muscle tissue muscle tissue functions – movement – maintain posture – joint stabilization –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Muscle Tissue• Muscle tissue functions– Movement– Maintain Posture– Joint stabilization– Heat generation
(11.5a)
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Muscle tissue properties
• Contractility• Excitability• Extensibility• Elasticity
(11.5a)
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Muscle tissue types
• Skeletal– Striated,
voluntary• Cardiac– Heart, striated,
involuntary• Smooth– Nonstriated,
involuntaryTable 10.2
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Muscle tissue terminology
• Myofiber – A skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle cell
• Myofilaments Protein “threads” within a myofiber 1.Actin – thin filaments
2. Myosin – thick filaments• Sarcolemma – plasma membrane• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
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Skeletal Muscle C.T.
• Epimysium – surrounds entire muscle/organ
• Perimysium – surrounds muscle fascicle
• Endomysium – surrounds individual muscle fiber (10.1a)
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THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPPINGS – A VIEW
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Skeletal Myofiber (muscle fiber)
• Cylindrical– 10-100 m diameter– Varied length – up to entire muscle
• Formed by cell fusion• Multinucleated– Peripheral nucleus
• Striated • LM Demonstration
Table 10.2
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Sliding filament theory
• Muscle contracts by actin and myosin sliding past each other
• Myosin forms cross-bridges that attach to actin• Cross bridges all swing in same direction and
pull actin along• Increased overlap of filaments results in contraction of muscle
(10.6)
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Sliding filament theory
• Actin and myosin do not shorten
• A band does not change
• I band shortens• Sarcomere shortens
(10.7)
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The Neuromuscular junction• Neuromuscular
Junction• Axon terminal– Mitochondria– Synaptic vesicles – ACh
• Synaptic cleft• Motor end plate– AChR– AP to muscle fiber
(14.5ab)
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
• SR surrounds each myofibril
• Stores Ca++
– Release Ca++ for contraction
– Ca++ uptake for relaxation
(10.8)
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Muscle contraction
• Signal to axon terminal• ACh released• AChR activated• Muscle excited• Excitation travels down t-tubule• SR releases Ca++
• Ca++ activates sliding filament process• Muscle contracts
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html
(14.5b)
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VIEW OF MYOFILAMENT STRUCTURES
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Motor Unit
• Definition: a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
• When a motor neuron fires, all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.– All or none principle
• A motor unit may contain hundreds to four muscle fibers (average ~ 150)
• Each muscle fibers receives one NMJ
(14.6)
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Summary: skeletal muscle fibers
muscle
fascicle
fiber
myofibril
Myofilaments :actin & myosinTable 10.1
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Cardiac muscle
• Only in heart• Sliding filament theory• Striated • No NMJ
18.4
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Cardiac muscle cells
• 15 m wide X 100 m long• Branched• Intercalated discs– Desmosomes • adhesion
– Gap junctions • transmit electrical impulses• Forms two networks – atrial
and ventricular
(10.10a)
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Cardiac muscle cells
• Central 1-2 nuclei• Mitochondria – numerous• Less SR• Fewer T tubules• Myofibrils• Sarcomeres– A band– I band– Z disc– H zone– Striated
(10.10cd)
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Smooth muscle
• Six major locations– Blood vessels– Respiratory system– Digestive system– Urinary system– Reproductive system– Eye (lens and iris)
• Siding filament theory applies– Actin & myosin– No myofibrils – no striations
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Smooth muscle fibers
• Spindle shaped– 2-10 m diameter– 20-200 m long
• Nonstriated • Central nucleus• Arranged in sheets
– Usually in layers around a tube
– Peristalsis - waves of contraction to propel contents along tube
(10.12b)
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Smooth muscle properties
• Slower to contract vs. skeletal muscle• Slower to relax vs. skeletal muscle• Can maintain contraction longer• Resistant to fatigue• Unconscious control– ANS – autonomic nervous system– Stretch– Hormones
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Smooth muscle organization
• Single unit innervation– Smooth muscle fibers connected by gap
junctions– Network receives single innervation– Coordinated contraction
• Multiunit innervation– Each fiber innervated– Locations• Iris of eye• Arrector pili muscle of skin