muscular system - mrg- · pdf filemuscular system ib sports, exercise ... involuntary muscle...
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Muscular System
IB Sports, exercise and health science
1.2
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Characteristics Common to Muscle Tissue 1.2.1
• Contractility-ability to shorten the muscles length
• Extensibility-ability to lengthen the muscles length
• Elasticity-muscle tissue has a tendency to return to its initial length after being stretched
• Atrophy-loss of muscle mass• Hypertrophy - gaining muscle
mass• Muscles are controlled by
nerve stimuli• Muscles are fed by capillaries
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Types of Muscle Tissue 1.2.2• Smooth muscle - an
involuntary muscle found in the lining of visceral organs (stomach, bladder) and in the linings of blood vessels where it provides support. NON STRIATED!
• Cardiac muscle -involuntary muscle found only in the heart. STRIATED!
• Skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle found in
the majority of the body. STRIATED!
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Types of Muscle Tissue 1.2.2
• Muscle cells are multinucleated.
– More nuclei means faster cell signaling
– Faster cell signaling = faster contractions
– Multinucleated means multiple nuclei sharing cytoplasm within a cell
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Structural Make-up of Skeletal Muscle 1.2.3
• Epimysium-outer most layer that surrounds the entire muscle
• Perimysium-surrounds up to 150 individual bundles of muscle fibers (called fascicle)
• Endomysium-surrounds each muscle fiber within a fasciculus
• Muscle fibers-muscle cells
• Fascicle – a bundle of muscle fibers
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Breaking It Down
• Myofibrils - contractile fibers within muscle cells
• Sarcomere-the portion of a striated muscle fiber between the two adjacent Z lines that is considered the functional unit of a myofibril
• Actin - a protein in muscle fibers that together with myosin is responsible for contraction
• Myosin - a thick filament protein that together with actin causes muscle contraction– Type of Motor Protein
(They convert chemical
energy into mechanical work
by the hydrolysis of ATP)
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Origin and Insertion 1.2.4
• Origin-the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone, generally the proximal end of the joint or the one closest to the midline
• Insertion-the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone, generally the distal joint
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Locations of Skeletal Muscles 1.2.5
• Anterior Muscles
• Abducts, flexes, extends and medially and laterally rotates arm
Deltoid
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Pectoralis Major
• Flexes, adducts and rotates arm medially
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Iliopsoas
• Flexion and internal rotation of the hip
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Sartorius
• Flexes knee. Flexes hip and rotates femur laterally
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Quadriceps
• Rectus femoris -Extends knee and flexes hip
• Vastus lateralis -Extends knee
• Vastus medialis -Extends knee
• Vastus intermedius -Extends knee
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Rectus Femoris
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Vastus Intermedius
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Vastus Lateralis
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Vastus Medialis
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Tibialis Anterior
• Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
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Rectus Abdominus
• Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
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External Obliques
• Bends vertebral column laterally and rotates vertebral column
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Diaphragm
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Intercostals
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Biceps Brachii
• Flexes and supinates forearm. Flexes arm
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TrapeziusPosterior Muscles
Lifts clavicle. Adducts, elevates and rotates scapular outwards
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Triceps Brachii
• Extends forearm. Extends arm
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Latissimus Dorsi
• Extends, adducts and rotates arm medially. Moves arm downward and backwards
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Hamstrings
• Biceps femoris - Flexes leg and extends thigh
• Semitendinosus - Flexes leg and extends thigh
• Semimembranosus -Flexes leg and extends thigh
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Biceps Femoris
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Semimembranosus
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Semitendinosus
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Gastrocnemius & Soleus
• Gastrocnemius - Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
• Soleus - Plantar flexes foot
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Erector Spinae
• Extends vertebral column
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How Muscles andBones Interact
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Nerves
Nerves transmit information from the brain, telling muscles when to contract, extend, or relax.
Nerves are sent from our brain and also allow our brain to respond to senses which we may touch, taste, smell, hear, or see.
Nerves of the Upper Arm
http://bio.bd.psu.edu/cat/nervous_system/Nerves_of_uppe
r_arm.jpg
http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/labs/ldb/sc/images/nerves-full.jpg
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Tendons Tendons are a form of
tough connective tissue which joins skeletal muscle to bone.
They are attached in a precise way, which allows them to pull on bones like levers.
The muscles provide the force to move the bone, but the tendon does the pulling!
http://runnerslife.ca/blogs/bare20my20sole/files/
2009/12/anatomy-peroneal-tendons.jpg
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Blood Vessels
Blood vessels keep muscles oxygenated and remove waste.
As blood circulates through the body, oxygen that we breathe in is carried to muscles and organs throughout the body.
As the blood returns, it carries with it waste such as lactic acid.
http://hornbillunleashed.files.wordpress.com/2009/0
7/blood-vessels-medcurator.jpg
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Opposing MusclesOpposing muscles work like a choreographed
partnership to move your limbs back and forth. As one muscle contracts (tightens), the opposing muscle releases (stretches).
Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs.
As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens). They swap actions to reverse the movement.
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