Museum Entrance19

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1955 to 19701955 to 1970The Cold WarThe Cold War

Curator’s Offices19

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Curator’s Office

Contact me at [Your linked email address]

I am the curator of the years of 1955 to 1970 during the Cold War. I graduated from Stanford University and majored in all history of the Cold War. This hall will explain the what had happened in those years that mad the US and the Soviet Union to row more tense with each other. I will explain what thoughts were underlying in all the events.

Stephanie Reyes

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“” Merlin: Warsaw Pact Wins Fulda Gap 2013| Popular Airsoft.” Merlin: Warsaw Pact Wins Fulda Gap 2013 |

Popular Airsoft. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

The Warsaw Pact was made because the Soviet Union felt threatened by the United States when they created NATO. It was a system that brought protection to all of the countries in it if any attack comes. It also was meant to keep peace in all of Europe. It was a military alliance under the unified high command of a Soviet marshal, with headquarters in Moscow. All important posts within the satellite forces were held by Soviet- trained, if not Soviet-born, officers. Equipment was standardized according to Soviet specifications. It was completed in May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland.

Roman, Eric. "Nagy, Imre." Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=AH0125&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Warsaw Pact

“ Hungarian Revolution of 1956.” Kansas City With The Russian Accent. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

In October 24, 1956, Hungary’s prime minister Imre Nagy defied the USSR by announcing an end to one-party rule. By this he ignited the movement to remove Hungary from the Soviet sphere of influence established in Eastern Europe at the end of World War 2, a movement the West came to call the Hungarian Revolution. The outcome was that the Soviet troops and tanks invaded Hungary and rushed the revolution. The Hungarians had plenty of losses. They both signed a treaty for the continuation of Soviet control signed in 1957.

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Hungarian Revolt." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0706&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Hungarian Revolt

“And First Out of the Gate…Sputnik (Photo of the Day).” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2014.

Launched in October 4, 1957, the Russians put the first man made satellite in space. It was called the Russian Spunik. By November 3rd that year they have manage to put a dog in space, Lakia. The US managed to start the space exploration in February 1, 1958. The Russians also managed to get the first person to leave the Earth in April 12, 1961. The first person in space was Yuri Gagarian. His mission lasted for abut 1 hour and 48 minutes and he orbited the Earth one time.

Lewis, Thomas A. "space exploration." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI296&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Space Exploration

“July 26:Cuba’s Revolution, Morality and Solidarity.” Radical Notes. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

Fidel Castro was part of the revolution in Cuba against the American-backed dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. They had been making a planned guerrilla war. On December 2, Battista’s forces met the guerrilla’s and Castro was thought of as dead. They created a secret base camp in the isolated Sierra Maestra Mountains. They put pressure on Batista’s army and finally decided to take offensive in October 1958. Batista lost ground steadily; finally, he decided to flee from the country on New Years Day in 1959. On January 7, 1959 the United States having declared its official recognition of his government. Fidel Castro was not a reformer but a full blown Marxist.Axelrod, Alan, and Charles Phillips. "Castro, Fidel." Dictators & Tyrants: Absolute Rulers and Would-Be Rulers in World History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1995. (Updated 2008.) Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=ffdict0093&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Cuban Revolution

“Telling the Truth for More than 30 Years…” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr.

2014.

The major issues and objectives were that Camille Chamoun, Lebanon’s Christian (Maronite) president, developed close ties with the West, a policy that alienated Lebanese Muslims, who favored clos ties with neighboring Arab nations. Muslim groups rebelled against Chamoun. The outcome was that the US and UN intervention ended the war, with the Christian (Maronite) party still in power.

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Lebanese civil war, 1958." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0860&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Lebanese Civil War

“United National Audiovisual Library of International Law.” United Nations Audiovisual Library of International

Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

In December 1, 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed in the Washington D.C. Antarctica was viewed south of 60 degrees South Latitude. It was only to be for scientific research, everything has to be for peaceful purposes. It was also made a nuclear weapons free zone. Contracting parties made an effort to agree to be consistent with the UN Charter to ensure no one engaged in activities contrary to the principles or purposes of the treaty.

Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr. "Antarctic Treaty." Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0017&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Antarctic Treaty

“The Idealogical Difference between China.” Sino-ussr. N.p., n.d. Web 21 Apr. 2014.

It put increasingly hostile relations between Mongolia’s two giant neighbors pushed Mongolia into a materially profitable dependence on the Soviet Union. Then China signed the Treaty of Friendships and Mutual Assistance. The Chinese came in to help with projects but as time went on they started to leave with only have done 12 of the 32 they planned. Chinese blame the Soviet Union on stealing Mongolia. Mongolia later made secret defense agreement that allowed the creation of Soviet Union military bases.

Atwood, Christopher P. "Sino-Soviet split, effects on Mongolia." Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EME476&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Sino-Soviet Alliance Rupture

“U-2 Spy Plane Incident.” The-Cold-War-Hits-Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

On May 1, 1960, Lieutenant Gary Powers was shot down and captured by the Soviet troops while on a reconnaissance mission for the Central intelligence Agency( CIA). The incident had a negative effect on U.S- Soviet relations.

"Gary Powers Is Captured by the Soviet Union." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0629&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Gary Powers Captured

“The Berlin Wall.” CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

The Berlin Wall was created in 1961. It was made to separate both West and East Germany. Many Germans in the East fled to the West to get away from the Communist rule. It was a symbol of the prisonlike way for the East. It cause plenty of problems like whether a German reunification would be good and the suffering of families on both sides of the wall. It also challenged the US and for the US not challenging their actions was embarrassing. It was taken down on November 9, 1989.

Biesinger, Joseph A. "Berlin Wall." Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=GER0111&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Berlin Wall

“JFK Lancer.” JFK Lancer. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

For 13 days in October 1962 the United States and the Soviet Union faced off over the Soviet placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba. In the end, the Soviet backed off. They agreed to remove their missiles in exchange for the removal of U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey. It left an enduring mark on U.S.-Soviet relations. Also heightened U.S. resolve in other cold war conflicts, and appeared to demonstrate the viability of the doctrine of nuclear deterrence through mutually assured destruction. The crisis lie in the atmosphere of mutual hostility and distrust engendered by the cold war.

Becker, D. J. "Cuban missile crisis." In Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr.Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0100&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Cuban Missile Crisis

“Ngo Dinh Diem.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Apr. 2014. Web 21 Apr. 2014.

Ngo Dinh Diem’s corrupt government crumbled in 1963. He was unable to stop the growth of sympathy toward North Vietnam and pushed a hard line against both the country’s Buddhist majority and communist cells. In November 1963, South Vietnamese generals staged a coup and murdered Diem. Diem was backed up by Americans to stop the spreading of Communism, but instead of being democratic he became a dictator instead.

"Regime of Ngo Dinh Diem Collapses in South Vietnam." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0679&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014). Return to

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Regime of Ngo Dinh Diem Collapses in South Vietnam

“Cold War: A Brief History.” Limited Test Ban Treaty. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

The treaty was set for the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union to prohibit the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space, or underwater. Underground testing was allowed. It said that there was no provisions for on site inspection, control posts, or international supervision, nor the reduction of nuclear stocks, stopping production, or limiting employment during war. However it was the first step on the road to complete disarmament.

Kohn, George Childs. "Nuclear Test Ban Treaty." Dictionary of Historic Documents, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=hisdc01826&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.” Stanford History Education Group. Stanford University, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

In August 7, 1964, joint resolution passed overwhelmingly by U.S. Congress. It gave the president Lyndon B. Johnson broad powers to fight communism in Southeast Asia. On August 5, Johnson had announced that he had ordered air strikes against North Vietnam in retaliation for alleged North Vietnamese attacks on the U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. The resolution gave Johnson all necessary measures to repel an attack against U.S. forces and to assist any southeast Asian ally seeking to defend its freedom. In 1968, U.S. Senate investigation raised serious doubts about the alleged Gulf of Tonkin attacks, and the resolution was repealed in May 1970.

Kohn, George Childs. "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution." Dictionary of Historic Documents, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=hisdc01138&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

“ The Frame: Looking Back at the Vietnam War- Sacbee.com” The Sacramento Bee. N.p., n.d. Web 21

Apr. 2014.

After the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, it gave Johnson the power to wage war on North Vietnam. The war was extremely costly and destructive. It had an effect on both soldiers and citizens who survived through it. Ngo Dinh Diem was in charge of South Vietnam; he was a nationalist. Kennedy got Diem arrested along with his brother. In 1965, the U.S. added many soldiers to the war and they starting bombing down on North Vietnam. Tet offensive was brought into 1968 in the war.

Seelye, James E., Jr. "Vietnam War." In Ackermann, Marsha E., Michael Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters, eds.Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present, vol. 6. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHVI339&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Vietnam War

“Cultural Revolution.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Apr. 2014. Web 21 Apr. 2014.

This took place within 1966-1976. This movement was created by Mao Zedong to purge the Chinese Communist Party of reactionary influences and opponents of his revolutionary ideology. It is that the only way to understand revolution, is to be in a revolution. It is where all the Red Guards came out from the high schools to understand a revolution. It created a lot of chaos in China.

Perkins, Dorothy. "Cultural Revolution in China." Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=china00498&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014). Return to

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Cultural Revolution

“The Truth About Nuclear Weapons- Mystic Politics.” Mystic Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

In 1956, Mao Zedong made a bomb goal. It was to help protect China from other superpowers. Since the other superpowers already had them. It was also part of his way to make China more industrial. In October 15, 1964 China had their first nuclear detonation. Also on June 17, 1967, the Hydrogen bomb was created in China. Their advancements in the Nuclear weapons has advanced greatly.

Perkins, Dorothy. "Cultural Revolution in China." Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=china00498&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014). Return to

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China’s Nuclear Weapons

“Tet Offensive.” Inside the Vietnam War. N.p., n.d. Web 21 Apr. 2014.

From January 30-February 25, 1968, the campaign used in the Vietnam War. Regular North Vietnam citizens and Viet Cong troops launched attacks on towns and bases in South Vietnam at the time of the annual Tet festival. With the success of the North Vietnamese troops and Viet Cong, they retreated, on both sides there were heavy amount of casualties. The Offensive discredited US military reports that victory over North Vietnam was imminent and forced President Lyndon Johnson into opening peace talks with Hanoi and eventuality halting bombing raids on North Vietnam.

O'Brien, Patrick K., gen. ed. "Tet Offensive." Encyclopedia of World History. Copyright George Philip Limited. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=ewh05635&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Tet Offensive

“Apollo 11 Mission Report.” Apollo 11 Mission Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin were the first humans to walk on the moon. Their mission was made by President Kennedy earlier that decade. He stated that the U.S. would put a man on the moon before the decade was up. They completed the mission and got the status of being the victors in the “space race” against the Soviet Union.

"Apollo 11 Crew Lands on the Moon." Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0764&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Apollo 11

“Civil War in Cambodia.” -42-157497. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

The people against each other in this war were the Government forces of Prince Norodom Sihanouk versus the Khmer Rouge. The issues was that Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian head of state, had allied himself with Communist forces, only to find his forces under attack by them. This destabilized his government, and he was overthrown in a coup. Civil War, complicated by communist insurgency from Vietnam, ensued. The outcome was that the Cambodian monarchy was ended and the short-lived Khmer Republic founded, which was soon overrun by the forces of the Khmer Rouge.

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Cambodian Civil War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0335&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Cambodian Civil War

“Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).” GlobalSolutions.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

It was a treaty that was entered into force in 1970 after fie years of negotiations at the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee in Geneva. It was inspired by the “Irish Resolution” often called the "cornerstone of the arms control nonproliferation regime.” The pact was the direct result of multilateral negotiations on a joint draft submitted by the United States and the Soviet Union to the ENDC on August 24, 1967. The NPT’s intention was to halt and then reverse the spread of independent control over nuclear weapons.

Williams, S. L. "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)." In Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr. Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0288&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 20, 2014).

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty