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International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI)International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI) is an international, peer reviewed, monthly, open access, online journal, publishing high-quality, articles in all areas of basic medical sciences and clinical specialties.

Aim of IJCRI is to encourage the publication of new information by providing a platform for reporting of unique, unusual and rare cases which enhance understanding of disease process, its diagnosis, management and clinico-pathologic correlations.

IJCRI publishes Review Articles, Case Series, Case Reports, Case in Images, Clinical Images and Letters to Editor.

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Mucinous cystadenoma presenting as appendiceal mucocele

Nirav Kishor Desai, Vladimir Rubinshteyn, Mena Ayoub, Asaf Gave

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Appendiceal mucocele is a complex entity consisting of several different pathologies with a spectrum of clinical presentation. Case Report: We present a case of a 52-year-old male presented with a two-day history of abdominal pain. He was taken to the operating room for an open appendectomy and found to have a large mucocele of the appendix. Conclusion: We review the pathology as well as the different pathological conditions that may lead to an appendiceal mucocele.

(This page in not part of the published article.)

International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2016. ISSN – [0976-3198]

Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(3):181–184. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com

Desai et al. 181

CASE REPORT OPEN ACCESS

Mucinous cystadenoma presenting as appendiceal mucocele

Nirav Kishor Desai, Vladimir Rubinshteyn, Mena Ayoub, Asaf Gave

AbstrAct

Introduction: Appendiceal mucocele is a complex entity consisting of several different pathologies with a spectrum of clinical presentation. case report: We present a case of a 52-year-old male presented with a two-day history of abdominal pain. He was taken to the operating room for an open appendectomy and found to have a large mucocele of the appendix. conclusion: We review the pathology as well as the different pathological conditions that may lead to an appendiceal mucocele.

Keywords: Appendix, Appendiceal mucocele, cystadenocarcinoma, cystadenoma, Intussus-ception, Mcburney’s point, Mucoid, Ki-67

How to cite this article

Desai NK, Rubinshteyn V, Ayoub M, Gave A. Mucinous cystadenoma presenting as appendiceal mucocele. Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(3):181–184.

Article ID: Z01201603CR10618ND

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doi:10.5348/ijcri-201631-CR-10618

Nirav Kishor Desai1, Vladimir Rubinshteyn1, Mena Ayoub1, Asaf Gave1

Affiliations: 1MD, Beth Israel Medical Center; Corresponding Author: Vladimir Rubinshteyn, Beth Israel Medical Center, Richmond University Medical Center; E-mail: menayoub3@gmail.com

Received: 05 November 2015Accepted: 23 December 2015Published: 01 March 2016

INtrODUctION

An appendiceal mucocele is a well-described entity that may manifest with a variety of clinical symptoms which range from abdominal pain to intussusception [1–3]. This abnormality is also often found incidentally on imaging or in the operating room for different indications. The majority of literature describing this entity comes from isolated case reports on its presentation and treatment. The largest study in the literature identifies 135 patients with this histological diagnosis with the majority having been found at time of surgery for a synchronous lesion. We describe a patient that presented to our institution with abdominal pain with an appendiceal mucocele found on computed tomography (CT) scan. We report our technique used for performing a successful open procedure along with the pathological results.

cAsE rEPOrt

Our patient is a 52-year-old male, presented with two days of right-sided abdominal pain associated with nausea. His past medical history included hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and surgical history was non-contributory. On physical examination, he was hemodynamically stable and his abdomen was soft with tenderness in the right lower quadrant associated with voluntary guarding. His white blood cell count was 7.7 with 85% neutrophils seen on differential. His other laboratory values were unremarkable. At our institution, workup in the emergency department included a CT scan of his abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast. The appendix was noted to be dilated with fluid measuring 2.3 cm at the base and 1.5 cm towards the tip. No periappendiceal fat stranding was seen. Representative cuts may be seen of the base, body and distal tip in Figures 1–3, respectively. Incidentally, a pancreas divisum was discovered; otherwise the scan was unremarkable. Based on the patient’s clinical presentation and imaging, he was scheduled for an open appendectomy.

CASE REPORT PEER REviEwEd | OPEN ACCESS

International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2016. ISSN – [0976-3198]

Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(3):181–184. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com

Desai et al. 182

surgical techniqueThe patient was taken to the operating room, where

he was first prepped and draped. Intravenous cefoxitin was delivered within one hour prior to skin incision. A horizontal incision was made measuring 4-5cm over

Mcburney’s point. The subcutaneous tissues and anterior sheath were divided with an electrocautery and the abdominal muscles were separated bluntly so that the posterior sheath could be opened using Metzenbaum scissors. The appendix was grasped and delivered out of the abdominal cavity and was found to be grossly dilated. Care was taken not to injure the appendix or cause rupture. An Endo GIA stapler was used to divide the appendix at the base, and the mesentery was divided and ligated using a silk suture ligature. We closed the posterior and anterior sheath separately with a running #1 Vicryl. The wound was irrigated and the skin subsequently closed with Monocryl.

PathologyOur specimen was placed in formalin and sent for

permanent examination by our Pathology department. On gross examination, the appendix was 9.5 cm in length and 2.1 cm in diameter with no perforation noted. The appendix was markedly dilated with an unremarkable tip. The wall measured 2 mm thick and the mucocele consisted of thick pale white mucoid material. A gross picture of our specimen along with cross-section can be seen in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. Immunostaining for p53 tumor suppressor and stathmin oncogene 18 were focally positive. Furthermore, immunostain for Ki-67 protein revealed increased proliferative activity. On histological diagnosis, the tumor was a mucinous cystadenoma measuring 7.0 cm in length with negative 2.0 cm resection margins. A representative portion of H&E stained slides of our specimen can be seen in low and high-power view in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.

DIscUssION

Appendiceal mucocele is a broad inclusive entity that comprises all lesions that lead to a distended, mucus-

Figure 1: Base of the appendix.

Figure 2: Body of the Appendix.

Figure 3: Distal tip of the Appendix.

Figure 4: Dilated appendiceal base and body. The tip is unremarkable.

International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2016. ISSN – [0976-3198]

Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(3):181–184.www.ijcasereportsandimages.com

Desai et al. 183

Figure 5: Cut sections of the appendix which consisted of thick pale white mucoid jelly-like material.

Figure 6: Low-power histological view of a appendiceal

mucinous cystadenoma.

Figure 7: High-power histological view of a appendiceal

mucinous cystadenoma.

filled appendix. The entity itself is rare and in one series found in approximately 0.3% of appendectomy specimens [4]. Its presence has been shown to have a slight female predominance and is typically found in the 5th or 6th decade of life [4]. Histologically, these lesions have been subdivided into four separate groups: mucosal hyperplasia, simple or retention cysts with degenerative epithelial changes, mucinous cystadenomas, and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas. Non-neoplastic lesions have a higher prevalence with one study reporting prevalence rates of 52, 20, 18, and 10 percent in these categories, respectively [5, 6]. To add, an association has been reported between the tumors mentioned and other tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, ovary, endometrium, breast, and kidney.

Management of an appendiceal mucocele typically mandates resection since lesions that may appear benign on imaging studies could be found malignant on histological analysis. Laparoscopy has been proven successful in the literature for isolated cases. Except for the most straight-forward cases, open resection is encouraged to minimize the possibility for rupture and subsequent peritoneal contamination [7]. Appendectomy is deemed adequate in the first three subgroups as well as for cystadenocarcinoma without mesenteric, adjacent organ or peritoneal involvement. Involvement of any of these surrounding structures or the peritoneum necessitates a right hemicolectomy or laparotomy and debulking if peritoneal disease is seen. The prognosis of these lesions is excellent for the first three subgroups while mucinous cystadenocarcinoma has a five-year survival that ranges from 6–100% based on tumor stage [8].

cONcLUsION

Appendiceal mucocele is a broad, complex entity with histological characterization showing four distinct subgroups. We emphasize that careful operative planning is necessary as pathological diagnosis is needed to definitively exclude malignancy. We successfully performed an open appendectomy with negative margins for a large 7 cm mucinous cystadenoma in a patient presenting with abdominal pain.

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Author contributionsNirav Kishor Desai – Substantial contributions to conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting the article, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be publishedVladimir Rubinshteyn – Analysis and interpretation of data, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be published

International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2016. ISSN – [0976-3198]

Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(3):181–184. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com

Desai et al. 184

Mena Ayoub – Analysis and interpretation of data, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be publishedAsaf Gave – Analysis and interpretation of data, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be published

GuarantorThe corresponding author is the guarantor of submission.

conflict of InterestAuthors declare no conflict of interest.

copyright© 2016 Nirav Kishor Desai et al. This article is distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original author(s) and original publisher are properly credited. Please see the copyright policy on the journal website for more information.

rEFErENcEs

1. Stocchi L, Wolff BG, Larson DR, Harrington JR. Surgical treatment of appendiceal mucocele. Arch Surg 2003 Jun;138(6):585–9; discussion 589–90.

2. Jones CD, Eller DJ, Coates TL. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix causing intussusception in an adult. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 May;92(5):898–9.

3. Chetty R, Daniel WJ. Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix: an unusual cause of recurrent intussusception in an adult. Aust N Z J Surg 1992 Aug;62(8):670–1.

4. Aho AJ, Heinonen R, Laurén P. Benign and malignant mucocele of the appendix. Histological types and prognosis. Acta Chir Scand 1973;139(4):392–400.

5. Isaacs KL, Warshauer DM. Mucocele of the appendix: computed tomographic, endoscopic, and pathologic correlation. Am J Gastroenterol 1992 Jun;87(6):787–9.

6. Higa E, Rosai J, Pizzimbono CA, Wise L. Mucosal hyperplasia, mucinous cystadenoma, and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix. A re-evaluation of appendiceal “mucocele”. Cancer 1973 Dec;32(6):1525–41.

7. Miraliakbari R, Chapman WH 3rd. Laparoscopic treatment of an appendiceal mucocele. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 1999 Apr;9(2):159–63.

8. Rutledge RH, Alexander JW. Primary appendiceal malignancies: rare but important. Surgery 1992 Mar;111(3):244–50.

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