Starter

In pairs, label your muscle man with as many muscles as you can

remember

No notes!

Homework

1. Flexion of the wrist

2. Extension of the wrist

3. Flexion of the elbow

4. Extension of the elbow

5. Flexion of the spine

6. Extension of the spine

7. Flexion of the hip

8. Extension of the hip

9. Flexion of the knee

10.Extension of the knee

11. Horizontal flexion of the shoulder

12. Horizontal extension of the shoulder

13. Abduction of the shoulder

14. Adduction of the shoulder

15. Abduction of the hip

16. Adduction of the hip

17. Rotation of the shoulder

18. Rotation of the hip

19. Circumduction of the shoulder

20. Lateral flexion of the spine

For each of the actions below, give at least one sporting action that demonstrates the movement

Learning objectivesTo know and understand:• The name and location of the major muscles that cause

movement at the major joints • The movement caused by these muscles at the joints• The 3 types of muscular contraction

To be able to:• Identify the location of the major muscles of the body• Identify the origin and insertion of each muscle• Explain the function of the agonist, antagonist and fixator

muscles• Explain the 3 different types of muscular contraction

Key terms

AGONIST MUSCLE

ANTAGONIST MUSCLE

FIXATOR MUSCLE

The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at the joint.Shortens and pulls on the bone to cause movement

The muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist and helps in the production of co-ordinated movement

Stabilises one part of the body, allowing movement to occur in anotherPrevents any unnecessary movement

Antagonistic Pairs

During elbow flexion...... During elbow extension......

Agonist = Agonist =

Antagonist = Antagonist =

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Biceps brachii

Key terms

ORIGIN

INSERTION

The point of attachment of a muscle to a bone, where the bone is stationary during muscular contraction

The point of attachment of a muscle to bone, where the bone moves during muscular contraction

ANTERIOR VIEW POSTERIOR VIEW

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

Gluteus medius and

minimus

Gluteus maximus

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Wrist extensors

Triceps Brachii

Biceps Brachii

Deltoid

Pronator teres

Iliopsoas

Abductor longus

Adductor magnus

Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major

Rectus abdominis

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

Tibialis anterior

Wrist flexors External obliques

Internal obliques

Supinator

Infraspinatus &teres minor

Teres major & subscapularis

Erector spinae group

ElbowFlexion

Biceps brachii

Extension

Triceps brachii

WristFlexion

Extension

Wrist flexor

Wrist extensor

Radio-ulnarPronation

Supination

Pronator teres

Supinator

Ankle

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior

Plantar flexion

Knee

Hamstrings

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

ExtensionQuadriceps

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Vastus intermedius

Flexion

Spine 1Flexion

Rectus abdominus

Extension

Erector spinae group

Spine 2

Rotation

Internal & external obliques

Lateral flexion

Internal & external obliques

HipFlexion

Iliopsoas

Extension

Gluteus maximus

HipAbduction Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Adduction Adductor group

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Adductor magnus

Shoulder 1Flexion

Deltoid (anterior)

Extension

Deltoid (posterior)

Shoulder 2Abduction

Deltoid (middle)

Adduction

Latissimus dorsi

Shoulder 3Horizontal flexion

Pectoralis major

Horizontal extension

Trapezius

Shoulder 4Lateral rotation Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Medial rotation Teres major

Subscapularis

Task

Complete the movement analysis table to show the agonist and antagonist for each of the movements at each joint

Muscles for Support• The function of some

muscle is to provided support and stability rather than movement

• E.g. The multifidus and transverse abdominis are responsible for maintaining posture and core stability, which are important for many sports

Muscles for supportE.g. The Rotator Cuff muscles

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor• The glenoid fossa of the

scapula is relatively shallow therefore there is a higher risk of dislocation

• The rotator cuff muscles have their origin at the scapula and their insertion on the head of the humerus

• Increase the stability of the shoulder joint.

The role of muscular contraction

Electrical stimulus

Muscular contraction (tension) occurs as a result of an electrical stimulus being sent

from the brain through the nervous system to a specific muscle (agonist)

Types of muscular contraction

3 types of muscular contraction

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

Tension develops in muscle but there is no change in muscle length. It is a static

contraction as no movement occurs at the joint

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

Tension is produced in the muscles while there is a change in muscle length. It is a dynamic contraction

because movement occurs at the joint

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

Tension develops in a muscle

CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION

Tension develops while muscle

shortens

Causes joint movement

ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

Tension develops while muscle

lengthens

Controls joint movement

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

Stops joint movement

3 types of muscular contractionREMEMBER:

• Muscular contraction does not mean that the muscle is shortening, just that there is tension!

• When muscles contract they may be shortening, lengthening or staying the same length

• Muscular contraction can– Cause joint movement– Control joint movement– Stop joint movement

Types of contraction

ConcentricIsometric

Eccentric

RememberIn dynamic movements….

• Agonist = concentric contraction

• Antagonist = eccentric contraction

Remember• If the examiner asks about an explosive

sporting action or technique, the type of contraction is likely to be concentric

• If the examiner asks about an action that involves working against gravity (decelerating or lowering a body part slowly/working to control movement), the type of contraction is likely to be eccentric

Antagonistic muscle action

Eccentric Contraction

• The quadriceps muscle group contracts eccentrically as you descend stairs or a hill. The quadriceps contract eccentrically to keep the knee from collapsing too fast or too far.

• In racquet sports, you are constantly swinging a heavy “weight” — the end of the racquet. That weight would drag your wrist into deep flexion with every swing if not for eccentric contraction of the muscles on the back of the arm.

Eccentric contraction

Can you answer yes to the following questions?

• Is the muscle producing tension while lengthening?

• Is the muscle working to control the movement?

Type of contraction

Eccentric contraction of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius

But this is a static movement.....

Plyometric training

Involves movements that produce an eccentric contraction immediately followed by a concentric contraction

Plyometrics is used to increase the speed or force of muscular contractions, providing explosiveness for a variety of sport-specific

activities.

Eccentric contraction occurring in the quadriceps to control the

landing position

RememberIn dynamic movements….

• Agonist = concentric contraction

• Antagonist = eccentric contraction

Isotonic contraction

Eccentric

Isometric contractionConcentric

• Concentric contraction in the biceps brachii during the upward phase of exercise

• Biceps brachii produces tension and shortens

• It pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow

• Eccentric contraction in the biceps brachii during the downward phase of exercise

• Biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens

• It slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow

• Isometric contraction occurs in the biceps brachii when the muscle is holding the weight still

• Biceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length

•It stops flexion and extension of the elbow

TASK

• Write how the three types of muscular contraction can be applied to the biceps brachii during a bicep curl

• Give at least two examples of each type of contraction from sporting actions.

• Complete task 14 on page 29

Type of contraction?IsometricGymnastic rings

Type of contraction?

Rectus abdominus

Sit up (downwards phase) Eccentric

Type of contraction?Scoring a try Concentric

Type of contraction?Weight lifting – hold

positionIsometric

Type of contraction?Penalty kick Concentric

Type of contraction?Press up Eccentric

Triceps brachii

Task• Pair up the muscles that work together

antagonistically

• Record in your notes

Movement AnalysisJoint Type

Type of movement

Agonist muscle

Antagonist muscle

Type of muscle contraction

Articulating bones

Movement analysis

Joint Joint type

Type of movement

Agonist Antagonist Type of movement

Main muscle fibre type

Knee Extension

Articulating bones

May 2008

Player performing a basketball lay-up shot

Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below for the players right knee

Movement analysis

Joint Joint type

Type of movement

Agonist Antagonist Type of movement

Main muscle fibre type

Knee Extension

May 2009 Exam – Question 1

[5 marks]

HingeRectus femoris, vastus

lateralis, vastus

medialis, vastus

intermedius

Biceps femoris,

Semi-tendinosus,

Semi-membranosus

Concentric Femur tibia

fibula

Articulating bones

Movement analysis

• Select a picture of a sporting action and complete a full movement analysis

HOMEWORK

• Complete the movement analysis exam questions (try to complete without using your textbook or movement analysis table)

• Read textbook pages 32-33 – Muscle fibre types

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility between the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers and

gymnasts.[4 marks]

Ball and socket jointsUse your understanding of the structure of the

shoulder and hip joints to explain which allows the greatest range of movement

The hip joint

Shoulder Joint

• The socket on the scapula (glenoid fossa) is small and shallow making the joint less stable

• The joint capsule is very loose (allowing seperation between the two bones) allowing more movement

• The head of the humerus is rounded but not as ball-like as the head of the femur, therefore it does not sit as deeply into the glenoid fossa

• The shoulder joint is stabilised by the rotator cuff muscles but these are not as strong as the muscles surrounding the hip.

• It is relatively easy to dislocate a shoulder

Hip joint

• The socket on the pelvis (acetabulum) is deep and cup-like in shape making the joint more stable

• A rim of fibrocartilage adds depth to the acetabulum, adding to stability

• The head of the femur is very spherical and fits snugly into the acetabulum

• The joint is supported by 5 strong ligaments

• The hip joint is surrounded by large muscle groups that aid stability, e.g. Gluteus maximus

• It is relatively difficult to dislocate the hip

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers

and gymnasts.

Specimen paper 2000

(b) 1 mark for each of• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows

more movement than the hip• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more

stability and less movement.• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder

joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for

swimmers or gymnasts• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or

gymnasts

[max 4]

Exam question – Jan 2008

Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance

(3 marks)

Skeletal Muscle Fibres

• Muscle fibre – a long cylindrical muscle cell. Muscle fibres are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle

Characteristics of Muscle Fibres

• Excitability – muscles reacting to a stimulus• Contractility – muscles contract and apply force• Extensibility – the extent to which muscles can

stretch• Elasticity – muscle returning to their original

length