multimedia dalam pendidikan

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 1

Computer and Multimediain Education:

Theory and Concepts

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What is Educational Technology?

Educational Technology

AV ITProcess

TeachingMethodologies

TV, Radio,Digital TV,

Cellular phone,etc

Computerand Internet

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WHAT IS COMPUTER IN EDUCATION ?

It is the use of computers in the design, development, delivery and evaluation of teaching and learning materials (instruction)

It means:

• computer-based instruction (CBI)

• computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

• computer-assisted language learning (CALL)

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WHAT IS LEARNING ?

Learning occurs when experience causes a relativelypermanent change in an individual’s knowledge orbehaviour

Woolfolk, 1998, p. 204 (in Newby, T.J., 2000)

To learn is to change (or have the capacity to change)one’s level of ability or knowledge in a permanent waywhich is brought about by experience or interaction ofa person with his/her environment

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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS

Cooperative learning DiscoveryProblem solvingInstructional gamesSimulationDiscussionDrill and practiceTutorialDemonstrationPresentation

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INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

Focusing questions HighlightingAnalogiesMnemonicsImageryConcept mapsEmbedded questions FeedbackCase studiesRole playing

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LEARNING THEORIES

Learning Theory Main Principle

Behavioural Perspective reinforcement

Cognitivist Perspective organised information

Constructivist Perspective learn from one another

A learning theory is an organised set of principlesexplaining how individuals learn; that is, how theyacquire new abilities and/or knowledge

(Newby, T.J., 2000)

No one learning theory is the BEST and integratingthem with different learning situation may look thebest.

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LATIHAN

Sub-topik pengajaran:

Contoh-contoh aktiviti:

Kaedah:

Teknik:

PADAM TEKS

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TYPES OF MEDIA with ATTRIBUTES

Instructional Media Key Attributes

Real objects and models Actual item or 3-D representation

Text Written words

Video Moving pictures

Audio Sound

Graphics (visuals, slides, overhead transparencies)

Pictures, line drawings, maps

Multimedia Combination of various media forms

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A computer-based process thatcombines text, graphics, sound,animation, and video to create an application that can be used toinform, entertain, educate, ormotivate.

James E Shuman (2000)

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA ?

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Klasifikasi Multimedia dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran

(Sumber: Ismail Zain, 2002)

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MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH

A research by Computer Technology Research (CTR)in 1993 showed that an individual can understandand learn :

• 20 % of what they see

• 30% of what they hear

• 50% of what they see and hear

• 80 % of what they see, hear and do

Findings indicated that average learning time has beenreduced significantly and achievement levels increasedwhen multimedia is used for learning

Prof. James Kulik, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1994

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Sumber: Brent dan Felder (1997) dalamhttp://courses.science.fau.edu/~rjordan/active_learning.htm

MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH

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THE LEARNING PIRAMID

The learning piramid(Source: in Hofstetter, F.T., 2001)

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Apakah kebaikan dan keburukan multimedia?

KEBAIKAN KEBURUKAN

PADAM TEKS

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ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA

The advantages of multimedia are as follow :

• learning will be more effective with the integrationof various multimedia elements

• will capture the interest and motivation of thelearner

• learner can learn at his/her own free time/will/pace(self-paced, self-directed, self-access)

• no teaching manpower is needed (role as facilitatoronly). In addition, it saves cost and time.

• lots of learning materials and sources areincorporated in a multimedia presentation

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MULTIMEDIA COMPONENTS

Graphics

Animation

Video

Audio

Cds

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TEXT

Text is an effective way to communicate ideas and provide instructions to users

Classification of font :

Serif

Sans serif

Square serif

Script

Decorative / Alternative

Font Classification

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Font Classification

SERIF

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Font Classification

SANS-SERIF

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Font Classification

SQUARE-SERIF

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Font Classification

SCRIPT

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Font Classification

DECORATIVE & ALTERNATIVE

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Never have this scheme in your presentation

Clash scheme

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GRAPHICS

A graphic is said to be worth athousand words if it is shownwhen it is needed

Basically, there are 2 kinds of graphics :• bitmaps (based on pixels)• vector images (based on mathematical

equations)

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Graphic images

• A digital display is divided into discrete, individually addressable points called pixels

• Images are produced by assigning a color and intensity to each pixel

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Vector Graphics• It is stored as a set of instruction

which describe the dimension and shape of every component of the drawing

• To display a vector graphic, each instruction is read and converted to the shapes and colors that comprise the image

• Created by DRAW programs (CorelDraw, MacDraw, etc.)

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Vector Graphics• Advantages:

• Object orientation: objects in a graphic can be manipulated separately

• Good for line art and charts

• Disadvantages:• The larger the graphic, the longer it

takes to render the image

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Bit Maps• It is stored as a set of bits in

computer memory that define the color and intensity of each pixel in an image

• Created by digitizing images (photo, art work) or using PAINT programs (PC Paintbrush, PaintShop Pro, etc.)

• Also called raster or pixel maps

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• Advantages:• Can display faster than vector

graphics• Good for reproducing images with

complex variations in color, shading and detail

• Disadvantages:• Require more disk space• Fixed resolution can lead to

scalability problems

Bit Maps

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• Image depth refers to the maximal number of colors used in bitmap

• Each pixel can have 1 or more bits of color information attached to it

Image Depth

Bits Colors Uses

1 2 Text, line drawing

4 16 Simple drawings, graphics

8 256 Natural images

24 16.7M Photographic realism

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• Size (in bytes) = (Height x Width x Color Depth) / 8

• Sample file size for different images size and color depths:• Monocrome: (640 x 480 x 1 bit)/8

= 38 KB• 256 colors: (640 x 480 x 8 bits)/8 =

307 KB• 16M colors: (640 x 480 x 24

bits)/8 = 922 KB

Image File Size

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• High quality images• Big file size• High resolutions

• Image requirement will affect hardware and software selections including authoring and graphic software, video graphics adapter, disk space and data transfer rate

Images : Issues

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• Techniques for reducing image size:

• Reduce size of height and/or width of image

• Reduce the number of colors (ex: image depth)

• Image data compression

Techniques

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• Data compression reduces file size by eliminating redundancy

• Compression involves two parts : compression and decompression called codecs

• Two types of data compression:• Lossless output is exactly the

same compression (used for programs and data) (done by PKZIP, stacker)

Image Compression

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• Second type of data compression:• Lossy a set of data will undergo

a loss of accuracy after compression. Typically used on image or graphics, animation, audio and video

• Eliminates info that is difficult for our eyes to detect (Ex: eye is less sensitive to change in color than it is to change in intensity

Image Compression

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• Bitmap (.bmp)• Internal format used by Windows

• Graphics Interchange Format (.gif). Used to transmit and exchange images between platforms Joint

• Photographic Expert Group (.jpg/.jpeg)• Offers the greatest compression

(10:1 without visible loss)

Some graphic image formats

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ANIMATION

Animation is the use of a computer tocreate movement on the screen

Frame animation (makes framed-objectsmove on the screen)

Morphing (transition from one shape into another)

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The concept of animation is to :

•Bring to life

•Creating motion

•Breathe life into

•Inspirit

•inspire

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2-D animation software :

•Animator Pro

•Rio Animator

•Animator

•Toons

•Powerpoint

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3-D animation software :

•3-D Studio

•Topas

•Playmotion

•Flying fonts

•Lightwave

•3D-FX

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AUDIO

Audio can be any form of recordedvoice or music or both

• Convey meaning – provide extra channel of info to audience

• Different learner, different learning strategies (live web lecture)

• Add sense of realism, sensation• Directing attention to important events• Facilitate communication

Why is audio used?

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Voice

• Voice is analogue waves• Voice is audio narration (whispers,

cries, shouts, etc)• Expressed in decibels (db)

dB Watts Examples195 25-40m Saturn rocket170 100,000 Jet engine70 0.00001 Voice30 0.000000001 Whispers

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Terms related to audio

• Volume is peak of the wavelength

• Frequency is the distance between the audio waves

• If 1000 waves are repeated in a second 1000 Hz or 1 KHz

• Sampling is the process of digitizing analogue signals

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• There are 3 main sampling rate for audio 11, 22.05 and 44.1 KHz

• Sample size is either 8 or 16-bit

• Channel is either stereo or mono

Terms related to audio

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Comparison

Comment Sampling rate

Sample size

Bytes

CD Quality 44 KHz 16 bit 10 MB

Close to CD 22 KHz 16 bit 5 MB

Voice quality

11 KHz 16 bit 2.5 MB

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Audio File Calculation

FormulaFile size = sampling rate X recording duration in second X (Sample size in bits/8) X number of channelsExample: 10 seconds of recording at 22.05 kHz, 8 bit resolution and mono channel= 22050 x 10 x (8/8) x 1= 220500 bytes

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VIDEO

Video provides a rich and lively resource for multimedia

According to Agnew & Kellerman (1997) , video is:

a digital media that shows a sequence of still pictures which produces illusion due to movements of the pictures

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Analog video:

• continuous value sets that uses microwaves to produce moving images like what is watch on TV

• it cannot be played on a computer

• when enlarged, it does not influence the video quality

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Digital video:

• consists discrete values between 0 and 1

• it is played on a computer and pixel-based

• when enlarged, video quality drops

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Importance of video in education :

• explains abstract concepts

• shows motion/animation

• shows the ‘real’ situation

• provides interactions and responses (interactive videos)

• gives affective teaching

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Some common video file formats :

• .avi

• .mpg

• .mov

• .gif (animated gif)

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Web Authoring Programs

Also known as Web page editors or HTML

editors

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a

tagged language used by web browsers to

display web pages

Examples of Web page editors :

- MS Frontpage

- Macromedia Dreamweaver

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Web Authoring Reminder

Homepage and web pages must be

confined to a folder

All graphical objects/pictures, audio and

video files must first be copied into the

same folder before they are hyperlinked

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Upload To Web Site

All files in the folder must be uploaded to

your registered web site

Files are transported to web site using File

Transfer Protocol (FTP) programs

Examples of FTP programs :

- WS FTP Pro

- built-in FTP in Frontpage

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WS FTP Pro

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The principle challenges in InteractiveMultimedia (IMM) are those ofpedagogy and design

Hooper, 1988

What the experts say abouteducational software…

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PRESENTINFORMATION

Pretest

ARCS

Strategy

Interaction

Media

Time

Keller’s Motivational Model

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AttentionRelevanceConfidenceSatisfaction

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An ideal multimedia team forInteractive Multimedia softwareproduction:

• instructional designer• graphic designer• animator• audio-video experts• programmer• content experts

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Mastery Learning Model

Specify learning objectives

Teaching and Learning

Diagnostic evaluation

Achieved objectives ?

Unit 2

Unit 1

EnrichmentActivities

RemedialActivities

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Typical multimedia screen layout should have fixed locations for content area, navigational buttons and possibly menu. We must plan the layout so that the content is presented with good balance. Divide the screen into regions (Do layout analysis).

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Some important screen design principles:

Font: must be readable easily; with proportional spacing between characters

Choose suitable background colour to produce a good contrast of your text (foreground). Use drop shadows text for photographic background

Text and pictures must be arranged in such a way so that they look neat

Always adopt a common look especially colour of text and buttons

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Use metaphors for popular interfaces like next, previous or home buttons

Example :

Home Previous Next

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Interfaces must be user-friendly, functional and easy-to-remember and consistent in term of location

Certain interfaces can provide feedback after being clicked so that user know the progress of certain action

Example: Save button

Location of navigational buttons are usually fixed at one location throughout the presentation

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Types of Interactivity• Sims (1996) describes 10 types of

interactivity• Object interactivity

• Objects are activated through mouse clicks or input devices

• Linear interactivity• Forward and backward movements of

electronic pages• Hierarchical interactivity

• Freedom of movements to selected modules via a menu

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Types of Interactivity (cont …)

• Supporting interactivity• Users are provided with help and

messages (simple to complex)• Updating interactivity

• Problem solving with provided dialogue boxes (discussion)

• Constructive interactivity• The system creates a situation where

objects manipulation can take place to achieve certain objectives

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• Reflective interactivity• Users are provided with answers from

other users for comparison purpose and self-evaluation

• Hyperlink interactivity• Users are provided with vast electronic

resources in databases to solve problems dynamically

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• Non-immersive contextual interactivity• Virtual reality type of interactions

using all the above types of interactivity

• Immersive virtual interactivity• Virtual reality type of dynamic

interactions using all the above types of interactivity in a computer generated VR environment

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Computer Systemsand Components

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Microcomputer Hardware

• System Unit• I/O Devices• Secondary

Storage

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The Motherboard

ISA PCI

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Memory• RAM (Random Access Memory)

– holds programs and data temporary

– volatile memory

• ROM (Read Only Memory)

– fixed start-up instructions

• CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor)

– flexible start-up instructions

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RAM (Volatile Memory)

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Memory MeasureUnit Capacity

Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes

Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB

Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB

Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB

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Input Devices

• Mouse

• Trackball

• Touch-surface

• Touch screen

• Light pen

• Joystick

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Output Devices

CRTs (Cathode-Ray Tubes)

Flat-Panel or LCD (Liquid Crystal

Display)

- passive-matrix and active-

matrix (TFT)

Data projectors (LCD Projectors)

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PrintersInk-jet Printer

- uses spray technology

Laser Printer

- uses laser beam to produce images

Thermal Printer

- uses heat elements to produce

images

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PrintersDot matrix

- uses a series of small pins (print head)

Chain printer

- connected to several computers

Plotters

- special-purpose printers

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Hard DisksAlso known as fixed disk

Metallic disks with multiple platters

Fast information (speed ranges from 3600 – 7200 rpm)

Read-write heads

Capacity:

ranges from 500 GB to 1 TB

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Human hair

dust particlefingerprint

smoke particle

disk head

disk surface

Materials that can cause a head crash

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It uses a laser beam to read light reflection from flat areas (lands – 1s) and bumpy areas (pits – 0s). It is used for permanent storage

2 types:

CD-ROM (Compact disc-read-only memory)

DVD-ROM

Optical Disks

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Important Hardware for Multimedia

Scanners (useful for scanning printed graphics)Digital cameras (for capturing images)Digital video cameras (for capturing full motion digital video for video clips production)Webcams- videoconferencing/capture motion video/still images

Graphics accelerator

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• A program consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work

• Convert data (unprocessed facts) into information (processed facts)

• Two major kinds– System software– Application software

Software

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Systems Software

Behind the scenes activitiesDesigned to handle– Technical details– Where programs stored– How commands executed– Where files saved– How output handled

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Categories of OS

Hundreds of operating systems

Three basic categories– Embedded – hand-held

– Network OS – linked computers

– Stand-alone OS – desktop

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Major OS

Windows – 80% of marketMac OS – powerful and easy to useUNIX – network; originally designed for WebLINUX – non proprietary; free off Web (potential for out-sourcing of software)

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Utilities

–Hard disk crashes–Antivirus programs–Computer freeze-ups–Decrease operation slow-

downs

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Device drivers

Specialized programs

Loaded into memory each time

When you add a new device, you

must install the device driver

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Language translators

programming language into computer language

Translators and compilers

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Application SoftwareUsed by many people

Basic applications

Common tasks

Examples of application software:• word processor (MS Word)• presentation (MS PowerPoint)• spreadsheet (MS Excel)• database (MS Access)• web authoring tool (MS FrontPage)

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Software SuitesConvenient and effective data sharing

Less expensive

More expensive

Most Widely Used– Microsoft Office– Corel WordPerfect Suite– Lotus SmartSuite

Program Development

Program development consists of aseries of steps programmers use to build computer programsOne of the most popular program development method is Program Development Life Cycle

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Program Development

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InternetIt is used for global communication, moving ideas and information.

Cyberspace concepts (virtual environment)

Started with ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Network) by USA in 1969

Known as WWW, World Wide Web in 1992 at CERN (Center for European Nuclear Research) in Switzerland

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Wired Connections

Telephone lines

•Coaxial cable

•Fiber-optic cable

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fiber-optic - 26,000

coaxial - 80

twisted-pair - 1

Number of Connections

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Wireless Connections

Microwave

• Satellite

• Wi-Fi

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Internet service providers (ISP)– National (Streamyx, Jaring)

Wireless service providers

– DIGI, Celcom, Maxis

How to be connected to internet ?

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How modems work ?

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Network TypesLocal Area Network (LAN)

- networks with computers and peripheral devices

within the same building

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

- a networks of LANs

Wide Area Network (WAN)

- integration of LANs and WANs

- countrywide/worldwide networks

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Internet Applications

Communicating

Shopping

Researching

Entertainment

Education

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Uses of internet for education

E-learning– Lecture notes, discussion board, online

examEducation portal– LMS, Cikgu.net (chats, discussion, online

tuitions)Information showcase– Personal websites/homepage

– Educational shareware– Ex: hot-potatoes (for building online quiz)

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Web 2.0The concept of "Web 2.0" began with a conference brainstorming session between O'Reilly and MediaLive International

Web 1.0 Web 2.0DoubleClick --> Google AdSense

Ofoto --> FlickrAkamai --> BitTorrent

mp3.com --> NapsterBritannica Online --> Wikipedia

personal websites --> bloggingevite --> upcoming.org and EVDB

domain name speculation --> search engine optimizationpage views --> cost per click

screen scraping --> web servicespublishing --> participation

content managementsystems --> wikis

directories (taxonomy) --> tagging ("folksonomy")

Stickiness --> syndication

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Advantages of Social Networking• Democratization of media• Relationships and conversation• Creativity and re-mix culture• Embrace your passion and identity• Community, sharing, and connecting• Increase transparency in government and organizations

Disadvantages• Too much content still gets overlooked (lacks quality,

what is true?) • Anonymity can create hate culture• Teenagers over-engaged in social networking (social

sickness, etc)• Can lead to danger when meeting strangers

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WHAT IS A BLOG?

A weblog or blog is a personal diary or a collection of links to you. In simple terms, a blog is a website, where you write stuff on an ongoing basis. New stuff shows up at the top for visitors’ comments. (Susana & Sergio 2007)

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WHAT IS FACEBOOK?

The Facebook platform allows developers to create Web applications that integrate with Facebook’s social network and are delivered via the Facebook Web site. Facebook users can browse available applications and enable the ones they wish to use, granting them permission to access a subset of their account data (PennState2007).

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WHAT IS GLOGSTER?

A Glog is an interactive visual platform in which users create a “poster or web page” containing multimedia elements including: text, audio, video, images, graphics, drawings, and data (http://edu.glogster.com/what-is-glogster-edu/). Glogster EDU is the leading global education platform for the creative expression of knowledge and skills in the classroom and beyond.

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 111http://cktanums.edu.glogster.com/drcktan/

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WHAT IS WALLWISHER?

Wallwisher is a collaborative tool that lets students be prosumers rather consumers (Sharon Tonner, 2011). Wallwisher is an Internet application that allows students to post their thoughts on a common topic using electronic sticky notes on a shared digital wall. Students can type a maximum of 160 characters per electronic sticky note that can incorporate an image, audio or video using the appropriate web address link (Sharon Tonner, 2011)

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WHAT IS YOUTUBE

YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view, and sharevideo clips. YouTube allows users to post and tag videos, watch those posted by others and post comments. YouTube ties into several blogging applications, giving users a quick way to blog about a particular video and include a link to it.

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Other Web 2.0 tools• blogspot.com (blog)• wikispaces.com (sharing)• google docs (sharing)• ning (social network)• jing (video)• slideshare (sharing)• skype (video)• twitter (social network)

Sila rujuk buku “Web 2.0” oleh Prof. Amin Embi (UKM)http://www.scribd.com/doc/136627463ORhttp://www.slideshare.net/ProfDrAmin/web-20-interactive-tools-a-quick-guide

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Is email secure?

snoopware, spyware, phishing

Stealing confidential info (HP numbers, etc)

Browser records pages visited

Cookies record – Times and pages visited

– Other private information

Breach of privacy and security

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Privacy LawsFreedom of Information Act (1970)Privacy Act (1974)Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (1986)Computer Abuse Amendments Act (1994) outlaws transmission of virusSoftware Copyright Act (1980)

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Computer Threats

Thefts (organised crime)– Hardware, data, computer time

– Software piracy

“Hackers” (for fun and challenge) and

“crackers” (for malicious purposes)

Natural disasters

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Computer SecurityViruses– Damage to computers, programs or files

3 types:– Virus (damage/delete system files)

– Worm (self-multiplying and spreads)

– Trojan (can be virus or worm)

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Security Measures

Protecting InformationEncrypting messages Restricting access (password and firewall)

Anticipating disasters (disaster recovery plan)

Backing up dataAntivirus

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ErgonomicsErgonomics study of human factors related to things people usePhysical Health– Avoiding eyestrain and headache– Avoiding back and neck pain– Avoiding effects of

electromagnetic fields

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Isu-isu Semasa ICT

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ISU 1Keselamatan dan Ancaman ICT

Jenis Ancaman

• kecurian perkakasan ICT• cetak rompak perisian• serangan virus/ulat• pencerobohan sistem komputer• bencana alam

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ISU 1Keselamatan dan Ancaman ICT

Langkah yang boleh diambil

• memohon hakcipta untuk perisian• operasi membanteras cetak rompak perisian• pasang firewall / anti-virus• pasang kata laluan• pasang perkakasan komputer di tempat yang bebasdaripada bencana alam

• mengupah pengawal keselamatan

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ISU 2Pemisahan Digital (Digital divide)

Pemisahan digital merujuk kepada perbezaan tahapkemahiran mengguna komputer di kalangan pendudukdalam zon-zon geografi yang berbeza. Di Malaysia,dianggarkan bahawa hanya 59.0% penduduk sahajamempunyai akses internet (Laporan MCMC 2008)

Contoh-contoh pemisahan digital

• bilangan pengguna internet yang besar di bandarberbanding dengan luar bandar

• bilangan pengguna memiliki komputer yang besar dibandar berbanding dengan luar bandar

• bilangan sekolah mempunyai makmal komputer yanglengkap di bandar berbanding dengan luar bandar

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Sebab-sebab pemisahan digital

• penduduk di bandar mempunyai pendapatan yanglebih tinggi berbanding dengan luar bandar

• penduduk di bandar mempunyai kemudahan infrastrukturyang lebih (contoh talian telefon) berbanding dengan luarbandar

• taraf pendidikan penduduk di bandar yang lebih tinggi(lebih terdedah kepada teknologi komputer) berbandingdengan luar bandar (lebih suka bertani)

• kurikulum sekolah

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Langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil

• kerajaan memasang lebih banyak kemudahan infrastrukturtelekomunikasi di luar bandar seperti telefon, kemudahaninternet tanpa wayar, mobile internet kiosk, etc

• Kementerian Pendidikan tingkatkan program literasikomputer di kalangan pelajar sekolah-sekolah luar bandar

• tingkatkan promosi pemilikan komputer jenis jenamamurah untuk penduduk di luar bandar melalui skemamudah bayar, etc

• ubahsuai kurikulum sekolah untuk mewajibkan pendidikanuntuk meningkatkan literasi komputer pelajar

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ISU 3Traditional Learning versus E-Learning

Scenario

• Traditional learning merangkumi proses penyampaianmaklumat/isi kandungan secara bersemuka di bilik darjah/dewan kuliah

• E-learning atau online/mobile learning merupakan prosespenyampaian maklumat/isi kandungan melalui internet. Iajuga lebih dikenali sebagai pembelajaran tanpa sempadan

• Sering didebatkan bahawa traditional learning lebih populardan efektif manakala e-learning pula lebih menjimatkan kosdan kuasa penyebaran maklumat yang meliputi kawasangeografi yang lebih luas

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 129


PerbandinganTradisional Learning E-Learning

Kekurangan ruang apabila pelajar meningkat

Boleh menerima ramai pelajar serentak mengikut kapasiti Pelayan Komputer

Merupakan pembelajaran synchronous

Pembelajaranasynchronous (nota + forum atas talian) dansynchronous (chat / video conferencing)

Isi kandungan pembelajarankurang menarik

Isi kandungan pembelajaranmenarik seperti multimedia

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 130


Perbandingan

Tradisional Learning E-LearningSatu kaedah pembelajaran iaitu kuliah atau pengajaran guru kepada pelajar sahaja

Kaedah pembelajaran dipilih oleh pelajar; forum, kaedah latih tubi, multimedia

Isi kandungan statik Isi kandungan beranimasi

Bilangan graduan dihasilkan kurang

Bilangan graduan dihasilkan ramai

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 131

ISU 4Penggunaan komputer merosakkan kesihatan

Jenis-jenis ancaman kepada kesihatan

• Bekerja berjam-jam lama di hadapan komputer akan:

merosakkan mata (extensive ray emitted frommonitor)

menyakitkan tulang leher/belakang jika kerusikurang sesuai dipakai

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 132

ISU 4Penggunaan komputer merosakkan kesihatan

Jenis-jenis ancaman kepada kesihatan

kepenatan tangan dan jari kerana menaip jikapapan kekunci tidak selesa digunakan

mengalami ‘bahu bongkok’ jika ketinggian meja komputer tidak sesuai

Bidang penggajian yang cuba mengatasi masalah kesihatan akibat penggunaan komputer

dinamakan ergonomics

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 133

ISU 5Masalah kecapaian internet secara broadband

Antara masalah yang dihadapi ialah:

broadband penetration rate yang rendah (< daripada 25% daripada penduduk)

broadband penetration rate untuk sekolah adalah tinggi (7474 daripada 9176 sekolah di Malaysia) (Sumber: NST, 30 Mac 2005)

berapa ramai guru mempunyai akses internet broadband ?

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 134

ISU 5

Antara kebaikan broadband ialah:

pencapaian bahan pembelajaran multimedia yang cepat

dapat muat turun bahan-bahan multimedia (audio, video, grafik)

dapat guna kemudahan 3G dan 4G

Dr. CK Tan, UMS 135

ISU 5Langkah menggalakan penggunaan internet ialah:

turunkan yuran penggunaan (Contoh: streamyxRM 66 sebulan hanya mampu diguna oleh pendudukbandar)

turunkan harga PC atau laptop

wajibkan aktiviti P & P berasaskan komputer(Contoh: program Intel Teach yang guna teknologiweb 2.0)

Banyak kemudahan talian telefon di luar bandaratau turunkan kadar bulanan internet tanpa wayar(Contoh: DIGI, Celcom, Maxis)

multimedia dalam pendidikan

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