muscle physiology - paramedic traininguwpmt.org/sites/default/files/muscular phy… · ppt file ·...
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Muscle Physiology
Human Anatomy and PhysiologyUniversity of Washington PMT
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Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle• Cardiac Muscle• Smooth Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
• Branching cells• One/two nuclei per cell• Striated• Involuntary• Medium speed contractions
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Smooth Muscle
• Fusiform cells• One nucleus per cell• Nonstriated• Involuntary• Slow, wave-like
contractions
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Skeletal Muscle
• Long cylindrical cells• Many nuclei per cell• Striated• Voluntary• Rapid contractions
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Skeletal Muscle
• Produce movement• Maintain posture & body position• Support Soft Tissues• Guard entrance / exits• Maintain body temperature• Store nutrient reserves
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Skeletal Muscle Structure
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber
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Sarcomere
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Z line Z line
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Sarcomere Relaxed
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Sarcomere Partially Contracted
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Sarcomere Completely Contracted
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Single Fiber TensionThe all–or–none principle
As a whole, a muscle fiber is either contracted or relaxed
Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber
Depends onThe number of pivoting cross-bridgesThe fiber’s resting length at the time of stimulationThe frequency of stimulation
Length–tension relationship-Number of pivoting cross-
bridges depends on:
amount of overlap between
thick and thin fibers
-Optimum overlap produces
greatest amount of tension:
too much or too little reduces
efficiency
-Normal resting sarcomere length:
is 75% to 130% of optimal length
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Muscle Contraction Types
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
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Muscle Contraction Types
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
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Muscle Contraction Types
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
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ATP as Energy Source
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Creatine
Molecule capable of storing ATP energy
Creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP
ADP + Creatine phosphate ATP + Creatine
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Metabolism• Aerobic metabolism
– 95% of cell demand– Kreb’s cycle– 1 pyruvic acid molecule 17 ATP
• Anaerobic metabolism– Glycolysis 2 pyruvic acids + 2 ATP– Provides substrates for aerobic metabolism– As pyruvic acid builds converted to lactic acid
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Muscle Fatigue• Muscle Fatigue
– When muscles can no longer perform a required activity, they are fatigued
• Results of Muscle Fatigue– Depletion of metabolic reserves
– Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum
– Low pH (lactic acid)
– Muscle exhaustion and pain
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Muscle Hypertrophy
• Muscle growth from heavy training
• Increases diameter of muscle fibers
• Increases number of myofibrils
• Increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves
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Muscle Atrophy
– Lack of muscle activity
• Reduces muscle size, tone, and power
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Steroid Hormones
• Stimulate muscle growth and hypertrophy– Growth hormone
– Testosterone
– Thyroid hormones
– Epinephrine
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Muscle Tonus
• Tightness of a muscle• Some fibers always contracted
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Tetany
• Sustained contraction of a muscle• Result of a rapid succession of nerve
impulses
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Tetanus
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Refractory Period
• Brief period of time in which muscle cells will not respond to a stimulus
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Refractory
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Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Refractory Periods
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