A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

HIGHWAY SEFETY

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGIN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

MUKESH KUMAR JAISWAL(1342200093)Submitted to the

Department Of Civil Engineering

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERIN& TECHNOLOGY SITAPUR ROAD

2016-17

INTRODUCTION

SAFETY BEINGS AT HOME. RIGHT FROM THE BIRTH, HUMAN BEINGS DEVELOP A SENCE OF SAFETY TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. SAFETY IS NOT ONLY NECESSARY FOR THE INDIVIDUAL BUT ALSO FOR THE SOCIETY ON THE WHOLE.

THE POPULATION NOW HAS GROWN UP TO AN ALAMING LEVEL. EARLIER, WHEN THERE WAS NO MUCH PRESSURE ON LAND, MAN WAS FREE TO MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE AT HIS WILL. NOW THE CONDITION IS DIFERENT.

THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF SAFETY MEASURES. PERSONAL SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT SAFETY, ROAD SAFETY, SAFETY FROM FIRE, BURGLARY, EARTH QUAKE ETC . AT THE MOMENT WE ARE MORE INTERESTED IN ROAD SAFETY. TODAYS MODERN WORLD IS FLOODED WITH PLENTY OF MODERN VEHICLES EITHER CYCLES, SCOOTERS, AUTO RICKSHAWS, CARS, BUSSES. LORRIES, TRACTORS, ETC. CITY HAS BECOME NARROW AND CONJUSTED . PARKING LOTS HAS BECOME SCARCE. IN SUCH A SITUATION THE QUESTION OF SAFETY BECOMES PARAMOUNT. LOT OF MODERN GADGETS HAS BEEN INVENTED TO PROVIDE SAFETY TO THE PUBLIC. PUBLIC AWARENESS HAS INCREASED. MORE AND MORE MEASURES ARE TAKEN FOR THEIR SAFETY. SAFETY RULES ARE FRAMED TO PROVIDE REASONABLE SAFETY TO THE ROAD USERS. ROAD DISCIPLINE IS MORE IMPORTANT . THE LAWS SHOULD BE MORE STRINGENT AND THE ENFORCING AUTHORITIES SHOULD BE VESTED WITH ADEQUATE POWERS FOR ENFORCING THE RULES.

THE PEDESTRIANS SHOULD FOLLOW THE SAFETY RULES BY WALKING IN THE PAYMENTS, FOLLOW TRAFFIC SIGNALS, CROSSING ROAD ONLY AT ZEBRA CROSSINGS TO AVOID ACCIDENTS. MOTORISTS SHOULD FIRST QUALIFY THEMSELVES BY LEARNING DRIVING AND OBTAINING THE PROPER LICENCES. RASH, NEGLIGENT, DRUNKEN DRIVING SHOULD BE AVOIDED. FRIENDS, LIFE IS MEANT FOR LIVING. AS LONG AS WE LIVE, LET US LIVE A DISCIPLINED, DUTY MINDED AND DIGNIFIED LIFE. FOLLOW THE RULES . AFTER ALL THE RULES ARE FOR OUR SAFETY.

Advice, Information & Resources. Roads are essential to our everyday lives. ... The last few decades have demonstrated that effective and comprehensive road safety strategies can reduce the number of people killed or injured on the road, despite increasing traffic levels.

ROAD SEFETY:- Road traffic safety refers to the methods and

measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously

injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists,

vehicle passengers, and passengers of on-road public transport

(mainly buses and trams).

Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, and passengers of on-road public transport (mainly buses and trams).Best-practices in modern road safety strategies focus on preventing serious injury and death from vehicle crashes despite human fallibility.[1] (Whereas, previous road safety paradigms assumed compliance with traffic regulations.) Safe road design is now about implementing a Safe System approach:The basic strategy of a Safe System approach is to ensure that in the event of a crash, the impact energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury. This threshold will vary from crash scenario to crash scenario, depending upon the level of protection offered to the road users involved. For example, the chances of survival for an unprotected pedestrian hit by a vehicle diminish rapidly at speeds greater than 30 km/h, whereas for a properly restrained motor vehicle occupant the critical impact speed is 50 km/h (for side impact crashes) and 70 km/h (for head-on crashes).

As sustainable solutions for all classes of road have not been identified, particularly low-traffic rural and remote roads, a hierarchy of control should be applied, similar to classifications used to improve occupational safety and health. At the highest level is sustainable prevention of serious injury and death crashes, with sustainable requiring all key result areas to be considered. At the second level is real time risk reduction, which involves providing users at severe risk with a specific warning to enable

them to take mitigating action. The third level is about reducing the crash risk which involves applying the road design standards and guidelines

Road traffic crashes are one of the world’s largest public health and injury prevention problems. The problem is all the more acute because the victims are overwhelmingly healthy before their crashes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 million people are killed on the world’s roads each year. A report published by the WHO in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured in traffic collisions on the roads around the world each year[3] and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths.[4]

The standard measures used in assessing road safety interventions are fatalities and killed or seriously injured (KSI) rates, usually per billion (109) passenger kilometres. Countries caught in the old road safety paradigm,[5] replace KSI rates with crash rates — for example, crashes per million vehicle miles.Vehicle speed within the human tolerances for avoiding serious injury and death is a key goal of modern road design because impact speed affects the severity of injury to both occupants and pedestrians. For occupants, Joksch (1993) found the probability of death for drivers in multi-vehicle accidents increased as the fourth power of impact speed (often referred to by the mathematical term δv ("delta V"), meaning change in velocity). Injuries are caused by sudden, severe acceleration (or deceleration); this is difficult to measure. However, crash reconstruction techniques can estimate vehicle speeds before a crash. Therefore, the change in speed is used as a surrogate for acceleration. This enabled the Swedish Road Administration to identify the KSI risk curves using actual crash reconstruction data which led to the human tolerances for serious injury and death referenced above.Interventions are generally much easier to identify in the modern road safety paradigm, whose focus is on the human tolerances for serious injury and death. For example, the elimination of head-on KSI crashes simply required the installation of an appropriate median crash barrier. Also, roundabouts, often with speed reducing approaches, encounter very few KSI crashes.The old road safety paradigm of purely crash risk is a far more complex matter. Contributing factors to highway crashes may be related to the

driver (such as driver error, illness, or fatigue), the vehicle (brake, steering, or throttle failures), or the road itself (lack of sight distance, poor roadside clear zones, etc.). Interventions may seek to reduce or compensate for these factors, or reduce the severity of crashes. A comprehensive outline of interventions areas can be seen in management systems for road safety.In addition to management systems, which apply predominantly to networks in built-up areas, another class of interventions relates to the design of roadway networks for new districts. Such interventions explore the configurations of a network that will inherently reduce the probability of collisions.Interventions for the prevention of road traffic injuries are often evaluated; the Cochrane Library has published a wide variety of reviews of interventions for the prevention of road traffic injuries]

For road traffic safety purposes it can be helpful to classify roads into three usages: built-up urban streets with slower speeds, greater densities, and more diversity among road users; non built-up rural roads with higher speeds; and major highways (motorways/ Interstates/ freeways/ Autobahns, etc.) reserved for motor-vehicles, and which are often designed to minimize and attenuate crashes. Most injuries occur on urban streets but most fatalities on rural roads, while motorways are the safest in relation to distance traveled. For example, in 2013, German autobahns carried 31% of motorized road traffic (in travel-kilometres) while accounting for 13% of Germany's traffic deaths. The autobahn fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per billion-travel-kilometres compared favorably with the 4.7 rate on urban streets and 6.6 rate on rural roads.

Buses and coaches

Safety can be improved in various simple ways to reduce the chance of an accident occurring. Avoiding rushing or standing in unsafe places on the bus or coach and following the rules on the bus or coach itself will greatly increase the safety of a person travelling by bus or coach. Various safety features can also be implemented into buses and coaches to improve safety including safety bars for people to hold onto.The main ways to stay safe when travelling by bus or coach are as follows:

Leave your location early so that you do not have to run to catch the bus or coach.

At the bus stop, always follow the queue. Do not board or alight at a bus stop other than an official one. Never board or alight at a red light crossing or unauthorized

bus stop. Board the bus only after it has come to a halt without rushing

in or pushing others. Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus. Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or a

stationary bus. While in the bus, refrain from shouting or making noise as it

can distract the driver. Always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus,

especially on sharp turns. Always adhere to the bus safety rules.

Basic Rules of the Road

There are certain rules that have been prepared for the benefit of people and the idea of preparing these rules is not that they should be understood by the drivers, but it should also be understood by the cyclists, pedestrians and other people. It is essential to follow all the rules and regulation and they are clearly listed here. People are recommended that they should be carefully observing all the rules and regulation and it is effectual to be careful, considerate and patient.

Traffic Signals

Traffic signals or stop lights are positioned on the road intersection and they are used for indicating that whether it is safe to walk or not. People are recommended that they should follow all the Traffic signs and they would be required to understand this information that is displayed through color code.

Road signals

These signs have got the very prominent role to play in the traffic system and they are made for the safety of people. According to the congress of Indian Roads, these signs and Traffic symbols have been categorized into 3 different categories are

TRAFFIC SIGNS

Road signs in the Republic of India are similar to those used in some parts of the United Kingdom, except that they are bilingual.Most urban roads and state highways have signs in the state language and English. National highways have signs in the state language, Hindi and English. There are different types of signs.

1. Mandatory signs

2. Cautionary signs

3. Additional signs

1.Mandatory signs;-

Mandatory signs are road signs which are used to set the obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road. Unlike prohibitory or restrictive signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it must do, rather than must not do. Most mandatory road signs are circular, may use white symbols on a blue background with white border or black symbols on a white background with a red border, although the latter is also associated with prohibitory signs.

Mandatory signs can also be used to issue instructions to all vehicles - common examples include "pass on this side" signs seen at roadworks, and "compulsory roundabout" signs seen at mini-roundabouts. Other signs of the type include "attach snow chains" and "remove snow chains" seen at the entry and exit points of mountainous areas, and "compulsory direction for vehicles carrying dangerous loads", used to divert vehicles carrying explosives or poisonous chemicals away from areas with open flames such as oil refineries. Minimum speed limits can also be defined using mandatory road signs, although such signs are rare in most countries; the U.S., which does not use mandatory signs, instead places minimum speed limits on the same type of panel as maximum speed limits.

Segregation of roadsMandatory road signs can be used to allocate certain areas to specific vehicles - the Vienna Convention explicitly mentions footpaths, cyclepaths and bridleways, but tramways,bus lanes, taxi lanes, HOV lanes and snow mobile tracks can also be designated with mandatory signs. When a specific area of roadway is designated with a mandatory sign specifying a vehicle type, all traffic of this type must use this area if possible. These signs can be combined by putting one pictogram above the other. If the pictograms are side-by-side however, with the sign divided by a white vertical line, each type of vehicle must stay within the lane indicated by the sign. A red line through a mandatory sign indicates not that a vehicle of a specific type is

prohibited from entering the designated area, but that the area is now deregulated and any vehicle may use it.

2. Cautionary signs:-

These signs are used to warn the road users of the existence of certain hazardous condition either on or adjacent to the roadway, so that the motorists are cautious and take the desired action. Some of the signs, which fall under this category, are provided as follows. We offer our customers an extensive collection of Cautionary Sign Boards roads, railways and other public places for the safety of the drivers.

Additional signs:-

A symbol is a person or a concept that represents, stands for or suggests another idea, visual image, belief, action or material entity. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, ideas or visual images and are used to convey other ideas and beliefs. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a blue line might represent a river. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Alphabeticletters may be symbols for sounds. Personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion. The variable

'x', in a mathematical equation, may symbolize the position of a particle in space.

Left arrow

 

Right arrow

 

Double arrows

 

Scooters and motorcycles

 

ESSAYS RELATED TO ROAD SAFETY

1.   Dangerous Road Users (objectional and bias):-

The seventy years and older group seems to remain static, dispite efforts to increase road safety. According to the Australian Department of Road Safety, "safety is going to be aimed strongly at our young and elderly road users.aE � Fortunately we can hope to look forward to safer roads, but must remember until accidents stop occurring, roads will always be dangerous!... Statistics confirm that young drivers are likely to cause road related deaths, more than any other road user.

2.Safety Belt Standard

The Uniform Safety Belt Standard requires all drivers and passengers in a vehicle to wear safety belts meeting federal motor vehicle safety standards. These include applying safety belt laws to all occupants of motor vehicles on the streets, roads, and highways of the state. Each driver of a vehicle must have a safety belt that meets the federal motor vehicle safety standards properly applied to his body at all times while operating a vehicle. ... The driver is not allowed to operate a vehicle unless every occupant is secured in a safety belt restraint.

3. Car safety features

::Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles::With more and more people driving on our roads, it"s predictable to see increases in the number of accidents and fatalities. ... As speeding is a common characteristic of today"s roads (and even the normal 60km/h suburban speed), airbags can fall short of ensuring the safety of the occupants of the vehicle. ... Bull bars have aroused much controversy from safety experts in recent times. ... Data from the federal Office of Road Safety estimated that in 1992, 14% of pedestrian deaths could be attributed to bull bars. 

4. Health and Safety in the Workplace

IntroductionThis paper will focus on the importance of workplace health and safety and why it is important for organizations and businesses to adopt and promote the health and safety practices. ... During the 1980's workplace safety and health concerns were widespread in the United States, and it was noted that there was an economic incentive for the employers in promoting health and safety in the organisation. ... Health and safety trainings should be conducted as a necessity, to help the employers and employees understand their roles in promoting and obtaining workplace health and safe.

5. Seatbelt Safety

I knew these roads well because I drive them at least twice a day, but today was different. ... I immediately slammed on my brakes, but it was too late as I started to slide off the road, leaving four black marks on the road behind me. ... I walked away without a single bruise or scratch and had I not been wearing my safety belt I am 100% sure that I would be dead. I would have been slammed into my windshield and if that didn"t kill me, than I"m sure the telephone pole 2 feet in front of me would have.

6. The Wrong Side of the Road

Such injuries are by far the leading public health problem for young people 13-19 years old (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS], 2004). ... According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, there were "191.3 million licensed drivers in the United States in 2001. ... Contributing factors such as wet roads or uneven pavement necessitates that drivers slow down. ... Educating teens on defensive driving techniques at home and in school is the key to ensuring their safety.

Road Safety Rules

Fatalities and accidents on the road occur because someone somewhere is not paying attention to road safety rules. There are a number of factors that come into interplay while traveling on the road. There are road safety rules for drivers to follow as well as the pedestrians and other vehicles.In this article we will focus on the main road safety rules that everybody o9nt he road needs to keep in mind.

Road safety rules Keep to the leftKeep to the left while driving and allow vehicles from the opposite direction to pass. Most head-on accidents happen as we fail to keep to the left and stay in the middle of the road. This is one of the most important road safety rules for drivers.

Slow done on bends and turnanother mistake most people make is to never slow down on turns and bends. Be all the more cautious when negotiating bends and sharp turns.

Move cautiously and slowly during congestion on roadsThis is another very important road safety rule that most of us ignore.  We should move carefully especially at the round-abouts and road junctions.

Wear helmetsThose on bicycles and two wheelers should never go on the road without a helmet. Make sure the helmet is of superior quality and strapped properly.

Remain within the speed limitThis is common sense and a common one among road safety rules for drivers. Keep in mind that the speed limit is related to the traffic condition

of the area. If you come within schools and hospitals, just slow down

Maintain the right distanceOften it is seen that collisions occur because adequate distance from the vehicle in front is not maintained. These are important road safety rules for drivers.

Understand and follow the road signsThese road safety rules are a must for all to follow, whether walking on the road or in their vehicles. It can be dangerous for your as well as other people n the road if you have poor understanding of the road signs.

Keep the above road safety rules in mind while travelling and make the roads safe for yourself and everyone.

Road Safety Slogans  

Road safety is a very important issue in our life. Therefore it is no surprise to see use of road safety slogans all over at public places, in offices and other related areas to raise awareness about the issue. You can send these free road safety slogans vial emails or stick them in your homes or offices to portray the serious though behind road safety.Why our roads are the most dangerous place is because most people fail to realize the value of road safety rules and follow them. The road safety slogans are a god and an interesting way to catch their attention and make them think on these issues. A few of these attractive road safety slogans are very popular and clearly convey the message across to reduce the incidents of any causalities and accidents. The idea into make people focus more on the road safety issues.

There could be a very long list of the road safety slogans. Therefore we are going to list down a couple of the most popular and common slogans for road safety.

Be alert! Accidents hurt.

You can't get home, unless you're safe.

Slow down! Your family is waiting for you

Life don't have Reset button. Drive safe.

Know road safety, No injury. No road safety, Know injury.

Hug your kids at home, but belt them in the car.

Do not mix drinking and driving.

Follow traffic rules, save your future

Normal speed meets every need.

Safety is not automatic, think about it.

Alert today - Alive tomorrow.

Leave sooner, drive slower, live longer.

Stop accidents before they stop you.

Better to arrive late than never

Speed Thrills But Kills

Don't Drink and drive

Check your nerve on my curve

If you want to stay married, divorce speed

Better Late than Never

Road Safety TipsThere is plenty of advice and info online and offline on road safety tips. But still it leaves us to ponder as to why there is no decline in the number of causalities and accidents on the road. Is it because we take all those rules and road safety tips casually? Well, if so then it is time to set our priorities right and realize the importance of these tips so as to make for complete safe traveling on the roads. In this article we will focus on road safety tips for drivers as well as others on the road.

The road safety tips discussed in this article are common and perhaps known to you already. Just go through them to brush up your information.

Road safety tips for drivers while driving

Avoid any distractions

Avoid eating and drinking

Avoid using cell phone

Avoid looking at maps or directions

Avoid looking at navigation system

Avoid listening to too loud music

Avoid having an unleashed pet

Follow the traffic rules

Maintain speed limits