municipal solid waste management in india

PLANNING COLLOQUIUM

SUBMITTED TO :Mrs.Indu Priya

SUBMITTED BY :G.Gowtham Raj11011BA003P.Joseph11011BA006B.Laxmi Sarojini Harsha11011BA007K.Ravi Varma11011BA019Y.Sarath Chandra11011BA027V.Srinivas11011BA032

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNINGSchool of Planning & Architecture

JNAFAU

ISSUES IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction -MSW

G.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.SrinivasPLANNING VII Sem

Definition:Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes

- Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

Waste minimization: Prevention of waste being created is known

as waste reduction which is an important method of waste management.

The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand products, designing products to be refillable or reusable, repairing broken items instead of buying new etc


Solid Waste Management in India India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion,

accounting for nearly 18% of world’s human population. The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 27.8 %

in 2001 to 31.80 % in 2011 and likely to reach 50% by 2030. India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and

available services and resources. Solid waste management (SWM) is one such service where India has an enormous gap to fill.

Waste Generation: It is estimated that Urban India generates about 1.5 Lakhs Tonnes per day. The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in

2001 to 0.5 kg/day in 2011. Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day,

depending upon the region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year in India


Solid Waste Management in India

MSWM - Important Policy landmarks and funding initiatives of GoI

Source: IMaCS analysis


Solid Waste Management in IndiaRoles & responsibilities of Institutions in SWM

Source: IMaCS analysis

Responsible institutions Roles and responsibilities in SWM Government of India and State Governments

Make Central/ State-level laws and rules; frame policies; prepare guidelines, manuals, and technical assistance; provide financial support

Municipal authorities and state government

Plan for MSWM treatment facilities

Municipal authorities Collect, transport, treat and dispose of waste Municipal authorities with state government approval

Frame bylaws; levy and collect fees

Municipal authorities, State and central governments

Capital investment in SWM systems National Legal & Regulatory Framework 74th Amendment Act for empowered municipalities to implement SWM schemesMunicipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 by MoEFThe Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986


Metro Cities CITY AHMEDABA

DBANGLOR

E CHENNAI DELHI HYDERABAD

KOLKATA MUMBAI

Population(2011) 6,352,254 8,499,399

8,696,010

16,314,838/

21,753,486(m)

7,749,334/

9,900,000(m)

14,112,536

18,414,288/20,748,3

95(m)

Area(sq.kms) 7,700 741 1,189 46,208 7,100 1,886.67 4,355

Density 720 11,000 20,000 11,297.01 18,480 24,000 21,000Total Waste

Generated(tonnes/day)2010-11

2300 3700 4500 6800 4200 3670 6500

5114.76 7000

By EEC/WTERT 2636 3501 6404 11558 5154 12060 11645Per Capita Waste

Generation 0.42 0.45 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.51

Total Waste collected 700

Source:Status report on municipal solid waste management by CPCBEarth Engineering Centre (EEC)Waste to Energy Research & Technology Council(WTERT)


Service Level BenchmarksMetro Cities

1HH Covera

ge

Collection

Efficiency

Segregation of MSW

MSW Recover

yScientific Disposal

Cost Recover

y

Collection

Efficiency

Complaints

RedressalBenchmar

k 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 80% 100% 90%

National Average 39 80 0 0 0 0 0 70

AHMEDABAD 96 95 15 15 100 20 20 90

BANGLORE 70 60 2 33 54 1 16DELHI(2008

) 4.2 80.8 31.6 31.6 1.2 90

HYDERABAD 72 80 0 12 0 75 13 65

MUMBAI 100 100 15 2 0 100 100 100Source: SLB Data book , 2008 , 2010

Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed

1148

67 18

UNDER JnNURM (UIDSSMT)

Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed

599

46 13

UNDER JnNURM (UIG)

SWM Projects under JnNURM

SectorNo. of

projects approved

No. of projects

completedDrinage/ strome

water 76 29Roads/ flyovers 104 60water supply 186 71

urban renewal 10 4sewerage 122 35

other urban transport 17 12mass rapid transport 22 7

solid waste management 46 13parking lots 5 0

development of heritage 7 2

preservation of water bodies 4 0Total 599 233

sectorNo. of

projects approved

No. of projects

completedStrom water

/drainage 78 33Road 221 83

Parking 1 1Sewerage 156 18

Soil Erosion 4 1Solid

wastemanagement 67 18Urban renewal 10 7

water Body 13 7Water supply 597 285

Heritage 1Total 1148 453Source: JnNURM



LANDFILL A landfill site (also known as dump, rubbish dump or dumping ground) is a site for

the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.

The design, construction, management of the Landfill should be in accordance with the MSW Act 2000.

ISSUES: A large number of impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can

include:i. Injuries to wildlifeii. Infrastructure damageiii. Pollution of the local environmentiv. Harboring of disease vectors (such as rats/flies)v. Methane is generated (by decaying organic wastes)vi. Fatal accidents (such as scavengers buried under waste piles)

Landfill Issues

Name of city No. of landfills Area landfill (ha)Chennai 2 465.5Coimbatore 2 292Surat 1 200Greater Mumbai* 3 140Greater Hyderabad* 1 121.5Ahmadabad* 1 84Delhi* 3 66.4Jabalpur 1 60.7Indore 1 59.5Madurai 1 48.6Greater Bangalore 2 40.7Greater Visakhapatnam 1 40.5Ludhiana 1 40.4Nasik 1 34.4Jaipure 3 31.4


Name of city No. of landfills Area of landfill (ha)Srinagar 1 30.4Kanpur 1 27Kolkata * 1 24.7Chandigarh 1 18Ranchi 1 15Raipur 1 14.6Meerut 2 14.2Guwahati 1 13.2thiruvananthapuram 1 12.5

Note: * having both sanitary landfill and landfill sitesSanitary Landfill sites in India:Delhi MumbaiAhmadabadPondicherry

Hyderabad PuneAgraLucknow

Kolkata



Landfills in metro citiesCITY No of Landfills

Delhi 3-Ghaziapur,Bhalaswa,OkhlaKolkata 2-Dhapa,Naopada,Garden ReachGreater Hyderabad 1-Jawahar NagarBangalore 7-Mandur North,Mandur South,

Mavallipura, Anjanapur, Cheemsandra, Kannahalli, S.Bingipura

Chennai 2-Kodungaiyur, PerungudiAhmedabad 1-PiranaMumbai 2-Deonar,Ghorai


Landfill IssuesTYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE

Environment

Surface water contamination

oTakes place when the wastes reach water bodiesoPollution of rivers, lakes and ground water

Ground water contamination

Takes place when residues from waste, leach into the ground water ▪A specific environmental hazard caused by waste is Leachate which is the liquid that forms as water trickles through contaminated areas leaching out the chemicals▪Movement of Leachate from landfills, effluent treating plants and waste disposal sites may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water or soil

Mavallipura landfill site

in Bangalore


Landfill IssuesTYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE

EnvironmentSoil contamination

•Caused by dumping of waste▪Waste can harm plants and can indirectly adversely impact the health of humans and animals

Jawahar nagar

landfill,Hyderabad

Air contaminationwaste burning Green house gases: from landfills

Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore

Health

Dengue,malaria,intestinal problems,vision problems,etc.

Landfills are living sites for number of disease carrying medians such as flies,rats,etc.

Economic issues

Decrease of land rents and land values

Burning of waste,emission of bad odour and contamination of natural habitatAgriculture lands are vacated due to water contamination and ash emission from burning of waste materials.

Mavallipura

05/02/2023 15Issues in Solid Waste Management

Case study BANGALORE

CASE OF MAVALLIPURA LANDFILLS The Mavallipura landfills are merely 2.5 kms.

away from the flow of River Arkavathi and comprehensively violate an order of the Karnataka Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment that protects the 1453 sq kms watershed of Tippagondanahalli Reservoir across Arkavathi - a major drinking water source for Bangalore - from polluting facilities.

landfills is that they are located merely 5.6 kms from the critical defense facility Yelahanka Air Force Base.

Pond near landfill site, Mavallipuram

Unsegregated waste in Mavallipuram


ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA LANDFILL SITE: With water contamination widespread, diarrhea is very common. This has

resulted in people becoming increasingly vulnerable to a variety of infections and children appear generally malnourished.

The most alarming indicator of the high rate of human toxicity is that the village has discovered a sudden spike in the rate of cancers, kidney failures and heart diseases.

The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the Leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm.

Contamination of the soil and water resulting in failed crops, such that many of the farmers in the village are turning to alternate means of livelihood like brick making.

NO FENCING: Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation

NO PROPER TREATMENT: leachates collection and treatment shall be made.

RUN-OFF FROM SITE: Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake or pond.


A trench was dug from landfill to a near-by water body to drain the toxic Leachate

Unsegregated waste in Mavallipura

Leachate run off heads straight towards the Mavallipura village

during Monsoon

Waste covered with tarpaulin sheets

ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA


HYDERABAD


IntroductionHyderabad is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana and is the sixth largest city in India.The city has been divided into five zones namely North, South, East, West and Central zones with 18 circles and around 150 municipal wards.The population growth experienced (5.7 to 6.8 million) during the decade 2001-2011 is further expected to continue to increase by 13.64 million 2021.

Zone PopulationEast zone 7899.86

South zone 32777.42

Central 27257.28

West 6684.3North 16590.98


Waste GenerationSl.no Type of waste Waste generated

(MT/day)% waste

composition1 Domestic household 1870 37.182 Commercial

establishments 350 6.95

3 Hotels & restaurants 666 13.244 Institutions 125 2.485 Parks & gardens 69 1.386 Street sweeping 325 6.477 Waste from drains 175 3.478 Markets 479 9.529 Temples 35 0.7010 Chicken, mutton, beef,

fish stalls164 3.26

11 Cinema halls 15 0.3012 Function halls 88 1.7413 Hospitals 35 0.6914 Construction and

demolition 635 12.62

Total 5030 100.00


Transfer Stations & Dumping sitesUpliftment & Transfer stations:Imlibun Transfer stationTank bund Transfer stationYousuf Guda Transfer station

Disposal Sites:BHEL FathullagudaShamshigudaJawahar Nagar*

New Transfer stations:Kapra UppalKukatpallySherilingampallyRajendra nagarOrganization Structure


GARBAGE COLLECTION• Outsourced the door-to-door collection upto 80% of the

area and collection is through tricycles• GHMC provided tricycles to the rag pickers at free of cost• Each tricycle crew would cover 200 – 250

houses/establishments• They are Implementing voluntary garbage disposal in

association with RWAs• Separate collection of waste from bulk waste generators by

GHMC through compactors• Introduced the unit system involving the SHGs 10GARBAGE STORAGE • Primary storage at the generation sources.• Secondary storage at community level dumper bins.GARBAGE TRANSPORTATION

• Primary transportation would be carried out through tricycle• Secondary transportation through dumper bins and dumper

placers with rear end loader compactors• Tertiary transfer-station from transfer-stations to the disposal

site through long haul vehicles


TRANSFER-STATIONS KEY INFRASTRUCTURE

PREVIOUS DISPOSAL SITES

JAWAHAR NAGAR Dumping Yard


INTRODUCTIONLocation: Jawahar Nagar is located in Shamirpet mandal , Rangareddy District , which is 30kms from the GHMC.Area: 339 acres.Year of Establishment : 2002Estimated Life Span remaining : 15 yearsMode of operation : Public Private Partnership (GHMC & REEL)Amount of waste Disposed daily: 3450 tonnes/dayArea occupied by waste at present : 182acresNo. of intermediate transfer stations: 3 – Imlibun , Yousufguda , Tank bundDisposal Method: Scientific disposal – processing & disposalTotal workers: 490 ; medical precautions : Masks , Shoes , spectacles , safety jackets.Treatment : Aerobic Decomposition of wasteFrequency : Daily


Jawahar NagarLeachate collection: Leachate collection pondsRag Pickers ; 40Open Burning at site : because of old dumpSurface water near the site; Malkaram pondGround water table : 120 ft below ground levelFollowing SWM rules and regulations

Chemical properties

Range

pH 6.24-7.15Moisture content 31.73-

59.24Carbon content 7.60-15.6Nitrogen mg/kg 4500-

7200Zinc mg/kg 132-272Lead mg/kg 10-25Nickel mg/kg 1-6Calorific value k. cal/kg

1250-2550

Timeline

2005 2008

2013

Gradual change in the green cover surrounding the dumping yard

Lakes were present in the surrounding landuse before but now they were not present

ISSUESLOCATIONDumping yard is at higher elevation from residential areaWIND DIRECTION & PUBLIC HEALTHDirection of wind from land fill site is towards south west direction which is on

the side of residential area which is negative impact on public health, this direction of wind helps harmful air pollutants released from site to easily move to wards settlement's which creates major effects on public health .

Direction of wind in site area acts as driver which eases flow of pollutants towards residential area.

• The smoke and the dusty fog blows in the direction of the RGK .• The soil pollution is making the area in to barren lands.• The lakes surrounding the study area are highly polluted due to dump yard.BAD ODOURBad Smell from the dumping yard comes to around 2 Kms radius.GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATIONG.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.SrinivasPLANNING VII Sem

In rainy season water & waste from dump yard flow towards settlements and ground water gets contaminated in surrounding area due to Leachate in dump yard FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS – AIR POLLUTIONFires and explosions occur at waste treatment facilities because of improper storage or handling of materials. Large amount of heat is generated in wasted dumped which results in sudden explosion and also leading to air pollution in that area.

ISSUES
