Muscle Muscle InjuriesInjuries

SHMD 249SHMD 249

23/5/201323/5/2013

Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriInjurieses• Dislocation:Dislocation: displacement of a joint from its normal location.

Occurs when a joint is overstressed, which makes the bones which meet at

the joint disconnect. Usually causes joint capsule & ligaments to tear.

• Mechanism of injury: Mechanism of injury: – Very hard fall/tackle.

• Symptoms:Symptoms:– Joint will visibly look out of place.

– Movement will be limited.

– Intense pain.

– Swelling. 2

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Elbow Dislocation

Finger Dislocation

Hip Dislocation

Shoulder Dislocation

Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Subluxation:Subluxation: when one or more bones of the spine (vertebra) moves

out of position & creates pressure on, or irritates the spinal nerves. Thus some parts of the body may not function properly.

• Symptoms:Symptoms:• Weakness• Numbness• Pain• Tingling

• Mechanism of injury:Mechanism of injury:– Contact sports– Falls– Motor vehicle accidents– Occupational injuries

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Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Cartilage damage: Cartilage damage: normal synovial joint function requires a smooth-

gliding cartilage surface on both ends of the bones. Cartilage acts to distribute

force during repetitive pounding movements (running/jumping).

Cartilage has minimal ability to repair itself & needs treatment in order to minimize

deterioration to joint surface.

• Injury Mechanism:Injury Mechanism:

Traumatic injury (often seen in athletes)

Degenerative processes (seen in older patients who have more brittle cartilage).

Most common mechanism of a traumatic meniscus tear occurs when the knee

joint is bent and the knee is then twisted.

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Cartilage Cartilage

DamageDamage

Symptoms: Symptoms: Locking

Localized pain

swelling

Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Fractures:Fractures: technical term for broken bone. Results from a bone being

hit with enough force to make it break.

• There are 5 main types of fractures:

1.1. Transverse fracture: Transverse fracture:

• Result of direct blow/force applied at sideways angle to bone.

2.2. Spiral/oblique fracture:Spiral/oblique fracture:

• Occur as a result of a twisting movement

being applied about the long axis of the bone.

• Example: foot held trapped by football boot

studs while the leg twists around it. 7

Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries3.3. Comminuted fracture:Comminuted fracture:

• Splintering of the bone i.e. bone is broken into a number of pieces.

• Usually caused by direct trauma & takes longer to heal.

4.4. Stress fracture:Stress fracture:

• Overuse Injury

• Occurs when muscles become fatigued and cannot absorb added shock.

• Eventually fatigued muscles transfer the overload of stress to the bone,

causing a tiny crack.

• Usually occur because of rapid increase in amount or intensity of training, or

impact from unfamiliar terrain, or incorrect shoes. 8

Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries5.5. Open/compound fracture:Open/compound fracture:

• More serious injury as bone breaks through skin.

• Break causes considerable damage to surrounding tissues & can cause serious

bleeding if a large artery is ruptured.

• Exposes broken skin to possibility of infection, which can hinder healing.

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

• Abrasion: Abrasion: when surface of skin is grazed so that top layer is scraped off,

leaving raw, tender area.

• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: sliding fall (grass).

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

• Strains:Strains: a twist/pull/tear to a muscle or tendon.

• Often caused by overuse/force/overstretching.

• Severity:Severity: grade 1, 2, or 3 strain

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

• Sprains: Sprains: stretch/tear to a ligament & is often caused by trauma that

knocks a joint out of position, & overstretches or ruptures the supporting

ligaments.

• Most commonly found in ankles, knees or wrists.

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

• Muscle Contusion/hematoma: Muscle Contusion/hematoma: technical term for a bruise.

• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Occurs due to direct trauma, commonly a blow to

the outer part of the thigh or back of the calf.

• Muscle fibers are squashed & blood capillaries are torn, resulting in bleeding into

the surrounding tissues & hematoma formation.

• Intramuscular hematoma: Intramuscular hematoma:

– Bleeding within a muscle.

– Leads to pressure build-up in muscle, as blood is trapped within muscle sheath.

– Results in decrease in muscle strength & flexibility.

– Longer recovery period. 13

Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Intermuscular hematoma: Intermuscular hematoma:

– Bleeding around a muscle.

– Much less severe than intram. as blood can escape

from damaged muscle & into surrounding tissues.

– Thus less pressure within the area & injury recovers

much quicker.

• Symptoms:Symptoms:

– Pain

– Swelling

– discoloration14

Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

Oedema: Oedema: swelling in the tissue

due to trauma.

• Swelling may be a combination of tissue

fluid & blood (from local damage to

capillaries at injury site).

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries

• Bursitis:Bursitis: inflammation or

irritation of a bursa.

• Usually results from overuse.

• Symptoms: Symptoms:

– Pain

– Restricted range of motion within

area.

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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Tendonitis: Tendonitis: inflammation or irritation of a tendon.

• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Usually results from overuse.

• Symptoms:Symptoms:

– Pain, made worse by movement

– Stiffness

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