muscle tissue - irene’s massage program

11/22/2016

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Anatomy Two Joints And Movements

Structure of a Muscle Organ

Muscles

Copyright © 2008 by Saunders

Muscle Tissue

Highly elastic and vascularized, produces movement through elongation and contraction

Types of muscle: ◦ Smooth ◦ Skeletal ◦ Cardiac

Copyright © 2008 by Saunders, an

imprint of Elsevier Inc.

All rights reserved.




Origin=

Most stable attachment

Insertion-

Most movable attachment

Isotonic Contractions




Isometric Contraction




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Isotonic (dynamic): tone or tension within a muscle remains the same as the length of the muscle changes

◦ Concentric—contraction of muscle shortening

◦ Eccentric—contraction of muscle lengthening

Isometric (static): muscle length remains the same while muscle tension increases

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

• A. Parallel

• B. Convergent

• C. Fusiform

• D. Circular

• E. Unipennate

• F. Bipennate




Body Compass

• Map of body with respect to anatomical position

– body erect; facing forward

– arms at side; palms facing forward; thumbs to the side

– feet hip distance apart; toes pointing forward

• Helps you find your way around human body

Articulations

• Synarthroses (fibrous): movement is absent or limited

–Joints between skull bones

• Amphiarthroses (cartilaginous): slightly moveable

–Joints between costals and sternum

• Diarthroses (synovial): freely moveable joints

–Shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee

Synovial Joints

What is an epiphysis?

What is hyaline cartilage?

What is another name for diaphysis?

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Synovial Joints

• Articular cartilage—decreases friction and helps absorb shock as bones move

• Joint capsule—sleeve around joint

• Joint cavity—inner area lined with synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid

• Synovial fluid—viscous fluid providing nutrition and lubrication

• Bursae—saclike structure lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid

Ligaments Strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue at most synovial joints. These grow between the bones, lashing them even more firmly together than possible with the joint capsule alone. The cruciate ligaments in the knee prevents the sliding on the tibia and are major stabilizers of the knee.

Types of Joints

Saddle Joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint

Ellipsoid Joint

Gliding Joint Pivot Joint

Pg. 34

Types of Synovial Joints

• Monoaxial joints

–Hinge

–Pivot

–Only move in

one plane

Hinge joints

The same joints occur in the toes.

Action Terminology • Flexion—bends or decreases the angle of

a joint

• Extension—straightens or increases the

angle of a joint

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Action Terminology

• Plantar flexion—toes pointing downward

• Dorsiflexion—toes pointing toward the

shin

Other Structures of the Ankle and Foot

Talocrural Joint

Talocrural Joint - Posterior

Pivot Joints

Action Terminology

• Supination—lateral or outward rotation

of forearm

• Pronation—medial or inward rotation of

forearm

Elbow and Forearm (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints – elbow,

proximal and distal radioulnar joints – forearm)

Pg. 28

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Action Terminology

• Rotation—circular movement in which

bone moves around its central axis

Types of Synovial Joints

• Biaxial joints

–Ellipsoidal

–Saddle

–Move in two planes

Ellipsoidal joints

Allow for flexion and extension, abduction and adduction.

Wrist (radiocarpal joint)

Pg. 28

Action Terminology • Flexion—bends or decreases the angle of

a joint

• Extension—straightens or increases the angle of a joint

Action Terminology • Abduction—movement away from the

midline

• Adduction—movement toward the midline

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Saddle joint Types of Synovial Joints

• Triaxial joints

–Gliding

–Ball-and-socket

–Move in all planes

Action Terminology

• Inversion—elevation of medial edge of foot; sole

is turned inward

• Eversion—elevation of the lateral edge of foot;

sole is turned outward

Ankle, Foot and Toes (talocrural, talotarsal, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal,

metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints)

Pg. 31

Gliding (plane) joints Movements of the Body Spine and Thorax (vertebral column)

Neck (cervical spine)

Pg. 26

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Ball and Socket joints Action Terminology • Circumduction—distal end moves in a

cone-shaped ROM and proximal end is fixed

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Pg. 27

Hip (coxal joint)

Pg. 30

Some other Actions

• Don’t fit neatly into the above ideas

either about joints or planes

• The scapulothoracic joint is not a “true”

joint

• Opposition occurs in an oblique plane

Action Terminology

• Opposition—tip of thumb touches tip of any other finger of same hand

• Lateral deviation—side to side movement

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Action Terminology • Protraction—movement forward or

anteriorly

• Retraction—movement backward or posteriorly

Action Terminology • Abduction (Protraction)—movement

forward or anteriorly

• Adduction (Retraction)—movement backward or posteriorly

Action Terminology • Elevation—raising or lifting a body part

superiorly

• Depression—lowering or dropping a body part

inferiorly

Scapula (scapulothoracic joint)

Pg. 27

Tips for studying muscles • What does the name tell you? Look for clues

• Do you have a picture in your mind?

–What joints does it cross?

–How does it cross those joints?

• Memorize the origin and insertions

• Think back to that picture, how is the muscle

meeting its attachments?

• What is its relationship to surrounding muscles?

Homework

•Complete all

previous

assignments

•Complete On-Line

Handouts

muscle tissue - irene’s massage program

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