Multinational Comparisonsof Health Systems Data, 2008

Support for this research was provided by The Commonwealth Fund. The views presented here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of The Commonwealth Fund or its directors, officers, or staff. To learn more about new publications when they become available, visit the Fund’s Web site and register to receive e-mail alerts. Commonwealth Fund pub. no. 1371.

Gerard F. Anderson and Patricia MarkovichJohns Hopkins University

THECOMMONWEALTH

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2

Total Health Care Spending

THECOMMONWEALTH

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3Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

$6,714

$4,311

$3,678$3,449 $3,391 $3,371

$2,999$2,880

$2,760$2,448

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

United

States

Switzerland Canada France Netherlands Germany Australia* OECD

Median

United

K ingdom

New

Zealand

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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4International Comparison of Spending on Health, 1980–2006

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Australia*CanadaFranceGermanyNetherlandsNew ZealandSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States

Average spending on healthper capita ($US PPP)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Australia*CanadaFranceGermanyNetherlandsNew ZealandSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States

Total expenditures on healthas percent of GDP

* From Australian Department of Health and AgeingSource: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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5Average Annual Growth Rate of

Real Health Care Spending per Capita, 1996–2006

1.6%

2.5%

3.0%

3.3%

3.6%3.7%

3.9%4.1%

4.3%

4.8%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

New

Zealand

United

K ingdom

Australia* OECD

Median

Canada United

States

Netherlands France Switzerland Germany

*1995-2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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6Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Spent on

Health Care, 1996 and 2006

7.7% 7.6%7.0%

15.3%

11.3% 11.1%

10.0%

9.3% 9.3%8.9% 8.8%

8.4%

7.1%

8.2%8.8%

10.4%9.8%10.1%

13.2%

10.6%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

United

States

Switzerland France Germany Canada Netherlands New

Zealand

OECD

Median

Australia United

K ingdom

1996 2006

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

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7Percentage of Total Population with Health Insurance

Coverage Through Public Programs, 2006

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 98.7%

89.5%

27.4%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Australia* Canada New

Zealand

OECD

Median

Switzerland United

K ingdom

France Netherland Germany United

States

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

*2005

THECOMMONWEALTH

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8Public Spending on Health Care per Capita, 2006

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

$1,906$2,011$2,027

$2,408

$2,591$2,591$2,597$2,750

$3,074

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

United

States

France Switzerland Canada Germany United

K ingdom

OECD

Median

Australia* New

Zealand

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

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9Private Spending on Health Care per Capita, 2006

Excluding Out-of-Pocket Spending, Adjusted for Differences in the Cost of Living

$2,783

$555$467 $443 $408 $352 $335

$141 $137

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

UnitedStates

Canada France Australia* Switzerland UnitedKingdom

Germany OECDMedian

NewZealand

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

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10Out-of-Pocket Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006

Adjusted for Differences in the Cost of Living

$203$232

$405$445

$483$532$546

$857

$1,305

$0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

Switzerland United

States

Australia* Canada OECD

Median

Germany New

Zealand

France Netherlands

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

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11

$3,074$2,597 $2,591 $2,750 $2,591

$2,011 $1,906

$2,783

$408 $555 $467$335

$443$137

$857

$1,305$532 $232

$405

$2,408

$352

$627

$546

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

United

States

Switzerland Canada France Germany Australia* United

K ingdom

New Zealand

Out-of-Pocket Spending

Private Spending

Public Spending

Health Care Expenditure per Capitaby Source of Funding, 2006Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

$6,714

$4,311

$3,678$3,449 $3,371

$2,999$2,760

$2,448

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12Distribution of Health Spending by Type of Service

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

AUS* CAN FR GER NZ SWIZ* US

Basic Medical and Diagnostic (out-Patient) Services

13.6% 3.4% 7.5% 5.9% 15.1% 20.5% 22.3%

Hospitals 37.8% 28.0% 34.7% 29.1% 33.0% 34.7% 32.2%

Pharmaceuticals 14.2% 17.4% 16.4% 14.8% 12.4% 10.5% 12.6%

Nursing Homes & Other Long-Term Nursing Care

— 14.6% 9.9% 12.0% 16.0% 20.2% 6.2%

Other 34.4% 36.6% 31.5% 38.2% 23.5% 14.1% 26.7%

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Hospitals

THECOMMONWEALTH

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14Percentage of Total Health Care Spending

on Hospital Care, 1996 and 2006

35.2%

38.3%

41.3%

32.6%34.4%

30.4%

34.1%

28.0%29.1%

32.2%33.0%

34.7%34.8%

37.8%38.7%

34.7%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Netherlands* Australia** OECD

Median

France Switzerland** New

Zealand

United States Germany Canada

1996 2006

*1998 and 2006**1995 and 2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

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15Inpatient Hospital Spending per Capita, 2006

$708

$1,021$1,037$1,045

$1,180

$1,272

$1,742

$1,880

$0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

$1,800

$2,000

Switzerland* United

States

France Germany Canada Australia* OECD

Median

New

Zealand

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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16Hospital Spending per Discharge, 2006

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

$17,126

$11,522$11,093

$8,888

$6,994$6,742

$4,935 $4,852$4,333

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

$18,000

United

States*

Netherlands* Canada* Switzerland* Australia* OECD

Median

New

Zealand**

Germany France

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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17Hospital Discharges per 1,000 Population, 2006

87

104

119125

138

161162162

202

284

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

France Germany Australia* OECD

Median

Switzerland New

Zealand**

United

K ingdom

United

States*

Netherlands* Canada*

*2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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18Average Length of Stay for Acute Care, 2006

5.45.6

6.06.66.6

7.27.5

8.28.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

Germany Switzerland United

K ingdom

Canada* OECD

Median

Netherlands Australia* United

States

France

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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19Average Length of Hospital Stay

for Acute Myocardial Infarction, 2006

5.5

6.26.5

6.9

7.47.68.08.0

9.510.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Germany United

Kingdom

Netherlands*Switzerland OECD

Median

New

Zealand**

Canada* France Australia* United

States*

a

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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20Average Length of Stay for Normal Delivery, 2006

5.4

4.5

3.5

3.1

2.5

2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Switzerland France Germany OECD

Median

Australia* Netherlands* New

Zealand**

United

States*

Canada* United

K ingdom

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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21Average Annual Hospital Inpatient Acute Care Days per Capita, 2006

0.70.7

0.90.9

1.01.01.0

1.1

1.7

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Germany Switzerland Australia* France OECD

Median

Canada* United

K ingdom

Netherlands United

States

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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22Number of Acute Care Hospital Beds

per 1,000 Population, 2006

2.2

2.72.83.0

3.43.53.53.7

6.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Germany France Australia* Switzerland OECD

Median

Netherlands Canada* United

States

United

Kingdom

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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23Average Number of Hospital Staff per Acute Care Hospital Bed, 2006

1.7

2.1

2.93.0

3.5

3.9

4.3

5.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

United States Canada* Switzerland Netherlands* OECD

Median

Australia* Germany France

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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24

Home Health and Long-Term Care

THECOMMONWEALTH

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25Percentage of Total Health Care Spending

on Long-Term Nursing Care, 1996–2006

19.0%

11.6%

17.0%

11.2%10.7%

2.3%

7.8%

16.0%

14.6%

12.1%13.3%

9.9%

6.2%

20.2%

12.0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Switzerland* New

Zealand

Canada Netherlands OECD

Median

Germany France United

States

1996 2006

*1996–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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26

$476

$91

$156

$87

$254$170

$261$368$262

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

Switzerland* Canada United States Germany France

Private

Public

Long-Term Institutional Care Spending per Capita, 2006Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

*2005

$738

$417

$459

$257 $254

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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27Home Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006

$68$83$85$88

$176

$199

$330

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

New

Zealand

Germany United

States

France Switzerland* Canada OECD

Median

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

*2005

THECOMMONWEALTH

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28Number of Long-Term Care Beds in Nursing Homes per 1,000 Population Age 65 and Older, 1996–2006

71.1

47.8

43.340.2 40 39.2

23.927.2

15.4

34.034.0

25.8

18.2

28.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Switzerland* Germany* United

States

Australia OECD

Median

France Netherlands* United

K ingdom*

*1996–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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29

Physicians and Nurses

THECOMMONWEALTH

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30

22.3%

20.5%

15.1%

13.6%

11.4%

9.8%

5.9%

3.4%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

United

States

Switzerland* New

Zealand

Australia* OECD

Median

France Germany Canada

Percentage of Total Health Care Spendingon Basic Medical and Diagnostic Services, 2006

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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31

14.6%14.0%

22.4%

15.1%

7.0%

14.7%

12.1%

22.3%

20.5%

15.1%

13.6%

11.4%

9.8%

5.9%

3.4%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

United

States

Switzerland* New

Zealand

Australia* OECD

Median

France Germany Canada

1996 2006

Percentage of Total Health Care Spending on Basic Medical and Diagnostic Services, 1996 and 2006

*1996–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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32

$370 $337 $337

$199$124

$407

$836

$1,495

$0

$400

$800

$1,200

$1,600

United

States

Switzerland* Australia* New

Zealand

France OECD

Median

Germany Canada

Spending on Basic Medical and Diagnostic Services,per Capita in 2006

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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33Number of Practicing Physicians

per 1,000 Population, 2006

3.8 3.8

3.53.4

3.3

2.8

2.52.4

2.32.1

0

1

2

3

4

Netherlands Switzerland Germany France OECD

Median

Australia* United

K ingdom

United

States

New

Zealand

Canada

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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34Average Annual Growth Rate of Practicing Physicians

per 1,000 Population, 1996–2006

3.2%

1.8%

1.5%

1.2%1.1%

1.0%

0.8%

0.4% 0.4%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

United

K ingdom

Switzerland OECD

Median

New

Zealand

Australia* Germany United

States

Canada France

*1995–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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35Average Annual Number of Physician Visits

per Capita, 2006

7.0

6.4 6.46.1 5.9

5.65.1

4.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Germany** France OECD

Median

Australia Canada* Netherlands United

K ingdom

United

States*

*2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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36Number of Practicing Nurses

per 1,000 Population, 2006

14.1

11.9

10.510.0 9.8 9.7

8.8 8.7 8.6

7.6

0

5

10

15

Switzerland* United

K ingdom

United

States

New

Zealand

Germany Australia* Canada OECD

Median

Netherlands France

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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37Number of Practicing Nurses

per Acute Care Bed, 1996 and 2006

1.6 1.6

1.4

0.90.8

0.6

1.31.2

0.9

0.7

0.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Australia* United States Switzerland OECD Median Germany France

1996 2006

*1996–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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38

Pharmaceuticals

THECOMMONWEALTH

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39

17.4%

16.4%

14.8%

10.0%

14.5%

9.3%

12.4%13.0%

14.0%

16.0%

14.0%

12.4%12.6%

14.2%

10.5%

16.4%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Canada France OECD

Median

Germany Australia* United

States

New

Zealand

Switzerland*

1996 2006

Percentage of Total Health Care Spendingon Pharmaceuticals, 1996 and 2006

*1996–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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40Pharmaceutical Spending per Capita, 2006

Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living

$303

$426$427$433

$500

$564

$639

$843

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

United

States

Canada France Germany OECD

Median

Switzerland* Australia* New

Zealand

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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41Percentage of Total Population with Pharmaceutical

Coverage Through Public Programs, 2006

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 98.7%

89.5%

50.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Australia* New

Zealand

Switzerland United

K ingdom

OECD

Median

France Netherlands Germany Canada*

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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42

Medical Procedures Involving Sophisticated Technology

THECOMMONWEALTH

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43Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Units

per Million Population, 2006

26.5

14.0

7.7 7.76.6 6.2

5.6 5.3 4.9

0

10

20

30

United

States

Switzerland Germany OECD

Median

Netherlands* Canada United

K ingdom

France Australia

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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44Computer Tomography (CT) Scanners

per Million Population, 2006

51.1

33.9

18.716.7

14.8

12.1 12.010.0

8.27.6

0

20

40

60

Australia* United

States

Switzerland Germany OECD

Median

New

Zealand**

Canada France Netherlands* United

K ingdom

* 2005** 2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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45Inpatient Cardiac Catheterization Procedures

per 100,000 Population, 2006

6

134173

196202

333

434

979

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Germany United

States**

Australia* Netherlands* Canada* OECD

Median

Switzerland United

K ingdom* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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46Inpatient Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

(PTCA) Interventions per 100,000 Population, 2006

434

353

194

168

138113

102 101

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

United

States**

Germany OECD

Median

Australia* Canada* Switzerland New

Zealand

United

K ingdom

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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47Number of Inpatient Knee Replacements

per 100,000 Population, 2006

176

158

144

131 130

118110

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

United

States**

Switzerland Australia* Netherlands* Canada* United

K ingdom

OECD

Median

New Zealand

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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48Percentage of Total Surgery Procedures

That Are Day Cases, 2006

65.4%

55.4%

49.0%47.1%

35.9%34.9%

21.9%

16.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Canada* United

K ingdom

Netherlands* Australia* OECD Median New Zealand* Germany* Switzerland

* 2005

a

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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49Number of Patients Undergoing Dialysis Treatment

per 100,000 Population, 2006

115

80

6359

51 4845

3932

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

United

States*

Germany Canada France OECD

Median

New

Zealand

Australia United

K ingdom

Netherlands*

* 2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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50

Public Health and Prevention

THECOMMONWEALTH

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51Percentage of Population over Age 65

with Influenza Immunization, 2006

79.1%75.1% 75.0%

68.0% 66.5%64.3% 63.6% 63.0% 63.0%

61.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Australia** United

K ingdom

Netherlands France* Canada* United

States

New

Zealand

Germany* OECD

Median

Switzerland

* 2005**2004

a

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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52Percentage of Children Age 1 or 2 Who Have Been Immunized

Against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis, 2006

98.0% 97.4% 96.8% 95.8% 95.0% 94.5% 92.2%

85.2% 84.7%

78.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

France** Germany OECD

Median

Netherlands*Switzerland United

K ingdom

Australia United

States

New

Zealand*

Canada**

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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53Breast Cancer Screening, 2006

Percentage of Women Ages 50–69 Receiving a Mammogram

55.6%

62.0%

70.7%70.4%72.5%

88.5%89.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Netherlands France United

States*

Canada* United

K ingdom

New

Zealand

Australia**

Survey Data Program Data

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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54Percentage of Adults Who Report Being

Daily Smokers, 2006

31.0%

25.0%23.2% 23.2%

22.0%20.7%

17.7% 17.3% 16.7%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Netherlands France Germany* OECD

Median

United

K ingdom

New

Zealand

Australia** Canada* United

States

* 2005** 2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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55Twenty Year Change in Smoking Rates,

1986–2006

-13.2% -13.1%

-11.0% -11.0%

-9.3%

-7.0%

-14%

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

United

States* Canada*

OECD

Median

United

K ingdom

New

Zealand Netherlands

*1985–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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56Annual Alcohol Consumption in Liters per Capita

Among People Age 15 and Older, 2006

12.7

10.910.2 10.1 9.8 9.6

9.4

8.48.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France* United

K ingdom

Switzerland Germany Australia* OECD

Median

New

Zealand

United

States*

Canada*

*2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

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57Obesity (BMI>30) Prevalence Among Adult Population, 2006

34.3%

24.0%

18.0%

13.6%12.7%

11.3% 10.5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

United

States

United

K ingdom

Canada* Germany* OECD

Median**

Netherlands France

* 2005** BMI data was only available for 21 out of the 30 OECD countries.

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

58

Mortality

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

59Life Expectancy at Birth, 2006

80.481.181.981.982.382.482.783.584.284.4

75.277.177.977.677.177.27878.779.2

77.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

France Switzerland Australia Canada* Germany OECD

Median

Netherlands New

Zealand

United

K ingdom*

United

States*

Female Male

* 2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

60Life Expectancy at Age 65, 2006

19.520.020.120.420.520.521.121.5

22.122.6

17.017.216.7

17.217.8

17.217.918.318.518.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

France Switzerland Australia Canada* Germany New

Zealand

OECD

Median

Netherlands United

States*

United

K ingdom*

Female Male

* 2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

61Increase in Life Expectancy at Birth, 1986–2006

4.1

2.22.3

2.8

3.53.7

4.34.3

4.74.74.84.5

4.9

5.45.55.4

5.85.85.8

6.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

New

Zealand

France Germany Australia OECD

Median

Switzerland United

K ingdom*

Canada* Netherlands United

States*

Female Male

* 1985–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

62

Increase in Life Expectancy at Age 65, 1986–2006

2.7

1.41.5

1.8

2.2

2.82.9

3.03.1

3.43.6

2.7

3.0

3.7

3.4

3.1

3.7

4.1

3.7

3.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

France Germany New

Zealand

Australia OECD

Median

Switzerland United

K ingdom*

Canada* United

States*

Netherlands

Female Male

*1995–2005

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

63Acute Myocardial Infarction Deaths

per 100,000 Population, 2006

63.1

45.2 44.7 44.741.5

37.9 36.6

21.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

New

Zealand**

United

K ingdom*

Germany OECD

Median

Canada** United

States*

Netherlands France*

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

64Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema Deaths

per 100,000 Population, 2006

5.1

4.1

3.5 3.5

3.12.9

2.72.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

United

States*

Netherlands New

Zealand**

OECD

Median

United

K ingdom*

Germany France* Canada**

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

65Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Malignant Neoplasms

per 100,000 Population, 2006

992

905 904

841 839 834 829 823

719

0

200

400

600

800

1000

France* New

Zealand**

Netherlands United

States*

United

K ingdom*

Germany OECD

Median

Canada**Switzerland*

b

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

66Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diseases

of the Circulatory System per 100,000 Population, 2006

773

552

525 519486

422 412

360

320

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

United

States*

United

K ingdom*

New

Zealand**

Germany OECD

Median

Canada** Netherlands France* Switzerland*

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

67Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diabetes

per 100,000 Population, 2006

242529

3537

39

56

65

99

0

20

40

60

80

100

United

States*

New

Zealand**

Canada** Netherlands OECD

Median

Germany France* United

K ingdom*

Switzerland*

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

68Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diseases of the Respiratory System per 100,000 Population, 2006

188

166

127

107

9086 86

7464

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

United

States*

United

K ingdom*

New

Zealand**

OECD

Median

NetherlandsCanada** Germany France* Switzerland*

* 2005**2004

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

THECOMMONWEALTH

FUND

69

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.00.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

France* Germany United

States*

United

K ingdom*

Canada** OECD

Median

Netherlands New

Zealand**

Deaths Due to Surgical or Medical Mishaps per 100,000 Population, 2006

Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

* 2005**2004