multiple dimensions of sprawl: how does la stand up?
DESCRIPTION
Multiple Dimensions of Sprawl: How Does LA Stand Up?. George Galster , Wayne State University Royce Hanson , U. Maryland-Baltimore Co. Hal Wolman , George Washington U. Presented at the Conference: “Planning in the Post-Sprawl Era” University of Southern California, Nov. 30, 2001. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Multiple Dimensions of Sprawl: How Does LA Stand Up?
George Galster, Wayne State University
Royce Hanson, U. Maryland-Baltimore Co.
Hal Wolman, George Washington U.
Presented at the Conference: “Planning in the Post-Sprawl Era”
University of Southern California, Nov. 30, 2001
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Overview of Presentation
• Sprawl has multiple dimensions
• Possible to develop meaningful, objective measures of multiple dimensions of sprawl
• Despite its lack of predominant core, LA is NOT very residentially sprawled relatively on most dimensions; it’s well above-average in housing density and proximity
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Dimensions of Sprawl
• Density• Continuity• Concentration• Compactness
• Centrality• (Mono-)Nuclearity• Mixed Uses• Proximity
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A Definition of Sprawl
A pattern of urbanized land use exhibiting low levels of some
combination of the aforementioned dimensions
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Density
The average amount of the given urban land use per areal unit of
developable land
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1.DENSITYThe Average Number of Residential Units PerSquare Mile of Developable Land in an UrbanizedAre.
= Border of Urbanized Area
= MSA
= Square Miles
= ¼ square miles
= Vacant parcels
= Undevelopable Land
= 1000 units
A
B
High Density Area
Low Density Area
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Concentration
The degree to which a given urban land use is located disproportionately in relatively few square miles of the
developed area
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= MSA
= Border of Urbanized Area
= Square Miles
= ¼ square miles
= Vacant parcels
= Undevelopable Land
AHigh Concentration
BLow Concentration
3. CONCENTRATIONThe degree to which development is located in relatively few squaremiles rather than spread evenly across the urbanized area.
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Centrality
The degree to which a given urban land use is, on average, located close to the
core of the developed urban area
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= MSA
= Border of Urbanized Area
= Square Miles
= ¼ square miles
= Vacant parcels
= Undevelopable Land
= 1000 units
= CBD
AHighly CentralizedArea
B
5. CENTRALITYThe degree to which development in an urbanized area is located closeto the Central Business District (CBD).
Highly Decentralized Area
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(Mono-) Nuclearity
The degree to which development is characterized by a single-node pattern of
the given urban land use
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= Border of Urbanized Area
= MSA
= Square Miles
= ¼ square miles
= Vacant parcels
= Undevelopable Land
= 1000 units
A
B
6. NUCLEARITYThe extent to which an urbanized area is characterized by amononuclear or polynuclear pattern of development.
Mononuclear Area
Polynuclear Area
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Proximity
The degree to which observations of a single (or different) urban land
uses(es) are close to each other across the developed area
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= Border of Urbanized Area
= MSA
= Square Miles
= ¼ square miles
= Vacant parcels
= Undevelopable Land
=1000 Residential Units
= 1000 Non-residential Units
A
B
8. PROXIMITYThe degree to which different land uses are close to each other acrossan urbanized area.
High Proximity of Uses
Low Proximity of Uses
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Measuring Sprawl: A Prototype
• 13 Urbanized Areas • 5 Dimensions of sprawl operationalized • Housing Units (HUs) is land use considered• GIS used to construct database of HUs in
one square mile grids, extracting from 1990 Census block files
• Z-scores calculated for individual sprawl dimensions, plus unweighted average index
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Prototype Measures of Sprawl
• Density: # Housing Units / Square Mile• Concentration: Dissimilarity of Housing Units vs.
Land Area Across Grids (Delta Index)• Centrality: Inverse of Ave. Distance of HUs from
City Hall, Weighted by Square root of HUs• Nuclearity: % of HUs in all Nodes (grids in top
1% of HU density) located in Contiguous Core• Proximity: Inverse Ave. Distance between HUs,
Standardized by Ave. Grid Centroid Separation
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Sprawl Rankings: Least to Most
DensityConcen-tration Centrality Nuclearity Proximity Rank
New York, NY 1 1 1 1 1 1Philadelphia, PA 6 4 2 2 9 2Boston, MA 10 2 3 3 6 3Chicago, IL 4 6 9 4 3 4Los Angeles, CA 2 8 8 9 2 5San Francisco, CA 5 3 13 5 5 6Washington, DC 8 9 5 8 11 7Detroit, MI 9 10 11 6 7 8Houston, TX 11 6 4 13 10 9Dallas, TX 12 4 10 12 4 9Denver, CO 7 12 6 7 13 11Miami, FL 3 11 12 11 12 12Atlanta, GA 13 13 7 10 8 13
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Are There Sprawl Archetypes?
Lesson:
Density alone does not sprawl make
(nor does any other single dimension)
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Urbanized Areas’ Profiles of Residential Sprawl
Measured on Five DimensionsStandardized Indicators Expressed as Proportional Differences from the Sample Mean
Source: Constructed from data reported in George Galster et al (2000), Table 1
New York
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
Atlanta
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
Miami
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
Dallas
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
Boston
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
Los Angeles
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Proximity
Nuclearity
Centrality
Concentration
Density
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Future Directions I
Expand Study Area Beyond Urbanized Area
Add grids within PMSA/UA counties having:
30%+ commuters to UA and 60+ housing units
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Future Directions II
Use U.S. Geological Survey’s NLCDB:
Residential & non-residential uses
Vacant but “developable” land
“undevelopable” land
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Conclusions
• Possible to develop meaningful, objective measures of multiple dimensions of sprawl
• Despite its lack of predominant core, LA NOT very residentially sprawled relatively on most dimensions; well above-average in housing density and proximity