religion from Allah are revealed to Abraham/

Ibrahim,an Moses/Musa, and Isa; therefore we can say the religion here; Judas as the

religion name of Moses/ musa Prophet. Abraham the older sequence if we try to compare

with Moses/ Musa is going to be the same. Christian as the Yesus religion but here we

talk about Isa because today Christian is more popular with Yesus, but here we are going

to get on Isa as the Prophet. Genesis and the Quran, as it mention the Great Flood and

the story of Noah/Nuh, that was also mentioned in the Old Testament. Semitic origins as

Judaism and Christianity, found their origins in the Jewish populations. Islam was

revealed to the Arabs in Mecca in the 7th century. The faiths all have a basis in divine

revelation, rather than in philosophical speculation or custom. Abrahamic religions all

have an ethical orientation. They speak of a mans choice between good and evil, which


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is either obedience or disobedience to a single God and to Divine Law. That life follows a

concept of beginning and end. It began with the creation and will end with a Ressurection

of the dead and final judgement. All propheta from Adam to Muhammad were sent with

the same message: man's total submission to Allah. In Arabic, this submission is called

"Islam," which also means peace, peace between the Creator and His creatures. Unlike

the names Judaism and Christianity, the name Islam was given by Allah Himself, as

mentioned in Quran Al- Maidah (5:3)

Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that

which has been dedicated to other than Allah , and (those animals) killed bystrangling or by a violent blow or by a head-long fall or by the goring of

horns, and those from which a wild animal has eaten, except what you (are

able to) slaughter (before its death), and those which are sacrificed on

stone altars, and (prohibited is) that you seek decision through divining

arrows. That is grave disobedience. This day those who disbelieve have


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despaired of (defeating) your religion; so fear them not, but fear Me. This

day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you

and have approved for you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by

severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and

Merciful.

Jesus never claimed to establish Christianity and never called himself a Christian. The

word "Christian" is mentioned only three times in the New Testament and first by pagans

and Jews in Antioch about 43 A.D., long after Jesus had left this earth. Read in Acts

11:26: "And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass,

that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people.

And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. The first Muslim on earth was

not Muhammad but Abraham, who submitted totally to Allah. But Islam as a faith had

been revealed to other prophets prior to Abraham, such as Adam and Noah. Then Islam

follows as the faith for all humanity.

Muhammadiyah Muslim believes in all scriptures and revelations of Allah. They

were the guiding light which the Messengers received to show their respected peoples

the Right Path of Allah. In the Quran a special reference is made to the books of

Abraham, Moses, David and Jesus. But long before the revelations has been lost or

corrupted. The only authentic and complete book of Allah in existence in the Al-Quran.


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2. DEFINITION OF ISLAM

Muhammadiyah Formal thoughts underline for about Islam as a set of values

and norms which based on the Al Quran and Sunnah as the main resources of life

Muslim main principle. Qur'an comprehends the complete code for the Muslims to livea good, chaste, abundant and rewarding life in obedience to the commandments of

Allah, in this life and to gain salvation in the next. It is the "chart of life" for every

Muslim, and it is the "constitution" of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth. The Qur'an is

the eternal contemporary of the Muslims. Each generation of Muslims has found new

sources of strength, courage and inspiration in it. It is also, for them, a "compass" in

the turbulent voyage of life, as it has explained itself in the following verses Al-Maidah

(15,16)

:

People of the Scripture, there has come to you Our Messenger making clear to

you much of what you used to conceal of the Scripture and overlooking much.

There has come to you from Allah a light and a clear Book.

By which Allah guides those who pursue His pleasure to the ways of peace

and brings them out from darknesses into the light, by His permission, and

guides them to a straight path.


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It is clear that Islam place Al-Quran and Sunnah as the main principles of life, the

moslem of Muhammadiyah should hold the verses above as one of the main absolute

reference for life. The strength of Muhammadiyah principle for the people still has

some bases inside as the Base and Resouece (Landasan dan Sumber) :

Base and Source of Life Islam Compass for Muhammadiyah People are Al-Quran and

As sunnah of the Muhammad Prophet which is the development and enrichment from

the formal thought in muhammaddiyah such as:

a. Editorial Conviction, and Life Aspiring (Muhammadiyah Matan Keyakinan,

and Cita-Cita Hidup Muhammadiyah)

Explained the devout of God is Allah decision rule only. Have saints of God,

prayer and fidelity of Allah is the only obligation of human; next, life in human

community is Sunnah (qudrat iradat) Allah of the entire human in the world.

Prosperous people, save, live in peace, can be acquired based on justice,

honesty, brotherhood living in friendly society with only the rule of Allah, without

the influence of Satan and diem passion. Here, clear about God as the absolute

authority of the world and human being as the implementer of natural tendency

for their life. Islam is religion of Allah that brought by whole prophets, from

Adam until Muhammad Saw, and it is thought to each people to get happy life in

the world and life after. Absolutely state about Islam started from the first of

human until Muhammad Saw period the only Islam that the real religion in this

world only up to now.

b. Anggaran Dasar Muhammadiyah


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Started by Afatihah at the Muqadimah

In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. (All) praise is

(due) to Allah, Lord of the worlds - The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,

Sovereign of the Day of Recompense. It is you were worship and You we ask

for help. Guide us to the straight path - The path of those upon whom you have

bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are

astray.

A surah is an Islamic word for chapter, and an ayah is an Islamic word for "verse". In

English, the title Al Fatihah is often translating to "The Opening" or the "Exordium".

Surah Al Fatihah is the first surah (chapter) in the Qu'ran, and it consists of seven

ayahs (verses) that form a prayer for Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala's mercy and guidance,

and express the believer's dependence on the lordship and mercy of Allah subhanahu

wa ta'ala. The first term of Anggaran Dasar Muhammadiyah put Al-Fatihah it means

that every single thing in Muhammadiyah based on Al-Quran and Hadist. It is a

description for the human to get more understand about Islam itself. There are various


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ways to know God "ALLAH'' and there are many things to tell about him. The great

wonders and impressive marvels of the world are like open books in which we can

read about God. Besides, God Himself comes to our aid through the many

Messengers and revelations He has sent down to man. These Messengers and

revelations tell us everything we need to know about God. The next about Islam that

we can find inside is on the Membership of Muhammadiyah at the chapter four verse

number eight member right and obligation; Muhammadiyah member consist of:

1. Ordinary member is Indonesian Muslim citizen.

2. Extra ordinary member is overseas Muslim.

3. Honorary member is a Muslim who has commendable to Muhammadiyah or

because the power authority or skill available to help Muhammadiyah.

From that membership Muhammadiyah put Muslim as the absolute criteria; whatever

the person who get inside. Islam here put as the main authority of Muhammadiyah.

c. Khitah Muhammadiyah 1956-1959

Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan established Muhammadiyah November 18th 1912, coincide

time with Egypt Makah revival with sign slogan back to Al-Quran and Sunnah to get

real Islam. This is not only similar time but the concept has been started before. The

Muslim effort about that has been tried by some Indonesianto acquire Islam power roll

over in colonial era. Muhammadiyah takes it with Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan.

Muhammadiyah perspective about Islam is mention in the Ideologi, Khittah, and

Langkah, all those elements indirectly list Muhammadiyah puts Islam absolutely as the


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main foundation; thus on Manhaj Gerakan Muhammadiyah placed Islam based on Al-

Quran and Sunnah, so Islam consist fundamental article of faith in Islam as the true

faithful Muslim believes in the following Principal articles of faith :

He believes in One God 'Allah', Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty,

Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider.

He believes in all Messengers of God without any discrimination among

them. Every known nation had a warner or Messenger from God. They were

chosen by God to teach mankind and deliver His divine message. The

Quran mentions the name of twenty five of them. Among them Mohammad

stands as the last Messenger and the crowning glory of the foundation of

Prophethood.

The true Muslim believes in the Angels of Allah. They are purely spiritual

and splendid beings whose nature requires on food, drink or sleep. They

spend their days and nights in the worship of God.

Muslim believes in the last Day of Judgement. This world will come to an

end someday, and the dead will rise to stand for their final and fair trial.

People with good records will be generously, rewarded and warmly

welcomed to the Heaven of Allah, and those with bad records will be

punished and cast into Hell.

Muslim believes in the timeless knowledge of God and His power to plan

and execute His planes and nothing could happen in His Kingdom against

His will. His knowledge and power are in action at all times and command

over His creation. He is wise and merciful, and whatever He does must have


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a meaningful purpose. If this is established in our mind and hearts, we

should accept with good faith all that He does, although we may fail to

understand it fully, or think it is bad.


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3. ASPECT OF ISLAM

Aspects of Islam are derived from the Qur'an, the Sunnah (the sayings and living

habits of Muhammad), Muslim history, and elements of political movements outside Islam.

Traditional political concepts in Islam include leadership by successors to the Prophet

known as Caliphs; the importance of following Islamic law or Syariah; the duty of rulers to

seek consultation from their subjects; and the importance of rebuking unjust rulers but not

encouraging rebellion against them as in Introduction of Muhammadiyah Charter put Al-

Anbiya : (21:25)

And We sent not before you any messenger except that We revealed to him

that, "There is no deity except Me, so worship Me.

Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the very word of God Almighty: a complete

record of the exact words revealed by God through the Archangel Gabriel to Prophet

Muhammad (may the peace and blessings of God be upon him). The Qur'an was

memorized by Prophet Muhammad and his followers, dictated to his companions, and

written down by scribes, who cross-checked it during the Prophet's lifetime. Not one

word of its 114 surahs (chapters) has been changed over the centuries. The Qur'an is

in every detail the same unique and miraculous text that was revealed to Muhammad

over fourteen centuries ago. The Qur'an is the principle source of every Muslim's faith

and practice. It deals with all subjects that concern us as human beings, including


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wisdom, doctrine, worship and law; but its basic theme is the relationship between

God and His creatures. At the same time, the Qur'an provides guidelines for a just

society, proper human conduct and equitable economic principles. "He (God) has sent

down to you the Book (the Qur'an) with truth, confirming what was revealed before;

And He sent down the Torah (of Moses) and the Gospel (of Jesus) before this as a

guide in humankind; and He sent down the Criterion (the Qur'an)." Ali Imron (3:3-4)

Before, as guidance for the people. And He revealed the Qur'an. Indeed, those

who disbelieve in the verses of Allah will have a severe punishment, and Allah

is exalted in Might, the Owner of Retribution.

The Qur'an comprehends the complete code for the Muslims to live a good, chaste,

abundant and rewarding life in obedience to the commandments of Allah, in this life

and to gain salvation in the next. It is the "chart of life" for every Muslim, and it is the

"constitution" of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth. t has created an all but new phase

of human thought and a fresh type of character. It deserves the highest praise for its

conceptions of Divine nature in reference to the attributes of Power, Knowledge, and

Universal Providence and Unity that its belief and trust is one God, creator of Heaven

and Earth is deep and fervent, and that it embodies much of a noble and moral

earnestness.


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The sunnah of Muhammad includes his specific words, habits, practices, and silent

approvals, it is significant because it addresses ways of life dealing with friends, family

and government. Recording sunnah was an Arabian tradition and, once people

converted to Islam, they brought this custom to their religion. The sunnah is consulted

after referring to the Qur'an, if the issue is not addressed there. Sunnah can be used

as evidence in Syariah, and that Allah (swt) has ordered us to follow the Sunnah and

avoid anything it has prohibited for us. In other words, this means that it is obligatory

on every Muslim to believe in what the Sunnah tells us, and to act according to the

Sunnah in all aspects of our life and ensure that we do not commit any actions that

contradict the Sunnah.


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4. SOURCE OF ISLAM

Muhammaddiyah Life Orientation is a set of Islamic norm values that has resources from

Al-Quran and Sunnah for pattern of Muhammadiyahin their daily life, so it becomes muslim

personal configuration to make the real muslim. Islam is the guidance which was first

inspired by the Almighty in human nature and after that it was given by Him with all details

to mankind through His prophets. Muhammad is the last of these prophets. Consequently,

it is now he alone who in this world is the sole source of this religion. It is only through him

that man can receive divine guidance and it is only he who, through his words, deeds or

tacit approvals, has the authority to regard something as part of Islam until the Day of

Judgement.

It is this shariah (law) and this hikmah (wisdom) which is termed as Islam. The source

of this religion is the Prophet Muhammad from whom it has been given to the umat

through the consensus of his Companions and through their perpetual practice and

perpetual recitation in two forms:

1. The Quran

2. The Sunnah

1. The Quran

Every Muslim knows that the Quran was revealed by Allah to Muhammad the last of the

prophets and it has since then remained with the umat with the unanimous verdict from

the umat itself that it is this very book which was revealed to the Prophet (sws), and which

his Companions, through their consensus and through their perpetual recitation, delivered

to the world without the slightest alteration.


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2. The Sunnah

By Sunnah is meant that tradition of Prophet Abrahams religion which the Prophet

Muhammad instituted among his followers as religion after reviving and reforming it and after

making certain additions.


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5. THE MEANING OF MUHAMMADIYAH AS AN ISLAMIC MOVEMENT

The Muhammadiyah we see today is not the same as the Muhammadiyah at the

first. It is less interested in ideological struggles. Muhammadiyah has become a populist

and socially oriented organization. This observation by one of the surviving founders of

the movement summarises the major transformations that the movement has undergone

during the first five decades of its existence. The preceding discussion has explained how

four key processes ensured the formalisation, expansion and popularisation of the

Muhammadiyah and the ways in which social, political and ideational developments

shaped the evolution of the movement and its impact upon the Singaporean Muslim

community. While the symbiotic relationship between the leaders and the rank and file

ensured that links with other religious bodies could be forged, the maintenance of a close

rapport among the members of the Muhammadiyah enabled the movement to withstand

the threat of ideological fissures. Through a continuous r eformulation of the movement's

ideology, the Muhammadiyah adapted to the changing conditions on the ground. The

movement also secured its place as a legitimate body in the eyes of political brokers,

while obtaining much-needed backing from international donors through the exploitation of

the relevant political opportunities that were open to them. The effective utilisation of

different types of infrastructure provided avenues for recruitment and funding for activities,

while the ideology of the Muhammadiyah was propagated through less obvious means.

Actually Muhammadiyah has twelve steps of movement, it is based on the Al-

Quran Q.s Al-Ankabut:69)


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And those who strive for Us - We will surely guide them to Our ways. And

indeed, Allah is with the doers of good.

In making efforts, as the Muhammadiyah Islamic movement that carry out the mission

of dakwah and tajdid always based on and guided by the teachings of Islam which,

among other things, asked to perform good deeds and leave the bad, and apply the

message of God, and crusades in His way as he states in the Qur'an.

Realization of Muhammadiyah done to achieve the goal through a program

formulated in every congress, as a plan of action that must be done in every step. This

step can be medium term (5-year period) or long-term fit with the vision and mission

development is determined by the organization. In conducting the program, as the

Muhammadiyah Islamic organization is nothing short of the conditions and context of

the existence of Islamic movements in various environments. Conditions faced by the

Muhammadiyah influence the dynamics of movement, especially in conducting a

program to achieve its main objectives, namely to create a true Islamic society.

If we seee Muhammadiyan in social religious, it is a social religious that built by K.H

Ahmad Dahlan as the anti-thesis of the unprosperous and undevelop of education thus

in religion as the most focus of K.H Ahmad Dahlang thinking of the progression of the

Stuck of the muslim. In historical concept Muhammadiyah start to progress in colonial

era. Inside of Muhammadiyah movement there are some aims to make the

progression of the muslim and indirect revolution for escape the colonial of the Dutch.


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K.H Ahmad Dahlan didnt put it in the military and politic to against the colonialism.

Social organization, education development and social economic empowerment are

used. Furthermore, we can look at the political context of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia

at the contemporary culture and politics of universal religion. In essence the political

culture and the politics of religion want to create a society that idealized a society that

is harmonious and balanced. To achieve all this, the value of tolerance, respect and

value is a price that is worthy of consideration amid diversity. From these theories let's

move on reality. This is the fact Muhammadiyah difficult to accept that took place in

Indonesia today. Muhammadiyah Though not alone in this republic, there are others

besides Muhammadiyah in this republic. There Nahdatul 'Ulama (NU) Unity Tarbiyah

Islamiyah (PTI) and many others. They were all too base all ajaranya to Al-Quran and

Al-Hadith. Although according to Persyarikatan and Muhammadiyah members have

been deviations of the experience Islam such as the occurrence of heresy, superstition

and superstition. To achieve all this, the value of tolerance, respect and value is a

price that is worthy of consideration in the middle of diversities of the umat.

Cultural factors and customs get a share of its own in the religion of Islam, although

not all cultures and peoples can be accepted Islam. The process of internalization of

the fact that culture and custom is one that affects human life.

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