Multispectral Remote Sensing SystemsMultispectral Remote Sensing Systems

LandsatSPOTWeather satellites - GOES - AVHRRHigh-resolution satellite - IKONOSHyper-spectral sensor - AVIRISEOS-Terra instruments - ASTER - MODIS

LandsatSPOTWeather satellites - GOES - AVHRRHigh-resolution satellite - IKONOSHyper-spectral sensor - AVIRISEOS-Terra instruments - ASTER - MODIS

Landsat ProgramLandsat Program

Originally called (ERTS) - Earth Resources Technology Satellite.

First satellite launched in 1972Broad scale repetitive surveys of the landscapeVisible, NIR spectral bands (Landsats 1,2,3), and MIR and

Thermal (Landsats 4 and 5)Sensors:

Multispectral scanner (MSS)Return beam vidicon (RBV)Thematic Mapper (TM)Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

Originally called (ERTS) - Earth Resources Technology Satellite.

First satellite launched in 1972Broad scale repetitive surveys of the landscapeVisible, NIR spectral bands (Landsats 1,2,3), and MIR and

Thermal (Landsats 4 and 5)Sensors:

Multispectral scanner (MSS)Return beam vidicon (RBV)Thematic Mapper (TM)Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)

Chronological Launch and Retirement History of the Landsat Satellite SeriesChronological Launch and Retirement History of the Landsat Satellite Series

Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS)Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

Attitude-control subsystem

Wideband recorder electronics

Attitude measurement

sensor

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)Return Beam

Vidicon (RBV) cameras (3)

Data collection

antenna

Solar array

Attitude-control subsystem

Wideband recorder electronics

Attitude measurement

sensor

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)Return Beam

Vidicon (RBV) cameras (3)

Data collection

antenna

Solar array

Inclination of the Landsat Orbit to Maintain A Sun-synchronous Orbit

Inclination of the Landsat Orbit to Maintain A Sun-synchronous Orbit

Inclination = 98.2degree

Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) OrbitLandsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) Orbit

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

5

4

3

12

75Þ

60Þ

45Þ

30Þ

15Þ

75Þ

60Þ

45Þ

30Þ

15Þ

0Þ

orbit number

Lat

itude

15

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

5

4

3

12

75Þ

60Þ

45Þ

30Þ

15Þ

75Þ

60Þ

45Þ

30Þ

15Þ

0Þ

orbit number

Lat

itude

15

Orbit Tracks of Landsat 1, 2, or 3 During A Single Day of Coverage

Orbit Tracks of Landsat 1, 2, or 3 During A Single Day of Coverage

Landsat 4 and 5 Worldwide Reference System(WRS)

Landsat 4 and 5 Worldwide Reference System(WRS)

Landsat 4 and 5 Platform with Associated Sensor and Telecommunication Systems

Landsat 4 and 5 Platform with Associated Sensor and Telecommunication Systems

High-gain antenna

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

Solar array panel

Thematic Mapper

(TM)

Global positioning system antenna

Attitude control module

Propulsion module

Power module

High-gain antenna

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

Solar array panel

Thematic Mapper

(TM)

Global positioning system antenna

Attitude control module

Propulsion module

Power module

Spectral and Spatial Resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+),

SPOT 1, 2, and 3 High Resolution Visible (HRV), and SPOT 4 High Resolution Visible Infrared (HRVIR) Sensor Systems

Spectral and Spatial Resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+),

SPOT 1, 2, and 3 High Resolution Visible (HRV), and SPOT 4 High Resolution Visible Infrared (HRVIR) Sensor Systems

Seven Bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data of

Charleston, SC, Obtained on February 3, 1994

Seven Bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data of

Charleston, SC, Obtained on February 3, 1994

Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper PlusLandsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m (bands 4,3,2 = RGB)

Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m (bands 4,3,2 = RGB)

Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m (bands 7,4,2 = RGB)

Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m (bands 7,4,2 = RGB)

Landsat 8 --- 11 bands

OLI- Operational Land Imager

TIRS - Thermal InfraRed Sensor

Band 1 minus Band 2. The ocean and living plants reflect more deep blue-violet hues. Most plants produce surface wax (for example, the frosty coating on fresh plums) as they grow, to reflect harmful ultraviolet light away.

• Band 9 (covering only a tiny slice of EMR) is just for clouds! Here it’s picking up fluffy cumulus clouds, but it’s designed especially for cirrus clouds.

Chronological Launch History of the SPOT SatellitesChronological Launch History of the SPOT Satellites

Sensor:

SPOT 1,2,3: HRV (High Resolution Visible)

SPOT 4: HRVIR(High Resolution Visible and Infrared)

SPOT NADIR ViewSPOT NADIR View

60 km swath width

Equator

117 km total width

3 km overlap

HRV or HRVIR

instruments

Bus

Solar panel

Orbit

SPOT Nadir Viewing

60 km swath width

Equator

117 km total width

3 km overlap

HRV or HRVIR

instruments

Bus

Solar panel

Orbit

SPOT Nadir Viewing

60 km swath width

3 km overlap

117 km total width

SPOT Off -NADIR ViewSPOT Off -NADIR View

Nadir data collection

Off-Nadir Viewing

Off-nadir data

collection

Orbital track at nadir

Nadir data collection

Off-Nadir Viewing

Off-nadir data

collection

Orbital track at nadir

SPOT Off -NADIR Revisit CapabilitiesSPOT Off -NADIR Revisit Capabilities

One pass on days: D+10 D+5 D D-5

Swath observed

60 km

One pass on days: D+10 D+5 D D-5

Swath observed

60 km

SPOT Stereoscopic Viewing CapabilitiesSPOT Stereoscopic Viewing Capabilities

Stereoscopic model

Pass on day D Pass on day D+1

Stereoscopic model

Pass on day D Pass on day D+1

Comparison of the Detail of30 x 30 m Landsat TM Band 3 Data and SPOT 10 x 10 m Panchromatic

Data of Charleston, SC

Comparison of the Detail of30 x 30 m Landsat TM Band 3 Data and SPOT 10 x 10 m Panchromatic

Data of Charleston, SC

Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.

Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.

Geographic Coverage of the SPOT HRV and Landsat Thematic Mapper Remote Sensing Systems

Geographic Coverage of the SPOT HRV and Landsat Thematic Mapper Remote Sensing Systems

SPOT Pan Image Orlando FL SPOT Pan Image Orlando FL

Weather Satellites and Sensors

• Examples:• (1) GOES (Geostationary Operational

Environmental Satellite) • (2) NOAA AVHRR (Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer)

GOES Hurricane Image

GOES East and West Coverage GOES East and West Coverage

140ÞE 180ÞE 20ÞE

Useful GOES coverage

Communication range

GOES West

GOES East

140ÞW 100ÞW 60ÞW 20ÞW

GOES West

GOES East

140ÞE 180ÞE 20ÞE

Useful GOES coverage

Communication range

GOES West

GOES East

140ÞW 100ÞW 60ÞW 20ÞW

GOES West

GOES East

GOES East Coverage GOES East Coverage

GOES East Infrared

August 25, 1989

GOES East Infrared

August 25, 1989

GOES East Visible

August 25, 1989

GOES East Visible

August 25, 1989

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Acquisition Characteristics

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Acquisition Characteristics

• Visible, NIR, Thermal• 1.1 km Resolution - local area coverage (LAC)• 4 km Resolution - global area coverage (GAC)• Used for meteorological studies• Vegetation pattern analysis• Gaining popularity for global modeling• Broad spectral bands• Not ideally suited for vegetation but used to determine

general patterns.

• Visible, NIR, Thermal• 1.1 km Resolution - local area coverage (LAC)• 4 km Resolution - global area coverage (GAC)• Used for meteorological studies• Vegetation pattern analysis• Gaining popularity for global modeling• Broad spectral bands• Not ideally suited for vegetation but used to determine

general patterns.

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Mosaic of the Conterminous United States

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Mosaic of the Conterminous United States

Global Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Image Produced Using Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Imagery

Global Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Image Produced Using Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Imagery

IKONOS Panchromatic Images

of Washington, DC

IKONOS Panchromatic Images

of Washington, DC

1 x 1 m spatial resolution1 x 1 m spatial resolution

High Spatial Resolution Sensor: IKONOS

http://www.spaceimaging.com

Panchromatic: 1m

MX: 4m

IKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC AirportIKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC Airport

November 15, 2000November 15, 2000

IKONOS Imagery of Columbia, SC Obtained on October 28, 2000IKONOS Imagery of Columbia, SC Obtained on October 28, 2000

Panchromatic 1 x 1 mPanchromatic 1 x 1 m Pan-sharpened multispectral 4 x 4 mPan-sharpened multispectral 4 x 4 m

Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing:Imaging Spectrometry

Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing:Imaging Spectrometry

Hyper-spectral SensorNASA AVIRIS: Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Hyper-spectral SensorNASA AVIRIS: Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Hyperspectral Crop Classification Using

AVIRIS Data

Hyperspectral Crop Classification Using

AVIRIS Data

Earth Observing System - Terra InstrumentsEarth Observing System - Terra Instruments

ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection RadiometerCERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy SystemMISR - Multi-angle Imaging SpectroradiometerMODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMOPITT - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere

ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection RadiometerCERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy SystemMISR - Multi-angle Imaging SpectroradiometerMODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMOPITT - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere

Earth Observing System - Terra Instruments Earth Observing System - Terra Instruments

MODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Spectral Range 0.4 - 14.4 mmSpatial Resolution 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1000 m (29 bands)

MODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Spectral Range 0.4 - 14.4 mmSpatial Resolution 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1000 m (29 bands)

ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

Spectral Range VNIR 0.4 - 14.4 mm, SWIR 1.6 - 2.5 mm, TIR 8 - 12 mmSpatial Resolution 15 m (VNIR : 3 bands)

30 m (SWIR: 6 bands) 90 m (TIR: 5 bands)

ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

Spectral Range VNIR 0.4 - 14.4 mm, SWIR 1.6 - 2.5 mm, TIR 8 - 12 mmSpatial Resolution 15 m (VNIR : 3 bands)

30 m (SWIR: 6 bands) 90 m (TIR: 5 bands)

• EOS Data Gateway (Free data)

http://edcimswww.cr.usgs.gov/pub/imswelcome/