MULTIPLE CHOICES. Choose the one that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The greenhouse effect refers to A) warming of the Earth's atmosphere. B) the removal of air pollutants by passing the air through greenhouses. C) increased albedo due to greenhouses. D) the growth of crops in greenhouses using hydroponics. E) the principle on which a new solar heating device is based.

2. A greenhouse gas which is produced in the stomachs of ruminant animals and is increasing in concentrations in the troposphere is A) CFCs. B) carbon dioxide. C) methane. D) nitrous oxide. E) carbon monoxide.

3. The overall or net annual concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is being A) decreased by respiration. B) decreased by pollution. C) increased by burning fossil fuels. D) increased by photosynthesis. E) none of the above

4. We produce carbon dioxide when we A) drive our automobiles. B) heat our houses with oil or gas. C) get energy from the food we eat. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

5. Which of the following is/are conjecture (speculation) as opposed to documented fact? A) The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is increasing. B) The recent drought in midwestern North America, Africa, and Australia was caused by the greenhouse effect. C) Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation. D) Levels of infrared absorbing gases other than carbon dioxide are increasing. E) all of the above

6. Ozone in the UPPER atmosphere A) is a pollutant. B) is necessary to screen out ultraviolet radiation. C) is necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth. D) is necessary to maintain ocean circulation. E) none of the above

7. Which of the following will probably not be a consequence of extreme ozone layer depletion? A) more severe sun burning B) more cases of skin cancer

C) more cases of lung cancer D) more cases of blindness E) damage (burning) to leaves of agricultural crops and forest trees

8. At this point in time, experts feel that the most practical way to cope with depletion of the ozone shield is to A) produce more ozone at ground level. B) terminate production of CFCs through finding substitutes. C) transport ozone to the stratosphere with rockets. D) erect ultraviolet sunscreens over cities. E) none of the above

9. Greenhouse gases A) are transparent to heat but absorb sunlight. B) are transparent to sunlight but absorb heat. C) are transparent to heat and sunlight. D) none of the above

10. During the months of the year when photosynthesis predominates over respiration in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere A) decrease slightly. B) increase slightly. C) stay the same. D) There is no data to answer this.

11. Which of the following statements regarding ozone depletion is FALSE? A) Reduction in ozone concentrations in the stratosphere is predicted to result in increased incidence of skin cancer. B) Each chlorine atom in the stratosphere destroys one ozone molecule. C) The Montreal Protocol is an agreement signed by 92 (184) nations with an aim toward protecting the ozone layer. D) Preliminary studies have correlated ozone loss with increases in uv-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

15. Which rock type is most effective at buffering acid precipitation? A) granite B) limestone C) sandstone D) clay-rich rocks E) loam

16. Factors that determine the level of local air pollution include A) the amount of pollutants entering the air. B) the volume of air into which the pollutants are dispersed. C) the mechanisms that remove pollutants from the air. D) the rate of movement of local air masses. E) all of the above

17. Smog A) is a word derived from "smoke" and "fog".

B) that consists of grayish soot, sulfurous compounds, and water vapor is called industrial smog. C) that consists primarily of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbon compounds from motor vehicles is called photochemical smog because these pollutants react in sunlight. D) B and C E) all of the above

18. A temperature inversion A) is created when cool air forms a pocket beneath a warm air mass. B) is created when a warm air forms a pocket beneath a cool air mass. C) is a weather condition that prevents smog from rising and dissipating in the upper atmosphere. D) A and C E) B and C

19. The most widespread and serious pollutant(s) of the atmosphere include A) suspended particulates. B) volatile organic compounds. C) carbon monoxide. D) nitrogen oxides. E) all of the above

20. Pollutants whose impact on human health is to cause a gradual deterioration of several physiological processes are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

21. Pollutants capable of causing cancer in animals are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

22. Pollutants capable of causing immediate life-threatening physiological illness are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above

23. Rainwater having a pH of 4 is A) 10 times more acidic than pure water. B) 100 times more acidic than pure water. C) 1000 times more acidic than pure water. D) 10,000 times more acidic than pure water. E) 1000 times more basic than pure water.

24. Air pollution hurts the economy by

A) increasing human health care costs. B) reducing agricultural yields. C) reducing forestry yields. D) reducing the recreational opportunities of freshwater lakes. E) all of the above

25. A major federal law aimed at controlling air pollution is the A) Sunshine Maintenance Act. B) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. C) Clean Air Act. D) Air Purification Act. E) Temperature Inversion Abolition Act.

26. The products produced by the combustion and evaporation of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels are called A) primary pollutants. B) secondary pollutants. C) threshold pollutants. D) emitted pollutants. E) photochemical pollutants.

27. Ozone, PANS, and aldehydes and ketones are examples of ________ pollutants. A) primary B) secondary C) threshold D) tertiary E) oxidative

28. Further reductions in harmful air pollution might be achieved through A) increasing fuel efficiency for automobiles. B) development of alternative energy sources. C) further control of industrial emissions. D) control of evaporation of fuels and chemicals. E) all of the above

29. These are devices which remove air pollutants from emissions: A) smelters and electrostatic precipitators B) catalytic converters and electrostatic precipitators C) catalytic converters and smelters D) incinerators and catalytic converters E) None of the above is correct.

TRUE OR FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

1. One way to express risk is as "the probability of dying from a given hazard." TRUE

2. Certain substances, while not toxic in an adult, can have grave consequences in a developing fetus. TRUE

3. Carcinogens are those things that have been shown to cause cancer. TRUE

4. The level above which pollutants begin to have an effect on organisms, and below which there is no effect is called the threshold. TRUE

5. For any given pollutant, the threshold level for ill effects on organisms depends on the time of exposure. TRUE

6. The largest components of municipal solid waste are metals. FALSE

7. Only 20 percent of municipal solid waste is placed in landfills. FALSE

8. Municipal solid waste is either stored in landfills, recycled or combusted. TRUE

9. Leachate is the mixture of water and chemicals that drains from the bottom of landfills. TRUE

10. More than 75 percent of household solid waste is recyclable. TRUE

11. Integrated waste management employs multiple methods for processing MSW. TRUE

12. Reducing the size of packaging is an example of source reduction waste management. TRUE

13. The place where MSW is stored is called a landfill. TRUE

14. Many municipalities offer curbside pick up of household recyclables. TRUE

15. Benzene is a harmful chemical with a ring structure. TRUE

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. If the cancer risk from exposure to a chemical is less than one in a million A) the EPA must regulate this chemical. B) it is perfectly safe to ingest this chemical. C) no EPA regulation is required. D) B and C are true.

2. Most municipal solid waste A) is disposed of in landfills. B) is recyclable. C) is treated at sewage treatment plants. D) A and B E) none of the above

3. Common material(s) in municipal solid waste is/are A) glass. B) paper products. C) plastics. D) metals.

E) all of the above

4. Some of the problem(s) associated with storing solid waste in landfills is/are A) leachate generation. B) ground water contamination. C) methane production. D) surface subsidence. E) all of the above

5. Leachate from landfills may include A) pesticides. B) heavy metals. C) petroleum products. D) none of the above E) all of the above

6. Ground water contamination from landfills A) is common with old unlined landfills. B) is common in areas having high water tables. C) is common in areas having low water tables. D) A and B E) A and C

7. Methane is A) a combustible gas. B) a byproduct of the anaerobic digestion occurring in landfills. C) a usable energy source. D) all of the above E) none of the above

8. New modern landfills A) are built on high ground that is well above the water table. B) are configured so that leachate is collected. C) are lined so that leachate cannot percolate through the soil to contaminate ground water supplies. D) are capped with layers of clay and topsoil to prevent water from readily percolating through the contents of the landfill. E) all of the above

9. Waste to energy facilities A) burn organic wastes to produce heat energy. B) reduces the weight and volume of material that must be stored in landfills. C) may emit toxic gases to the atmosphere. D) are not welcomed in most communities. E) all of the above

10. Methods of reducing the amount of material stored in landfills include(s) A) recycling. B) converting organic waste to heat. C) "bottle bills". D) eliminating "junk mail".

E) all of the above

11. The percent of municipal waste placed in landfills is approximately A) 55 percent. B) 30 percent. C) 20 percent. D) 10 percent. E) 0 percent.

12. Materials suitable for recycling include ________. A) metal B) glass C) paper products D) plastic E) all of the above

13. Which of the following statements is true?A) The first-generation pesticides are inorganic, but the second -generation pesticides are organic chemicals. B) The first-generation pesticides are organic, but the second -generation pesticides are inorganic chemicals.C) The first-generation and second -generation pesticides are both organic.D) The first-generation and second -generation pesticides are both inorganic.

14) Given the history of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in British Columbia ecosystems, we would expect to find the highest concentrations of POPs in A) water in the oceans.B) algae in the oceans.C) salmon living in the oceans.D) grizzly bears that eat the salmon from the oceans.

15) Concerned about the exposure of children to chlorine, staff running a public pool measure the exact concentration of the chlorine currently in the pool water. However, to accurately determine the dose of chlorine exposure, the staff must also knowA) the amount of water in the pool.B) the manufacturer of the chlorine.C) how long each child is in the pool.D) why each child is in the pool.

16) The threshold level for harmful effects of toxic pollutants is most closely related to theA) first appearance of chronic effects.B) duration of exposure.C) concentration of exposure.D) concentration and duration of exposure.

17) In the United States, the Toxics Release Inventory monitors and reports the release of more 600 chemicals from

A) industries, small businesses, and homes.B) industries and small businesses but not homes.C) industries but not small businesses or homes.D) natural sources, such as volcanoes and natural oil spills.

18) Lingering in a long line at the dry cleaners, waiting for holiday clothing, a woman starts to feel dizzy and tired with a quickly developing headache. Someone suggests that her symptoms might be from breathing something used in the shop. A substance that can cause such symptoms, and is commonly used in dry cleaning, is aA) heavy metal.B) halogenated hydrocarbon.C) radioactive hydrocarbon.D) safe and gentle natural compound.

19) Which one of the following hazardous-waste disposal methods typically stores wastes below the groundwater level?A) a secure landfillB) a deep-well injectionC) an on-site surface impoundmentD) a best-demonstrated available technology

20) The disaster of Love Canal in New York in the 1970s illustrated the problem of safeA) nuclear waste disposal.B) toxic waste disposal.C) generation of electricity.D) processing of electronic wastes.

21) Two older factory workers were discussing all the government regulations that limit how they can dispose of their factory's wastes. One worker notes, "You know, we didn't use to have all these regulations. In fact, there were almost no regulations controlling what we could put in the air, water, or underground before theA) 1990s."B) 1980s."C) 1970s."D) 1960s."

22) Where would you most expect to find a new hazardous waste site that will require cleanup using Superfund money instead of private resources?A) military basesB) soil immediately surrounding the buildings of an oil refineryC) in states that border an oceanD) in rural agricultural environments

23) When driving down the highway, the backs of many trucks have HAZMAT signs with blue, red, and yellow sections. These signs indicateA) the type of hazardous material being transported. B) the amount of hazardous material being transported.

C) the type and amount of hazardous material being transported.D) the source of the hazardous material being transported.

24) The goals of sustainable agriculture are:A) Maintain a productive topsoilB) Keep food safe and wholesomeC) Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticidesD) Keep farms economically viableE) all of the above

25) The industrial revolution has led to an increased reliance on fossil fuels toA) power farm machinery.B) power farm machinery and to produce fertilizers.C) power farm machinery and to produce fertilizers and pesticides.D) develop new types of crops.

26) In the past 40 years, pesticide use has tripled yet pests still cause the same amount of damage to crops. Why has this increased used of pesticides not been more effective? A) The pesticides in use today are much less powerful due to government regulations.B) The pesticides that are available are not best suited for the most common types of pests.C) Increases in ultraviolet radiation and global warming break down pesticides faster.D) The widespread use of pesticides has resulted in the evolution of pesticide resistant pests.

27) Although the Green Revolution has greatly reduced world hunger and malnutrition, it hasA) doubled the amount of land used to raise crops.B) not significantly increased the productivity of modern agriculture.C) required high levels of fertilizer and pesticides.D) contributed significantly to the destruction of the ozone layer.

28) If the total global production of grains cannot be significantly increased in the next 50 years, and the human population continues to increase, by perhaps 50%, how will we feed the people without destroying the world? One strategy that would likely succeed is to A) increase our use of fossil fuels in agriculture.B) engineer plants that can grow without sunlight.C) greatly reduce the amount of meat in our diets.D) increasingly rely on fungi for nutritional needs.

29) Globally, genetically modified crops are being usedA) increasingly in developed nations but rarely in developing nations.B) increasingly in developing nations but rarely in developed nations.C) increasingly in developing and developed nations.D) less in developing and developed nations.

30) Biotechnology promotes sustainability byA) reducing the need for herbicides.B) permitting deep plowing without risk of erosion.C) allowing more land to be brought into agricultural production.D) reducing the use of pesticides.

31) Roundup Ready corn is resistant to the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate). One of the greatest concerns about this transgenic Roundup Ready corn is theA) lower yields produced by Roundup Ready corn.B) evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds that commonly infect cornfields.C) transfer of Roundup resistance to other crops, such as soybeans.D) eventual loss of this trait from Roundup Ready corn due to hybridization.

32) How was agriculture changed about 300-500 years ago?A) New fertilizers were developed that greatly increased productivity.B) Widespread use of plowing caused tremendous degradation of soils.C) New crops and animals were introduced from distant lands.D) Human populations became more dependent on seafoods.

33) If r represents a gene for resistance to DDT, and to be resistant an individual must be homozygous, choose the resistant individual(s) below:A) RRB) RrC) rrD) All are resistantE) None are resistant

38) Despite widespread use of insecticides and herbicides, infestations of insects, plant pathogens, and weeds currently cause a loss of aboutA) 5% of potential agricultural production in the United States.B) 35% of potential agricultural production in the United States.C) 50% of potential agricultural production in the United States.D) 95% of potential agricultural production in the United States.

38) Herbicides would be most useful in combatingA) mosquitoes that spread malaria.B) weeds that infect our agricultural fields.C) bacteria, such as Salmonella, which sometimes contaminate meat. D) fungi that contribute to molds and mildew that lead to respiratory infections.

36) DDT quickly became widely used because it A) was toxic to many types of insects.B) seemed nontoxic to humans.C) was inexpensive.D) All of the choices are correct.

37) Second generation pesticides are synthetic versions ofA) heavy metals.B) the types of molecules used to build cells.C) ions and salts.D) vitamins and minerals.

38) The best way to avoid the evolution of pesticide resistance is toA) use more of the pesticide anytime resistance appears.B) use crop rotation and biological controls instead of pesticides.C) develop new forms of pesticides.D) apply pesticides to the soil before planting and after harvesting a crop.

39) A woman has a large garden and decides this year she will not let the pests get beyond control. At the earliest sign of insect pests, she applies an organic insecticide and continues to apply it every month throughout the growing season. The next year the woman decides not to use any insecticides, thinking that she must have eliminated the pests with the prior year's treatments. Unfortunately, the pests reappear in numbers greater than she has ever seen before, and her crops are destroyed. Investigating this phenomenon, she learns that she has just experienced a phenomenon known as A) resurgence.B) pesticide resistance.C) natural selection.D) emergence.

40) Pesticide exposure has been shown to cause diseases of theA) endocrine and immune systems.B) muscular and skeletal systems.C) pancreas and kidneys.D) ears and eyes.

41) In any food web, biomagnification will result in the highest concentrations of toxins in theA) lowest trophic level.B) highest trophic level.C) highest photosynthetic trophic level.D) herbivores of the systems.

42) The dangers of widespread DDT use are largely due to two main characteristics of DDT, itsA) bioremediation and nonpersistence.B) degradation and nonpersistence.C) biomagnification and persistence.D) bioremediation and persistence.

43) Developing a new form of ecological pest control, researchers engineer crops to produce the pheromones of the pest. The crops now produce the pest pheromone, overwhelming the fields and causing the male pests to fail to find a mate. This new form

of ecological pest control combinesA) natural enemies and cultural control.B) cultural and natural enemies control.C) genetic and cultural control.D) genetic and natural chemical control.

44) Integrated pest management focuses onA) eliminating crop damage by using preventative techniques.B) eliminating crop damage by using only cultural techniques.C) maintaining crop damage below the economic threshold using preventative techniques.D) maintaining crop damage below the economic threshold using broad-spectrum pesticides.

45) To meet current USDA organic food standards, 100% organic certified foods may beA) genetically engineered.B) irradiated.C) fertilized with sewage sludge.D) meat, grains, or vegetables.