multimedia: audio, visual, and video technologies teaching and learning with technology, 3/e....
TRANSCRIPT
MULTIMEDIA: Audio, Visual, and Video
TechnologiesTeaching and Learning with Technology, 3/e.
Lever-Duffy, J., McDonald, J., Mitzell, A., 2011
AUDIO AND VISUAL TECHNOLOGIES
Audio and Instruction
• Listening includes both hearing and comprehending audio
• Effective listening for learning includes• Accurate hearing• Focused listening• Reinforcement to stimulate neural
connections
Traditional Audio Media
Audio Cassette• Economic, durable, and easy-to-use• Uses magnetic tape to record voice, music,
and other sounds• Can be used in centers, small groups, or
large group instruction May be used for many projects– Talking books, multimedia kits, oral
histories and journals are examples
Traditional Audio Media
Broadcast Audio• Received via radio or cable audio
channels• Enhances content with current events,
music, and foreign language
Digital Audio Media
Optical Media (CD-ROMs)• Offer better clarity and greater storage
capacity than traditional audio media• Easier to directly access target audio
for replay
Digital Audio Media
Optical Media (CD-ROMs)• With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also
record audio• Advantages:
• Durable• Easy to handle• Portable• Variety of topics available
Digital Audio Media
Internet Audio• Instead of CD, you can download legally
available audio in WAV and MP3 compressed formats
• Need software media players (typically free) for play back
• MP3 is gaining popularity because its files are smaller
Digital Audio Media
MP3 Files• Visualizations sometime displayed
during audio playback• MP3 players usually include recording
and playback controls• Typically music but may also include
other audio elements
Digital Audio Media
Internet Radio• Using streaming media, radio stations
offer simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as the airwaves
• National and international stations outside the local area are now available via the Web
• Includes music, news and talk stations from around the world
Visual Communication
Visual literacy • The ability to correctly interpret visual
signals• Visual experiences in education
designed to encourage visual literacy• Awareness of effective visual design
helps to impart visual literacy skills to students
Visual Communication
Visual Communication
Visual Design Basics• Visual design includes visual, text, and
affective elements• Visual - graphics, symbols, real objects,
and organizational elements• Text - aspects of text including fonts,
spacing, color, and sizes• Affective elements - visual components
that can elicit responses from viewers
Visual Communication
Visual Communication
Can you See the difference?
Visual Communication
Non-Projected Visuals• Real objects - objects brought into the
classroom as a visual enhancement• Models - 3-D representations of real
objects or concepts• Exhibits - displays or dioramas created
to illustrate instructional concepts
Visual Communication
• Print Materials - commercial and teacher-made paper materials
• Graphics and Photos - pictorial images used to illustrate and clarify
• Support technologies include: Bulletin Boards, Flip Charts, Magnetic Boards, Chalk Boards, White Boards and Electronic White Boards
Traditional Visual Media
Technologies for Projected Visuals • Overhead Projectors shine light through
transparencies for large group projection of the images
• Transparencies can be, drawn, printed with ink jet or laser printers, or copied
Traditional Visual Media
• Commercial transparencies are frequently available with texts
• Transparencies can also be created with common software such as word processors or desktop publisher
• Be sure to select the right transparency film for your printer (laser or ink jet) to avoid damaging your printer
Traditional Visual Media
• Advantages• Allows teacher to maintain eye contact • Longevity of images• Enable teacher to build concepts with
overlays• Easy to use and create
Non- Traditional Visual Media
Digital Projectors • Used to project digital images from
computers, digital cameras, and photo CDs
• Allows for large group display of anything digital
• May also be able to display analog output from VCR
Non- Traditional Visual Media
Document Cameras• Video camera mounted on a stand that
captures and displays video images• May use a monitor or digital projector
for display• Can zoom in on a real time
demonstration or small objects
Multimedia in Instruction
Multimedia:• Combination of multiple visuals and audio
media into a single integrated whole• Typically stored on a CD-ROM with
hyperlinks between the elements• Should be carefully evaluated for good
design and appropriate and meaningful audio and visual elements
VIDEO TECHNOLOGIES
Video in Teaching and Learning
Motion Video• Whether traditional or digital, can bring
content to life. • Brings distant, imaginary, or simulated
places into the classroom• Brings history to life• Reinforces instruction
Video in Teaching and Learning
Motion video can also
• Disengage learners• Encourage passive learning• Educators are challenged to find
effective ways to integrate video into instruction
Video in Teaching and Learning
Video History• Movies were first used in schools in
1911• Television joined movies as an
instructional tool in the 1950’s• Video tape became available in the
1980’s• Today, there is digital video (on DVD
and the Net)
Traditional Video Technologies
Broadcast Video• Television images delivered via
terrestrial and satellite equipment• Programs are uplinked to satellite and
then downlinked to receivers
Traditional Video Technologies
Broadcast Video• Commercial TV and educational TV
(PBS) offer educational programming• Local learning channels offer targeted
educational programming
Traditional Video Technologies
Broadcast Video• Programs typically high-quality, high-
cost productions• Synchronous nature of TV difficult to
use in time-restrictive classrooms• Time limitations may be overcome by
recording broadcasts if copyright permits
Traditional Video Technologies
Narrowcast Video• Video signals targeted to a specific
audience • Instructional Television Fixed Service
(ITFS) is a terrestrial system • Distributed via microwave from
broadcast locations to schools
Traditional Video Technologies
Narrowcast Video• Require line-of-sight to transmit-- may
not be possible in some districts• Dedicated video network for a district
so programs can be offered multiple times each day
• Can target very specific district instructional needs
Traditional Video Technologies
Closed Circuit TV (CCTV)• Television signals received by a school
then distributed internally via CCTV• CCTV can also be used for sharing in-
school video productions by students• Can also be used to distribute recorded
broadcast or live ITFS programs
Traditional Video Technologies
Cablecast Video• Cable TV companies typically offer a
channel for schools or public use• Cable may be connected to the schools
CCTV system• Quality cable television shows (CNN,
Discovery, Learning Channel) can be easily incorporated into classroom instruction
Traditional Video Technologies
Video DistributionSystems inSchools
Traditional Video Technologies
Recorded Video• This asynchronous format is the format
of choice for schools• Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs)
playback video recorded on VHS tape• Tapes may pre-record programs that
occurred at inconvenient times
Traditional Video Technologies
Recorded Video• Tapes may be commercially prepared• Playback, copyright permitting, can be
easily scheduled into classroom time• Monitors provide viewing from all parts
of the classroom
Traditional Video Technologies
Recorded Video• Most digital projectors can accept VCR
input for large group projection• Camcorders (Camera-Recorders) can
also record video images of a class or instructional activities for later VCR playback
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Basics• Digital video images allow for limitless
editing• Instructional annotation can be added
to any frame • Frames may be rearranged for better
instructional emphasis
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Basics• Digital video can be added to many
digital files – Presentations, web sites, etc.
• Full motion digital video files are very large – Three minutes of video require up to
one gigabyte of storage
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Basics• Video compression helps remedy the
file size problem• Compressed files require video
compression playback software – MS Media Player, Real Player, and
Quick Time, etc. decompress and playback video
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Basics• AVI, MPEG, and MOV are the most
popular compression formats today• Players such as Real Player and
Windows Media player can display all 3 formats
• Check your player to be sure they can handle your format before using it in your classroom
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs)• DVDs can store up to 10.5 gigabytes of
digital video on each side• DVD storage also allows for frame-by-
frame play back• DVDs offer direct access to any frame
or sequence • DVD-Rs, which allow recording, are now
on the market
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Capture• Analog video can be converted to
digital via a video capture expansion card
• External jacks on the card allow analog video input from VCR, cable, etc.
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Capture• Card captures, compresses, and stores
the video on the computer’s hard drive• Video editing software makes it possible
to edit captured video
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Cameras• Capture and store moving images as
digital files rather than on tape• Download the digital files to computer and
manipulate with editing software• Video clips can be played back on
computer monitors or LCD projector• Clips can also be inserted into email,
presentations, etc.
Digital Video Technologies
Digital Video Editing• Video editing requires dedicated
hardware or software• Editing hardware offers maximum
editing capabilities but its expensive• Editing software can run on a PC but
typically lacks high-end editing features
Digital Video Technologies
Compressed Video Systems (CVS)• Live compressed video images are
transmitted – Large files require significant
bandwidth• CVS are dedicated, often room-size
systems – designed to use high-speed,
broadband phone lines
Digital Video Technologies
Compressed Video Systems (CVS)• CVS include video cameras, monitors,
microphones and codecs – Codecs are for compression-
decompression• CVS offer real-time, interactive live
video interaction to all locations
Digital Video Technologies
A TypicallyConfiguredCompressedVideo System
Digital Video Technologies
Internet Video - Broadcasts• Live compressed video images can also
be transmitted across the Net • Internet broadcasts (webcasts) offer
streaming video to shorten wait times• Emerging compression technologies
means interactive Net video will become more useful for schools
Digital Video Technologies
Internet Video – Live Cams• Live cameras connected to computers
and logged into the Internet showing live digital video
• Many live cams are focused on subjects of educational interest
• Students can view live cams by visiting the live cam website
Digital Video Technologies
Internet Video – Net Meetings• Live digital video across the Net used
for virtual meetings • In addition to video, meeting software
may include shared work space, a shared virtual electronic whiteboard, and chats
• Educators can adapt meeting software for class collaboration around the globe
Video in Teaching and Learning
• Videos in any format remain an invaluable teaching tool
• Video can– Alter time through slow-motion
replays or time-lapse photography – Simulate historical or future events
Video in Teaching and Learning
• Video can alter space by visually transporting viewers to other locations
• Videos are not of equal quality– Must be fully reviewed and
carefully evaluated before use
Video in Teaching and Learning
Creating Videos• Teacher and student-made videos offer
creative learning opportunities and result in useful instructional materials
• When creating videos• Storyboard to prepare for recording• Plan to use the full potential of
motion
Video in Teaching and Learning
Tips forCreatingSuccessfulVideos
Video in Teaching and Learning
Caveats when Creating Videos• Parental permission required when
images of students are used• Be aware of district guidelines for
video taping• Copyright laws always apply
Video in Teaching and Learning
Implementing Video • Preview the entire video before showing• Prepare for showing by
• Checking equipment• Checking the environment (lighting,
sound, seating) for viewing
Video in Teaching and Learning
Implementing Video• Engage the learner
• Review concepts and discuss objectives
• Use a video study guide• Be ready to pause the video for
discussions
Video in Teaching and Learning
Implementing Video• Be aware of both factual and emotional
content• Anticipate possible student reactions• Provide preliminary and post video
discussion time• Watch reactions