multinationalism on the map. what are supranational organizations, & what is the future of the...
TRANSCRIPT
Multinationalism on the Map
What are Supranational Organizations, & What is the Future
of the State?
Key Question:
Supranational Organizations• A separate entity composed of three or more
states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. (political, economic, military,&/or cultural objectives)
• How many supranational organizations exist in the world today?
• In 2001, there were more than 60 of these multinational unions
• Benelux – first multinational union; no tariffs, quotas, licenses; joined EEC later
Global Scale – The United Nations
Regional Scale – The European Union
How does Supranationalism affect the State?
identities
economics
Supranationalism• The more that states participate in
such multilateral associations, the less likely they are to act alone in pursuit of a self-interest that might put them at odds with neighbors and the international community
• All show that individual states should cooperate to accomplish goals; not be “rogue states”
International Sanctions?• Sanctions are sometimes used to
try to force a country to do a particular thing– South Africa in the 1980s (apartheid)– Iraq post Gulf War– Palestine b/c of Hamas gov’t– 2012, protesting Iran’s nuclear
program• How effective they are at ending a
policy is still debated, but they certainly impact economic arena
Modern Beginnings of Supranationalism
• Traced back to end of WWI & desire to create organization to include all countries of world to prevent another world conflict
• League of Nations created (1919), but US didn’t join (no way to enforce decisions)
• 63 countries did participate, but it had no real power
• Failed when actually called upon (Ethiopia after Italian invasion)
• Still, it laid foundation for future internat’l agreements
• Led to negotiations about maritime law, boundary issues, fishing rights
Modern Beginnings of Supranationalism (cont)
• To foster international security & cooperation, United Nations was formed at end of WWII
• International Court of Justice (ICJ) w/capital at the Hague in Netherlands
• Membership in UN demands a certain internationally approved standard of behavior
• Many states still violate it, but it can lead to action from the UN as it did in South Africa, Iraq, & North Korea
• Other subsidiaries include the FAO (Food & Agriculture organization), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization), & WHO (World Health Organization)
• Intervene in internal conflicts (army made up of soldiers from member nations)
• Peacekeeping not always successful (Yugoslavia)
Members of the European Union (EU)
Europe vs. US size comparison map © by James Martin, licensed to About
Comparison of the European Union and the United States
Toward European Union• Forming the Organization of the European
Economic Community (OEEC)• France proposed a union with six other states
called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
• The ECSC through negotiations and agreement led to the formation of EEC aka Common Market (1958- economic)
• Expansion created European Community (EC) (1986: econ/political),
• In 1992, further expansion led to creation of European Union (EU). – The euro was introduced on January 1, 2002– 12/27 members have adopted the Euro
• Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, & Finland
– NOT UK, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland
• EU is far from a U.S. of Europe – issues w/ balance of power (Germany), new applicants (Turkey – Muslim, weaker economy), …
• Euroregions – transboundary cooperation zones; e.g. Nysa (Pol-Ger-Cze – 1991)
• European Union has difficult process of integration ahead of them
• Concern over Germany most populous & most productive of EU states
• Expansion eastward may cause strains on the EU• Turkey has been denied membership
on basis of its human rights record• Wealthy states expected to help
support new poorer members
European Supranationalism
Changes as a result of supranationalism in Europe
• Greater trade, free trade, reduced tariffs• International influence, ability to
compete with economies of other countries
• Open borders• Common currency• Common policy (resources, agriculture,
economic, environment, trade, military) which results in loss of control over individual policy
Other forms of Supranationalism
• Often formation of one group spawns another
• Discussion of NATO and its growth –military alliance
• Other organizations based on cultural objectives, some have political overtones (AU and Arab League)
Other Examples - Economic
• NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
• MERCOSUR – Southern Cone Community Market
• CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States
• ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States
• OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• United Nations – established after WWII (much more successful than the League of Nations); 192 members, many subsidiaries • Not a world gov’t, no standing army
• UNPO – unrepresented people (51 members)• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
(UNPO)• Created in 1991• all over the world • By 2002 had 51 members and 13 applicants• Cannot solve the problems • Gives the people a platform from which to be
heard• Has cleared up misunderstandings and forestalled
conflict
Other Examples- Political/ Military
Other Examples- Political/ Military
• NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union & satellites
Cold War Era• From 1945-1989, Cold War defined the global
geopolitical situation• Ideological struggle b/t capitalism & communism;
technology race; arms race; space race• East/West divide separated largely democratic &
free-market economies of W. Europe & the Americas from communist & socialist economies of E. Europe & Asia
• Domino Theory was real fear (if one falls; all will fall)
• Capitalist Japan & communist Cuba were notable exceptions
Law of the Sea• Many countries seek control of their
coastlines– Defense & security– Protection of coastal fisheries– Enforcement of
imports/customs/quarantines– Control of trade
• Measurement used:– the statute mile of 5,280 feet (about
1,609 m), or – the international nautical mile of
6,000 feet (exactly 1,852 m).
Law of the Sea (cont)• For many years, it was different
measurements (distance of a cannon shot) & then beyond were “high seas”
• Didn’t really cause much concern until discovery of resources like fish, oil, gas, etc.
• 1930- began serious discussion but WWII got in the way
• 1945- US issues Truman Proclamation wh/ declared US would regulate continental shelf & fishery activities close to coastline (focuses attention on potential of continental shelves)
• Lots of Western Hemisphere countries do the same
Law of the Sea (cont)• 1958- UNCLOS (UN Convention on the
Law of the Sea)• 1960- UNCLOS II• 1973-82 UNCLOS III (things established
there...)– 157 countries sign (4 refuse including
US)– Territorial sea- 12 NM– Contiguous zone- 24NM (customs, etc)– High seas (open to all)– EEZs
EEZs• Exclusive economic zones- under the law of
sea- is a seazone over wh/ a state has special rights over exploration & use of marine resources– 200NM to 350NM depending on extension of
continental shelves– economic rights to explore & exploit natural
resources in water, seabed, subsoil below• Disputes over the exact extent of Exclusive
Economic Zones are a common source of conflict between states over marine waters.
• One well-known example of such a dispute is the Cod Wars betw’n UK & Iceland.
• South China Sea (& Spratly Islands) is site of ongoing dispute betw’n several neighboring nations
• Ongoing dispute over defining continental shelf & EEZ between Turkey & Greece.
Median-line Principle: • The "median line
principle" is an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places
• Drawing a boundary midway b/w two states’ coasts when territorial sea or EEZ conflict
• Usually done if there is less than 400 miles between the two
South China Sea – area of major disputes; Spratly Is. (rich in oil, claimed by six states) Exception, not the rule
In 2004, the European Union welcomed 10 additional states, and in 2007, the European Union plans to welcome 2 more states. Examine the European Union website. Read about the European Union’s expansion and what is going on in the European Union right now. Consider how complicated it is for the European Union to bring together these many divergent members into one supranational organization.